This document provides the code of practice for the preparation and use of lime concrete according to Indian Standard IS 2541 from 1991. It outlines the appropriate materials for lime concrete including types of lime, cement, aggregates and water. It recommends mix proportions and provides guidance on workability, strength development, and laying of lime concrete for different applications such as foundations and floor finishes. The standard aims to guide the use of lime concrete based on existing knowledge and experience.
This document provides guidelines for the preparation and use of lime-pozzolana mixture concrete in buildings and roads. It discusses recommended mix proportions, materials, design considerations, strength characteristics, and preparation methods. Lime-pozzolana concrete has desirable properties such as low shrinkage, good workability, durability, and bond strength comparