The document discusses the origins and outbreak of World War I through several key events in 1914. It begins with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28th, 1914 which increased tensions but did not necessarily mean war was inevitable. A series of political decisions and military mobilizations in July 1914 led countries to take sides along preexisting alliances, turning a regional conflict into a European war. By early August 1914, Germany had invaded Belgium and declared war on France and Russia, drawing the UK into the war as well. The initial battles in 1914 took place in Belgium and northern France as both sides attempted large scale maneuvers, but the fighting soon bogged down into trench warfare on the Western Front.
Hist a390 things fall apart and then turn to mud fall 2018ejdennison
This document summarizes the historiography of the origins of World War I. It discusses how perspectives have changed over time from an initial focus on assigning blame to Germany to more nuanced views about the roles of political elites, alliances, imperialism, and contingency. More recent historians emphasize the short-term decision making of July 1914 and the "culture of war" in Europe, but there is still no consensus on why the war broke out or if it could have been avoided.
The document provides an overview of World War I and World War II, comparing their causes, warfare, and results. It notes that both wars were global conflicts caused by militarism, nationalism, and alliances that pulled nations in. World War I saw trench warfare while World War II featured mobile battle tactics and new weapons. Both wars redrew borders and led to the fall of old empires, though World War II also saw the rise of the United States as a superpower and the start of the Cold War between Western nations and the Soviet Union.
This document provides an overview comparison of World War I and World War II. It discusses the causes, warfare, and results of each war. For causes, it describes the alliances, nationalism, militarism, and imperialism that led to WWI, as well as resentment over the Treaty of Versailles that contributed to WWII. The document outlines the major military powers and theaters of each war. It also summarizes the tactics, weapons, and global scale of the two conflicts as well as the political, social, and economic impacts including reshaped borders, governments, and emergence of new powers.
The rise of dictators in Europe and Asia led to World War II. Adolf Hitler became the fascist dictator of Germany after being appointed chancellor in 1933. He established a totalitarian regime and rapidly rebuilt Germany's military in violation of the Treaty of Versailles. In the 1930s, Germany invaded countries in Europe and Japan invaded Manchuria and China, demonstrating growing aggression. The League of Nations proved unable to stop these acts of expansionism. The world moved closer to a second world war as the militaristic dictatorships of Germany and Japan continued to defy international law and threaten other nations.
World Wars Compared
The document compares World War I and World War II in several areas:
1) Both wars had complex causes related to nationalism, militarism, alliances and imperialism that led countries into a tragic series of events.
2) Warfare advanced significantly from trench warfare in WWI to blitzkrieg tactics and truly global combat in WWII, utilizing new weapons and technologies.
3) The results of both wars included massive human and economic destruction, redrawing of borders and restructuring of governments, emergence of new powers, and lasting impacts on society and international order.
This document provides an overview of the evolution of warfare from ancient times to the modern era. It discusses the concept of total war seen in ancient civilizations, where military action extended beyond soldiers to target civilians. Over time, rules and limitations emerged through concepts like just war theory, which aimed to protect non-combatants. The document then outlines key changes in warfare, such as the distinction between combatants and non-combatants in the 1600s and the rise of large national armies during the Napoleonic Wars that relied on civilian support. It analyzes how warfare has attempted to become more civilized over time.
World War II was a global conflict from 1939-1945 that involved most nations splitting into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. Key causes included the Treaty of Versailles, the rise of fascist regimes in Germany, Italy and Japan, and their subsequent aggression that violated international agreements. Major events included Germany's invasion of Poland starting the war, Germany and Italy's rapid conquests in Europe, Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union, Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor drawing the US into the war, the Allied invasions of German-occupied Western Europe on D-Day, and the US dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to end the war. Over 60 million people died making it the dead
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 8 - WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - POST...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 8 - WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - POST REVISIONISTS VIEWS. A presentation containing: a view over post revisionists and post revisionism, views of John Lewis Gaddis, LaFeber, Leffler, Trachtenberg, Accuf.
Hist a390 things fall apart and then turn to mud fall 2018ejdennison
This document summarizes the historiography of the origins of World War I. It discusses how perspectives have changed over time from an initial focus on assigning blame to Germany to more nuanced views about the roles of political elites, alliances, imperialism, and contingency. More recent historians emphasize the short-term decision making of July 1914 and the "culture of war" in Europe, but there is still no consensus on why the war broke out or if it could have been avoided.
The document provides an overview of World War I and World War II, comparing their causes, warfare, and results. It notes that both wars were global conflicts caused by militarism, nationalism, and alliances that pulled nations in. World War I saw trench warfare while World War II featured mobile battle tactics and new weapons. Both wars redrew borders and led to the fall of old empires, though World War II also saw the rise of the United States as a superpower and the start of the Cold War between Western nations and the Soviet Union.
This document provides an overview comparison of World War I and World War II. It discusses the causes, warfare, and results of each war. For causes, it describes the alliances, nationalism, militarism, and imperialism that led to WWI, as well as resentment over the Treaty of Versailles that contributed to WWII. The document outlines the major military powers and theaters of each war. It also summarizes the tactics, weapons, and global scale of the two conflicts as well as the political, social, and economic impacts including reshaped borders, governments, and emergence of new powers.
The rise of dictators in Europe and Asia led to World War II. Adolf Hitler became the fascist dictator of Germany after being appointed chancellor in 1933. He established a totalitarian regime and rapidly rebuilt Germany's military in violation of the Treaty of Versailles. In the 1930s, Germany invaded countries in Europe and Japan invaded Manchuria and China, demonstrating growing aggression. The League of Nations proved unable to stop these acts of expansionism. The world moved closer to a second world war as the militaristic dictatorships of Germany and Japan continued to defy international law and threaten other nations.
World Wars Compared
The document compares World War I and World War II in several areas:
1) Both wars had complex causes related to nationalism, militarism, alliances and imperialism that led countries into a tragic series of events.
2) Warfare advanced significantly from trench warfare in WWI to blitzkrieg tactics and truly global combat in WWII, utilizing new weapons and technologies.
3) The results of both wars included massive human and economic destruction, redrawing of borders and restructuring of governments, emergence of new powers, and lasting impacts on society and international order.
This document provides an overview of the evolution of warfare from ancient times to the modern era. It discusses the concept of total war seen in ancient civilizations, where military action extended beyond soldiers to target civilians. Over time, rules and limitations emerged through concepts like just war theory, which aimed to protect non-combatants. The document then outlines key changes in warfare, such as the distinction between combatants and non-combatants in the 1600s and the rise of large national armies during the Napoleonic Wars that relied on civilian support. It analyzes how warfare has attempted to become more civilized over time.
World War II was a global conflict from 1939-1945 that involved most nations splitting into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. Key causes included the Treaty of Versailles, the rise of fascist regimes in Germany, Italy and Japan, and their subsequent aggression that violated international agreements. Major events included Germany's invasion of Poland starting the war, Germany and Italy's rapid conquests in Europe, Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union, Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor drawing the US into the war, the Allied invasions of German-occupied Western Europe on D-Day, and the US dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to end the war. Over 60 million people died making it the dead
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 8 - WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - POST...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 8 - WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - POST REVISIONISTS VIEWS. A presentation containing: a view over post revisionists and post revisionism, views of John Lewis Gaddis, LaFeber, Leffler, Trachtenberg, Accuf.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 9 - WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - DIFF...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 9 - WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES. A presentation containing: the European and Soviet perspectives, views of Molotov, the balance of power.
Here are the events from the timeline numbered in chronological order:
1. Treaty of Versailles is signed (1919)
2. Hitler publishes Mein Kampf (1924)
3. Great Depression begins (1929)
4. Nazis become strongest party in Germany (1932)
5. Hitler appointed Chancellor of Germany (1933)
6. Japan invades Manchuria (1931)
7. Mussolini declares himself dictator of Italy (1925)
8. Hitler dismantles Weimar Republic, establishes Third Reich (1933)
9. Italy invades Ethiopia (1935)
10. Germany reoccupies Rhineland (1936)
Freedom Betrayed - Herbet Hoover's Secret History of the Second World War and...Peter Hammond
This document summarizes the book "Freedom Betrayed: Herbert Hoover's Secret History of the Second World War and Its Aftermath". The book is a critical analysis of FDR and Churchill's actions before, during, and after WWII. It argues that FDR deliberately led the US into WWII against public opinion and betrayed Eastern European nations to Stalin. It also asserts that FDR provoked Japan into attacking Pearl Harbor by imposing sanctions. The book challenges conventional views of WWII and the actions of FDR and Churchill. It provides extensive documentation through footnotes to support its claims and interpretations of events.
The document discusses a professor who is feeling better after being sick but cannot talk. They will see a doctor again tomorrow but will use text slides and video clips instead of lecturing for their classes in the meantime.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: TRUMAN'S CONTAINMENT POLICY. Content: Truman's containment policy, key policy, key terms, containment definition, George Kennan, USA's presidents and the containment policy, human rights vs anti-communism, the X-Article, countering soviet pressure, controversy, Dulles and Nitze, expansion of US military budget.
This document discusses propaganda during World War 1. It describes how the British government set up the Wellington House propaganda bureau in 1914, headed by Charles Masterman, to secretly recruit famous British authors to write pro-war books, articles, and pamphlets. The goal was to generate support for the war and Britain's war aims while denigrating Germany. Many outrageous lies and atrocity stories about German actions were produced and distributed worldwide under the guise of objective reports. The propaganda bureau was highly effective in manipulating public opinion and rewriting the narrative of the war in Britain for decades after.
Americas second crusade-william_henry_chamberlain-1950-379pgs-pol-usaRareBooksnRecords
This chapter discusses America's entry into World War I as a "crusade" to promote righteousness. Initially, President Wilson and many Americans wanted to remain neutral in the war between European powers. Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare against passenger ships, culminating in the sinking of the Lusitania in 1915, increased pressure on the US to join the Allies. Wilson unsuccessfully tried to mediate a peace agreement. As the war continued with enormous costs, the prospects for negotiated peace faded. Germany was initially militarily successful but faced dwindling resources due to the Allied blockade. The US eventually entered the war in 1917 after Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 6 - WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - TRAD...George Dumitrache
The document discusses different perspectives on who or what was responsible for causing the Cold War. The traditionalist view, which was dominant until the 1960s, argues that the Soviet Union and its expansionist policies under Stalin were primarily to blame. It asserts that the Soviets violated postwar agreements and imposed control over Eastern Europe, forcing the US to respond defensively through policies like containment. Other excerpted sources cited also predominantly or wholly attribute causation of the Cold War to Soviet actions and intentions.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE MAIN INTERPRETATIONS OF THE COLD WAR AND A LITERATU...George Dumitrache
The document discusses various interpretations of the origins of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union. It outlines the orthodox traditional interpretation which attributes responsibility to Soviet aggression, the revisionist interpretation which places more blame on American policies and imperialism, and the post-revisionist interpretation which concludes that both superpowers shared responsibility due to misunderstandings and pursuing their own interests. Historians discussed include Gaddis, Bailey, Feis, Kennan, Williams, LaFeber, Alperovitz, and Kolko.
The Cold War developed between the United States and Soviet Union after World War II and lasted until the late 1980s. It began due to tensions over differing ideologies of capitalism and communism. The relationship fluctuated between periods of confrontation and détente, with tensions heightened during times like the Cuban Missile Crisis. Interpretations differ on who was primarily responsible for starting the Cold War.
Different world famous crime from world war-1, world war-2, destruction of world trade center, Hiroshima & Nagasaki, Benazir Bhutto, Malala, Peshawar attack, LTTE, theft of famous panting and its impact on the society.
The USSR in World War II
The ultimate test of the Russian battle order has usually been war
The Romanov Empire failed that test in WWI – and fell
By the time of the next test – WWII, the Russian state was transformed into a more formidable machine
The “socialist” organization of the country was aimed at making the state more militarily capable
A similar logic unfolded in Italy and Germany under different forms of “socialism”
They talked of “socialism”, but they meant winning world wars
The Cold War began after WWII as the US and USSR emerged as rival superpowers. Stalin installed communist governments in Eastern Europe and blocked access to West Berlin, leading to the Berlin Airlift. NATO and the Warsaw Pact were formed as military alliances. China became communist under Mao Zedong and the US investigated suspected communist influence through committees like HUAC and McCarthyism. Tensions escalated as both sides developed nuclear weapons and started the Space Race.
The document summarizes the causes and events of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union after World War II. Some of the long-term causes included Western hostility towards communism and American fears of communism. Short-term causes included tensions over aid to the USSR during WWII and broken promises over sovereignty in Eastern Europe. This led to a climate of mistrust and competition as the two superpowers supported opposing political ideologies, with conflicts emerging in divided Germany, Korea, and Cuba throughout the late 1940s to early 1960s.
The lecture discusses the period from 1900-1920, focusing on the pre-WWI era in the US, the outbreak and causes of WWI, American involvement in the war, key events of the war like the Russian Revolution, Wilson's Fourteen Points, the Treaty of Versailles, and the enormous human and political impacts of WWI and the subsequent influenza pandemic. The decade marked the end of one era and birth of a new, transformative period defined by a shift in global power to the US.
The document summarizes key events surrounding the US bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 that ultimately led to Japan's surrender, ending World War II:
1) The US dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima on August 6th, destroying much of the city and killing around 80,000 people instantly. 2) Three days later on August 9th, a second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, killing tens of thousands. 3) In the aftermath of the bombings, Japan agreed to surrender on August 15th, bringing World War II to an end.
A comprehensive explanation of the Tehran Conference 1943, suitable for A2 students in History, containing: leaders, peace conferences Second World War, other conferences, the outcome, conference decisions, Operation Overlord, concessions for the Soviet Union, plans for the formation of the United Nations, the assassination plot.
The document summarizes key events in the escalation of the Cold War in the late 1940s. It describes the Marshall Plan to rebuild Western Europe, the Berlin Airlift when the Soviets blocked access to West Berlin, and the formation of NATO as a military alliance between Western nations. It also discusses growing fears of communist influence in the US government and Hollywood during this period, fueled by investigations into suspected Soviet spies.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER'S TOTALITARIAN REGIME. Suitable for Year 13 History students in Cambridge. It contains: overview, totalitarian regimes, Hitler in Vienna, etc.
This document provides an overview comparison of World War I and World War II. It discusses the causes, warfare, and results of each war. For causes, it describes the alliances, nationalism, militarism, and imperialism that led to WWI, as well as the resentment over the Treaty of Versailles and global economic depression that contributed to WWII. The warfare of each war included new weapons and tactics. Results of both wars involved massive destruction, deaths, and redrawn maps, as well as long term impacts such as new governments, international organizations, and an emerging Cold War.
The document provides an overview comparing World War I and World War II, covering their causes, characteristics, warfare, and results. Some key similarities included both being global conflicts that utilized new destructive weapons and mass production. World War I featured trench warfare while World War II saw more mobile and surprise attacks. Major results of both wars included political boundary changes, rise of new powers like the US and USSR, and questioning of European dominance.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 9 - WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - DIFF...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 9 - WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES. A presentation containing: the European and Soviet perspectives, views of Molotov, the balance of power.
Here are the events from the timeline numbered in chronological order:
1. Treaty of Versailles is signed (1919)
2. Hitler publishes Mein Kampf (1924)
3. Great Depression begins (1929)
4. Nazis become strongest party in Germany (1932)
5. Hitler appointed Chancellor of Germany (1933)
6. Japan invades Manchuria (1931)
7. Mussolini declares himself dictator of Italy (1925)
8. Hitler dismantles Weimar Republic, establishes Third Reich (1933)
9. Italy invades Ethiopia (1935)
10. Germany reoccupies Rhineland (1936)
Freedom Betrayed - Herbet Hoover's Secret History of the Second World War and...Peter Hammond
This document summarizes the book "Freedom Betrayed: Herbert Hoover's Secret History of the Second World War and Its Aftermath". The book is a critical analysis of FDR and Churchill's actions before, during, and after WWII. It argues that FDR deliberately led the US into WWII against public opinion and betrayed Eastern European nations to Stalin. It also asserts that FDR provoked Japan into attacking Pearl Harbor by imposing sanctions. The book challenges conventional views of WWII and the actions of FDR and Churchill. It provides extensive documentation through footnotes to support its claims and interpretations of events.
The document discusses a professor who is feeling better after being sick but cannot talk. They will see a doctor again tomorrow but will use text slides and video clips instead of lecturing for their classes in the meantime.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: TRUMAN'S CONTAINMENT POLICY. Content: Truman's containment policy, key policy, key terms, containment definition, George Kennan, USA's presidents and the containment policy, human rights vs anti-communism, the X-Article, countering soviet pressure, controversy, Dulles and Nitze, expansion of US military budget.
This document discusses propaganda during World War 1. It describes how the British government set up the Wellington House propaganda bureau in 1914, headed by Charles Masterman, to secretly recruit famous British authors to write pro-war books, articles, and pamphlets. The goal was to generate support for the war and Britain's war aims while denigrating Germany. Many outrageous lies and atrocity stories about German actions were produced and distributed worldwide under the guise of objective reports. The propaganda bureau was highly effective in manipulating public opinion and rewriting the narrative of the war in Britain for decades after.
Americas second crusade-william_henry_chamberlain-1950-379pgs-pol-usaRareBooksnRecords
This chapter discusses America's entry into World War I as a "crusade" to promote righteousness. Initially, President Wilson and many Americans wanted to remain neutral in the war between European powers. Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare against passenger ships, culminating in the sinking of the Lusitania in 1915, increased pressure on the US to join the Allies. Wilson unsuccessfully tried to mediate a peace agreement. As the war continued with enormous costs, the prospects for negotiated peace faded. Germany was initially militarily successful but faced dwindling resources due to the Allied blockade. The US eventually entered the war in 1917 after Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 6 - WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - TRAD...George Dumitrache
The document discusses different perspectives on who or what was responsible for causing the Cold War. The traditionalist view, which was dominant until the 1960s, argues that the Soviet Union and its expansionist policies under Stalin were primarily to blame. It asserts that the Soviets violated postwar agreements and imposed control over Eastern Europe, forcing the US to respond defensively through policies like containment. Other excerpted sources cited also predominantly or wholly attribute causation of the Cold War to Soviet actions and intentions.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE MAIN INTERPRETATIONS OF THE COLD WAR AND A LITERATU...George Dumitrache
The document discusses various interpretations of the origins of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union. It outlines the orthodox traditional interpretation which attributes responsibility to Soviet aggression, the revisionist interpretation which places more blame on American policies and imperialism, and the post-revisionist interpretation which concludes that both superpowers shared responsibility due to misunderstandings and pursuing their own interests. Historians discussed include Gaddis, Bailey, Feis, Kennan, Williams, LaFeber, Alperovitz, and Kolko.
The Cold War developed between the United States and Soviet Union after World War II and lasted until the late 1980s. It began due to tensions over differing ideologies of capitalism and communism. The relationship fluctuated between periods of confrontation and détente, with tensions heightened during times like the Cuban Missile Crisis. Interpretations differ on who was primarily responsible for starting the Cold War.
Different world famous crime from world war-1, world war-2, destruction of world trade center, Hiroshima & Nagasaki, Benazir Bhutto, Malala, Peshawar attack, LTTE, theft of famous panting and its impact on the society.
The USSR in World War II
The ultimate test of the Russian battle order has usually been war
The Romanov Empire failed that test in WWI – and fell
By the time of the next test – WWII, the Russian state was transformed into a more formidable machine
The “socialist” organization of the country was aimed at making the state more militarily capable
A similar logic unfolded in Italy and Germany under different forms of “socialism”
They talked of “socialism”, but they meant winning world wars
The Cold War began after WWII as the US and USSR emerged as rival superpowers. Stalin installed communist governments in Eastern Europe and blocked access to West Berlin, leading to the Berlin Airlift. NATO and the Warsaw Pact were formed as military alliances. China became communist under Mao Zedong and the US investigated suspected communist influence through committees like HUAC and McCarthyism. Tensions escalated as both sides developed nuclear weapons and started the Space Race.
The document summarizes the causes and events of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union after World War II. Some of the long-term causes included Western hostility towards communism and American fears of communism. Short-term causes included tensions over aid to the USSR during WWII and broken promises over sovereignty in Eastern Europe. This led to a climate of mistrust and competition as the two superpowers supported opposing political ideologies, with conflicts emerging in divided Germany, Korea, and Cuba throughout the late 1940s to early 1960s.
The lecture discusses the period from 1900-1920, focusing on the pre-WWI era in the US, the outbreak and causes of WWI, American involvement in the war, key events of the war like the Russian Revolution, Wilson's Fourteen Points, the Treaty of Versailles, and the enormous human and political impacts of WWI and the subsequent influenza pandemic. The decade marked the end of one era and birth of a new, transformative period defined by a shift in global power to the US.
The document summarizes key events surrounding the US bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 that ultimately led to Japan's surrender, ending World War II:
1) The US dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima on August 6th, destroying much of the city and killing around 80,000 people instantly. 2) Three days later on August 9th, a second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, killing tens of thousands. 3) In the aftermath of the bombings, Japan agreed to surrender on August 15th, bringing World War II to an end.
A comprehensive explanation of the Tehran Conference 1943, suitable for A2 students in History, containing: leaders, peace conferences Second World War, other conferences, the outcome, conference decisions, Operation Overlord, concessions for the Soviet Union, plans for the formation of the United Nations, the assassination plot.
The document summarizes key events in the escalation of the Cold War in the late 1940s. It describes the Marshall Plan to rebuild Western Europe, the Berlin Airlift when the Soviets blocked access to West Berlin, and the formation of NATO as a military alliance between Western nations. It also discusses growing fears of communist influence in the US government and Hollywood during this period, fueled by investigations into suspected Soviet spies.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER'S TOTALITARIAN REGIME. Suitable for Year 13 History students in Cambridge. It contains: overview, totalitarian regimes, Hitler in Vienna, etc.
This document provides an overview comparison of World War I and World War II. It discusses the causes, warfare, and results of each war. For causes, it describes the alliances, nationalism, militarism, and imperialism that led to WWI, as well as the resentment over the Treaty of Versailles and global economic depression that contributed to WWII. The warfare of each war included new weapons and tactics. Results of both wars involved massive destruction, deaths, and redrawn maps, as well as long term impacts such as new governments, international organizations, and an emerging Cold War.
The document provides an overview comparing World War I and World War II, covering their causes, characteristics, warfare, and results. Some key similarities included both being global conflicts that utilized new destructive weapons and mass production. World War I featured trench warfare while World War II saw more mobile and surprise attacks. Major results of both wars included political boundary changes, rise of new powers like the US and USSR, and questioning of European dominance.
The document summarizes the key causes of World War I, including alliances, nationalism, industrialized militarism, and imperialism in Europe. It also lists several conflicts prior to WWI that increased tensions between European powers. The immediate trigger of WWI was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist, which led Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia and the involvement of other European countries through their alliances.
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The document summarizes the key causes of World War I and World War II. For WWI, it identifies the main causes as alliances that divided Europe, rising nationalism across countries, industrialized militarism that enabled mass production of weapons, and imperialism. It then describes the specific events and decisions in 1914 that turned the tensions into a war. For WWII, it notes resentment over the Treaty of Versailles, the global economic depression, and the rise of militarism, nationalism and expansionism in Germany, Italy, Japan and the Soviet Union as creating conditions for another war.
WWI: The collapse and recovery of europeColleen Skadl
1) World War 1 led to immense destruction and loss of life in Europe and marked the end of European dominance.
2) The Great Depression in the 1930s had global economic and political impacts, including strengthening militaristic nationalism in Japan which led to the invasion of Manchuria.
3) The Armenian Genocide of 1915-1923 killed over 1 million Armenians in the Ottoman Empire and remains a controversial issue denied by Turkey to this day.
World War II was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. The war was caused in part by the Treaty of Versailles which ended WWI and humiliated Germany, as well as the worldwide economic depression in the 1930s. Key events included Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939, the German blitzkrieg tactics across Europe, the US entry into the war after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, and the Allied D-Day invasion of Normandy in 1944. Ultimately, the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki led Japan to surrender in 1945, ending World War II.
Similar to Dennison Hist 390 things fall apart and then turn to mud (7)
Dennison Global anarchism the scott debate and zomiaejdennison
The document discusses James C. Scott's concept of "Zomia", a vast highland region in Southeast Asia inhabited by over 100 million people who have largely escaped control by nation-states. Scott argues that Zomians have consciously used strategies like shifting agriculture, oral traditions, and mobility to remain stateless. While nation-states dominated the 20th century, some highland regions remain zones of refuge where people have rejected incorporation into states and chosen autonomy. The document examines how highland peoples have organized without states and resisted state control through location, agriculture, history, literacy and other means.
Hist a390 the american way sacco and vanzetti ejdennison
The document discusses the Sacco and Vanzetti case from the 1920s in which two Italian immigrants, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, who were anarchists, were tried and executed for murder despite a lack of evidence. It provides historical context on anti-immigrant and anti-radical sentiment in America at the time as well as laws passed to restrict immigration by anarchists. It also examines the international outrage over the case and questions of whether Sacco and Vanzetti received a fair trial given bias against their ethnicity and political beliefs.
Dennison Hist a390 the american way sacco and vanzetti backupejdennison
The document discusses the Sacco and Vanzetti case from the early 20th century. It provides context on immigration laws in the US that targeted anarchists like Sacco and Vanzetti. It summarizes their arrest and trial for robbery and murder in 1920 and their execution in 1927 despite widespread protests arguing they did not receive a fair trial due to anti-immigrant and anti-radical sentiment. The document examines how their case became an international symbol of injustice and the debate around citizenship, civil liberties, and the power of the state.
Dennison Hist a390 spanish civil war 1936 1939ejdennison
This document provides an overview of Spanish anarchism from the 19th century to the Spanish Civil War in the 1930s-1940s. It discusses the origins and spread of anarchist ideas in Spain, influenced by thinkers like Bakunin. Important figures and organizations discussed include Francisco Ferrer, the CNT labor union, and the FAI anarchist militia. During the Spanish Civil War, anarchists played a major role in defending the Republican government against Franco's fascist forces, and attempted to implement libertarian socialist policies through collective farms and workers' self-management. However, growing tensions with the Communist party and the priorities of war ultimately undermined the anarchist revolutionary experiment.
The document discusses how societies remembered and commemorated World War I in its aftermath. It explored how veterans reintegrated after returning home to changed societies, and how the myth of the war was propagated through memorials and literature that idealized the dead and sanitized the war experience. The greatest irony was that though the war was not openly discussed, the myth of courage and sacrifice endured and could have contributed to radicalization and the next war. The document examines different perspectives on who and what was commemorated after the war through memorials and questions how remembrance of wars changes over time.
This document summarizes key events and themes related to World War 1, including its human toll, social impacts, and aftermath. It discusses the immense casualties of the war, as well as food shortages and economic struggles on the home front. Artists' depictions of the war and its damaged veterans are presented. The document also summarizes the punitive Treaty of Versailles and questions around how to achieve peace after such destruction. Overall it provides a high-level overview of World War 1 across military, social and political dimensions in under 3 sentences.
The document discusses key events of 1916-1917 during World War I, including major battles like the Somme and Verdun that resulted in massive casualties. It also covers the increasing disillusionment with the war, as seen in the British film about the Somme that was viewed by millions. In early 1917, unrest in Russia grew due to the immense human costs of the war and a failing economy, culminating in the February Revolution that overthrew the Tsar and established a provisional government with competing power held by the Soviets.
Hist a390 deepening of the war part ii weaponsejdennison
This document provides an overview of weapons and technology used during World War 1, including:
- The structure and organization of armies on both sides and how they utilized new weapons like machine guns. The Germans adopted machine guns earlier and in greater numbers than the British.
- The development and increasing use of destructive weapons like artillery shells, tanks, flamethrowers, gas, grenades, and aircraft for reconnaissance and aerial combat. Weapons became more powerful, long-range, and impersonal.
- How new weapons and the scale of destruction challenged traditional military tactics and dehumanized combat, yet many generals were slow to adapt. Massive casualties resulted from clinging to outdated strategies in the face of new firepower
Hist a390 cultural revolutions fall 2018ejdennison
The document discusses cultural responses to World War I, including the rise of modernism. It examines how the war was depicted and represented through art, including works by Paul Nash and Pablo Picasso. Dadaism emerged as a rejection of the war and traditional forms of art. Poets like Wilfred Owen sought to accurately capture the horrors of trench warfare through their works. Debates emerged around how to shape cultural memory of the war, with some arguing it should be mythologized and others feeling it needed to be depicted ironically to reject nationalist narratives.
The document summarizes key military campaigns and political developments in the Middle East during and after World War 1. It discusses the Ottoman Empire joining the Central Powers in 1914 and various battles including Gallipoli, Mesopotamia, and Palestine. The Arab Revolt against the Ottomans from 1916-1918 is also mentioned. After the war, the Sykes-Picot agreement divided the Middle East between Britain and France, laying the groundwork for ongoing conflicts. The Balfour Declaration supported a Jewish homeland in Palestine without local consultation, further complicating the region's politics.
The document provides an overview of events in 1918 related to World War 1 and the Russian Revolution. It discusses the arrival of American troops in August 1918 and other Allied forces intervening in Russia's civil war. The Czech Legion's eastward journey across Siberia hoping to reach home is described, which contributed to the chaos. The Spanish Flu pandemic that emerged in 1918 and ultimately killed 50-100 million people worldwide is also summarized.
Women played a variety of roles during World War 1, both supporting the war effort and opposing it. They served as nurses, munitions workers, farmers, and more, taking on new public roles but also facing anxieties about changing gender norms. Their participation raised debates around citizenship, sexuality, and women's relationships to men and the state. While the war provided opportunities, it also exposed women to misogyny, and many continued advocating for gender equality and peace.
This document discusses several aspects of propaganda and advertising campaigns during World War 1. It poses key questions about the war and analyzes the intent, messages, and imagery used in wartime posters. War posters aimed to recruit men, garner financial support on the home front, and promote patriotism. They often depicted the war as an opportunity for adventure or to become a better man. Posters targeted youth specifically and portrayed the war as a sport to engage and inspire young men. Imagery of women and men were used to elicit different emotions from viewers and endorse sacrificing for the war effort. The overall goal of most posters was to obtain more soldiers and resources for the war.
The document discusses the evolution and experience of trench warfare during World War I. It describes how by 1915, the war had transformed into a conflict dominated by trench systems that stretched over 475 miles. Soldiers lived in an underground "troglodyte world" of muddy, vermin-infested trenches. Despite attempts to normalize conditions through routines and activities, trench life was characterized by misery from weather, disease, fatigue, and the omnipresent threat of death. Over time, the scale of violence and loss of life became normalized on the battlefield, yet the proximity of this conflict to civilian life at home was described as "farcical." Artists captured the bleak landscape of the trenches and soldiers' efforts to endure intense hardship.
The document summarizes key events and developments related to the widening scope of World War 1, including the entry of new allies and nations into the war on both sides between 1914-1918. It discusses Turkey joining the Central Powers in October 1914 against the advice of some historians. It also describes the failed Gallipoli campaign led by Australian and New Zealand forces against the Ottoman Empire, which became an important part of national identity in those countries. The document outlines how the war engulfed the empires and colonies of the major European powers and drew in countries and territories from around the world.
The document summarizes how World War 1 unfolded in 1914. It began with Germany launching an invasion of Belgium and France in accordance with the Schlieffen Plan. By early September 1914, German forces had advanced to within 40 miles of Paris but were stopped at the First Battle of the Marne. This resulted in a stalemate as both sides dug in, establishing trench warfare on the Western Front. In the East, Germany defeated Russia at the Battles of Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes in August-September. By the end of 1914, the war had expanded with the entry of the Ottoman Empire and fighting had spread to colonies, though there was a spontaneous Christmas truce between opposing troops in some areas.
The document provides background information on various social, political, and economic factors in Europe prior to World War I. It discusses the rise of modern ideologies like nationalism, socialism, and futurism among youth. It also examines issues like the women's suffrage movement, tensions between social classes, ethnic conflicts, and the effects of industrialization. Militarism is growing as nations engage in naval arms races and form complex alliances. At the same time, European imperialism and competition for global resources and markets is intensifying. All of these long-term trends contributed to rising tensions between the major powers, but the document notes that it is still unclear exactly why war broke out in July 1914.
This document provides historical context about events in Russia from 1914-1917 that led to the overthrow of the Romanov dynasty and the February Revolution. It discusses:
1) Russia's disastrous performance in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 and the subsequent Revolution of 1905, which weakened the Tsarist autocracy.
2) The impact of World War I on Russian society, including massive casualties, economic crisis, and radicalization of the populace.
3) The February Revolution of 1917, sparked by International Women's Day protests and unrest over food shortages and the war, which overthrew the Tsar and established dual power between the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet
Hist a425 october 1917 and the civil warejdennison
The October Revolution of 1917 brought the Bolsheviks to power in a relatively bloodless coup, establishing a new Bolshevik regime led by Lenin and Trotsky. However, establishing socialist rule proved immensely challenging during the ensuing Russian Civil War. The Bolsheviks had to improvise policies of "War Communism" to industrialize rapidly and feed cities while fighting the Whites, foreign invaders, and rebellious peasants. By 1921, urban areas had largely collapsed and millions had died, leaving a new Soviet state and society amid the ruins of war.
The document provides an overview of the factors that led to the end of Imperial Russia, including:
1) The autocratic rule of the Romanov dynasty faced increasing opposition from revolutionary groups over the 19th century as Russia modernized.
2) Late Romanov rulers like Nicholas II struggled to balance modernization efforts with reactionary policies, fueling further unrest.
3) World War I exacerbated long-simmering tensions over land rights, inequality, and calls for political reforms, culminating in the February Revolution of 1917 that ended Romanov rule.
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
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How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
Dennison Hist 390 things fall apart and then turn to mud
1. Things Fall Apart and then Turn
to Mud
Austrian Crown Prince Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie on June 28
1914. They were assassinated five minutes later.
3. The Unsinkable Titanic (1912)
Symbol of European and British over confidence.
Naval power, technology, and class distinctions.
Its sinking seen as passing of an era.
Departing Southampton
on April 10, 1912
4. Tense atmosphere of militarism, racism, and competition of
markets. War as diversion to internal issues.
British Empire: Protect interests, including Mediterranean.
Internal issues of suffragettes, Irish, working-class.
Russia Empire: Pan-Slavism, rapid industrialization, revolution.
Defeat in Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 sparked Revolution of 1905,
Nicholas II (r. 1894-1917) and Duma (“constitutional autocracy”)
Austro-Hungarian Empire: Ethnic unrest. Emperor Francis Joseph
(r. 1848-1916) ruled over Dual Monarchy (1867). 7 million
Southern Slavs in Austria.
German Empire: Kaiser William II (r. 1888-1818) aggressive
Imperialist policy, “new course” leads to Naval Race, especially with Britain
All but British Empire will collapse, but Britain loses
colonial holdings.
5. The Balkans, c. 1878
Dismemberment of the
“sick man”
1875 Slavs revolt
against Turks in Bosnia
1876 Bulgaria created
Russo-Turkish War
of 1877-78.
Serbs want more.
6. The Balkans, 1908–1914
On eve of
The Great War
combination of
nationalism,
imperialism,
militarism,
and racism with the
Balkans as hot spot.
7. The “Trigger Event”
• June 28, 1914: Archduke Francis Ferdinand
assassinated in Sarajevo by Black Hand
Serbian nationalist
• Why did an incident in the Balkans lead to
international war?
• Local confrontation at most? An age of
terrorist acts and assassinations, so what’s the
big deal with the archduke?
8. Europe at the Outbreak of World War I
(August 1914)
Alliances:
Turn local war
into European war
Domino effect
of alliances from
July 24-25 through
August 4. Bring in
European powers.
12. The family tree of Queen Victoria (1837-1901)
German 1st language, family German. Husband Albrecht von Sachsen-Coburg
und Gotha. King George V changed name during WWI to “House of Windsor.”
Grandmother of Kaiser William II. King George V, Kaiser Wilhelm II and
Empress Alexandra all first cousins via Queen Victoria.
George V (right) with first cousin Nicholas II,
Berlin, 1913.
Nicholas II (right) and Wilhelm II (1905). Nicholas in a
German Army uniform, Wilhelm in a Russian Army tunic
13. Historiography and Origins of WWI
• Question of “responsibility” dominated initial
historiographical discussion, also question of how
great a divide or gap between pre and post war
Europe (Change or Continuity!).
• Adam R. Seipp, Review Article: “Beyond the
‘Seminal Catastrophe’: Re-imagining the First
World War” in Journal of Contemporary History
(Vol. 41, 2006). Cautions against presentism, also
Heather Jones does too! Beware of pitfalls of
politicalization of history.
14. Initially after WWI (1920s and 1930s)
Question of blame or responsibility addressed:
• German Empire: Article 231 of Versailles Treaty of June
1919: “Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and
her allies for causing all the loss and damage to the Allied
governments and their nationals imposed on them by the
aggression of Germany and her allies.”
• “War Guilt” assigned to Germany, strong sense of revenge,
and Kaiser William II targeted as individual responsible for
war. In France, enormous 11 volume work, published
between 1922 to 1938 (Les Armees Francaises dans la
Grande Guerre) placed blame on Germany.
• Bitterness marks this period and reflected in writings.
15. Who to Blame? (1920s and 1930s)
• “Old” diplomacy to blame? Secret war aims and
secret alliances? Wilson’s stress on LON 14
points: “Open covenants of peace openly arrived
at . . . diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and
in the public view.”
• Political elites to blame—internationalism
becomes a big movement (LON falters but idea
resurrected under UN). Germany not solely to
blame, all share a degree of responsibility.
• Stress on political actors and political history
(Generals and Diplomats)
16. WWII and the roots of Nazism
• Rise of Nazism and WWII enforced the notion
of Prussian militarism and nationalism, and
tendency to connect WWI to WWII.
• Post-WWII and Germans still blamed: Fritz
Fischer’s Griff nach der Weltmacht, translated
as Germany’s Aims in the First World War
(1961): “the Fischer thesis”
• But was Germany that different?
Kaiser Wilhelm II
17. Cold War: Generational Revolt
• Nuclear age and fear of global atomic devastation
• WWI as something out of control and contingency
stressed. Vietnam War raised issues of economic
interests, political elites, and pressure groups
• Rise of social history challenges political history.
Soldiers and home front.
18. Paul Fussell (1924-2012), The Great War and
Modern Memory (1975)
Dedication:
“To the Memory of Technical Sergeant Edward Keith Hudson,
ASN36548772
Co. F, 410th Infantry
Killed beside me in France
March 15, 1945
Literary analysis and memory
Forerunner of cultural history
19. After September 11, 2001
“Ironically, this is a return to what may be the simplest
and most transparent of explanations: a terrorist
attack carried out by a small cohort of true believers,
possibly with the support of a state actor, followed by a
series of conscious decisions by small groups of elites
to use the opportunity to resolve existing geopolitical
tensions.” (Seipp,758).
Going to war is a decision made. Who makes it and
why is key.
20. 5 Key Questions Posed
• Heather Jones, “As the Centenary Approaches: The
Regeneration of First World War Historiography” in The
Historical Journal, Vol 56 (2013)
• Why did war break out?
• Why did the allies win?
• Were the generals to blame for the high casualty
rates (especially Haig!)?
• How did men endure trench warfare?
• To what extent did civilian society accept and endorse
the war effort?
The rehabilitation of
Field Marshal Douglas Haig?
The “learning curve”
of the Battle of the Somme?
21. Why did war break out?
• Causes of World War I: James Joll in The Origins of
the First World War stated that the “immediate
origins of the war are better documented than
almost any other question in recent history.” (p1)
• Any yet, still no consensus over why it broke out
• Recent historiography: Renewed emphasis on July
Crisis (short-term decision making) and “de-bunking”
of the inevitability of war.
• Renewed emphasis on the political (collapse of USSR)
and more conservative views.
22. What state most responsible? Why?
• Serbia? (corner 1)
• Germany? (corner 2)
• Austro-Hungary? (corner 3)
• Russia? (corner 4)
What does Brose argue? What does Jones
argue? Do you agree or disagree and why?
23. Not a “who done it?”
• Christopher Clark, The sleepwalkers: how Europe went to war in 1914 (2012) (but
Balkan and Serbian focus)
24. “No innocents”
• John Morrow, The Great War. An Imperial
History (2004): “There were no innocents in
power in Europe, only civilian and military
leaders culpable and complicitous in causing
the war. Prior to August 1914, Europeans had
presumed to control the world; they were
now to learn that they could not control
themselves.” (Seipp, 760).
25. Was war avoidable? Why or why not?
• Corner 1: Yes
• Corner 2: No
• What does Jones argue? Brose?
26. Why 1914?
What makes summer of 1914 so special?
• David Fromkin, Europe’s Last Summer. Why the World
Went to War in 1914 (2004): “The public played no role in
war and peace decisions; decisions that they did not even
know were being made behind closed doors . . . The several
dozen leaders who did discuss and decide these matters
lived in a world of their own, and it was a world in which
war and warriors were glorified.” (Fromkin in Seipp, 761).
• Fromkin: Two wars being fought in 1914; a local war in the
Balkans, and a world war begun by Germany against France
and Russia. The two wars became intertwined.
27. Why war in August 1914?
• Role of contingency in history (ifs abound) and also
significance of personalities. Context of MAIN made
war likely but not inevitable, decisions to go to war
made by political and military leaders who deemed it
acceptable, even desirable. “Culture of war” (Brose,
40) made going to war look viable. Political leaders set
the terms and made the decision to mobilize.
• In July 1914, Williamson & Van Wyk: “ Individuals, not
monolithic governments and impersonal forces . . .
contributed to the rapidly escalating crisis.” (vii)
28. Photograph taken at the funeral of King Edward VII in 1910: seated, left to
right, kings Alfonso XIII of Spain, George V of the United Kingdom & Frederick
VIII of Denmark; standing, left to right: kings Haakon VII of Norway,
Ferdinand of Bulgaria, Manuel II of Portugal, George I of Greece and Albert I
of Belgium. Kaiser Wilhelm is seen at center, standing behind King George V.
Men in uniform!
29. Lessons to be learned
Ultimate decision for any state is the decision to go to
war and individuals make this decision
1) In a crisis, state must be sure it understands the risks
of proposed actions by its ally (and itself) and look at
all options. An ally can be as dangerous as an enemy!
2) Statesmen often rely on assumptions based on past
experiences and think that risks are properly
understood (e.g. Moroccan Crisis)
3) Governments and civilians militarized
4) After duration of peace, costs of war forgotten
5) Civilian-Military nexus during war strained, respect
essential (how to say no to a general)
30. How the war proceeds:
The Big Picture
Stuart Robson’s Distinct Periods of WWI by Year:
1914. War of Movement initially but bogs down in west into positional war while
remaining more open in east; at home, “business as usual”
1915. Badly planned offensive disasters in west and trench warfare; German
successes against Russia; at home, state-controlled war economy emerges
1916. The “classic” phase of the war—disasters and death abound. War of attrition
on land and sea; at home, total war footing
1917. Despair on battlefield. Despair or grim determination at home. Russia collapses
into revolution. When will this bloody war ever end?
1918. Movement returns to battlefield; home fronts close to or past tipping point.
And then it’s over
31. Broad Timeline for 1914
• June 28 Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary and wife, Sophie
• July 5-6 Austria-Hungary receives “blank check” from Germany
• July 23 Austro-Hungarian ultimatum to Serbia
• July 24 Partial mobilization of Austro-Hungarian army
• July 25 Serbia orders mobilization
• July 28 Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
• July 29 Austria-Hungary invades Serbia
• July 29 Germany attempts to win British neutrality
• July 30 Mobilization of Russian army, Britain rebuffs German overtures on neutrality
• August 1 Mobilization of French and German armies, Germany declares war on Russia
• August 2 German trade unions agree to support war
• August 3 Germany invades Belgium, Germany declares war on France
• August 4 German invasion of neutral Belgium; Britain enters the war against Germany
• August 6 Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia
32. Broad Timeline for 1914 (con.)
• August 17-19 Russia invades East Prussia
• August 20-23 Battle of the Frontiers
• August 23-Sept. 2 Austria-Hungary invades Galicia
• August 26-31 Battle of Tannenberg (East Prussia)
• September 5-10 Battle of the Marne
• September 9-14 First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
• September 15-November 24 “race to the sea” on western front (Aise,
Verdun, and St.-Mihiel; the First Battle of Ypres and
of Champagne)
• September 17-28 Austro-German offensive in western Poland
• October 29 Turkey joins Central Powers
• November 1 Russia declares war on Turkey
• December 21 First German air raids on Britain
• December 25 “Truce”
33. Self-Mobilization of Public?
• Traditional view: Domestic consensus; public mobilized
and enthusiastic.
• Seipp: “The events of 1914-1918, across the global
stage, were not a series of errors and mishaps. They
were the outcomes, however unintended, of deliberate
policies followed by military and civilian planners and
generally backed by strong grassroots enthusiasm
among combatant populations.” (Seipp, 765).
Populations felt betrayed, conned after the war by the
elites but behind war when it was going on.
• Jones on this?
34. Public enthusiasm for war more myth than reality?
New York City’s anti-war protest organized by
women, on August 29, 1914.
35. The Beginning of War: The “spirit of 1914”
• Also a great deal of panic, anxiety, stoicism, and
tears.
• Creation of idealized, patriotic soldier and public
managed for political, national purposes?
• Brose points to specific demonstrations and
actions in east that were pointedly unsupportive
of war. Countryside and imperial dominions less
enthusiastic.
• Russia and mobilization?
39. 1914: Battle of the Frontiers
• Schlieffen-Moltke Plan: Some 1.5 million
Germans cross western frontier in 1st days of
war, fortress of Liège in Belgium only major
obstacle (besides physical ability to march
only 20 to 25 miles a day).
• Belgium atrocities: In Dinant 612 citizens shot
in main square. Refugees. Allies play up
Belgium as violated maiden in propaganda.
Germany a “steamroller”
40.
41.
42. For French: A disaster for élan
Infantry in bright red trousers and blue jackets, officers in full
dress uniforms. Brose: “French planning could not have been
more favorable to the Germans if they had themselves drawn up
enemy operations.” (p. 53)
43. BEF (British Expeditionary Force)
“junior partner” of French
Fought like lions, led by donkeys?
A volunteer army.
August-December 1914, 1 million British men
volunteer for army. In 1915, more that 1.4 million
new volunteers join recruitment lists
In 1915, total of 2.4 million Brits, almost 30% of
men in eligible age bracket volunteered.
British Army: 90% urban, rest of armies
predominately peasants (“poet’s war”)
44. “Pals’ Battalions”
The 10th Battalion, the Royal Fusiliers, known
as the 'Stockbrokers' Battalion', smiling as they
march to the trenches.
46. Men of 4th/Royal Fusiliers, 9th Brigade, resting
before the Battle of Mons, 22 August 1914
47. British and Belgium soldiers retreating from
the Battle of Mons, began on August 23, 1914.
The first major engagement between British &
German forces.
48. On 23 August 1914, the 2nd Battalion of the
Seaforth Highlanders joined the British
Expeditionary Force at Boulogne.
49. On Western Front
By early Sept. 1914, Germans 40 miles from Paris at
Marne River. 600 taxis and public buses used to shuttle
3,000 reserves up to front from Paris.
Proximity of the two fronts. Two completely different
worlds so close together? Speed a constant for both
sides for getting to front (trains and railroad lines).
50. Taxi de la Marne: fleet of Paris taxis
requisitioned by the French Army to transport
troops from Paris to the First Battle of the
Marne in early September 1914.
51. London buses
at Ypres in 1914
Wrecked bus at St Eloi in France, two weeks after
leaving Willesden Garage in 1914
52. Old Bill
London bus, nicknamed ‘Old Bill’ at the
Imperial War Museum. Used on the Western
Front throughout the war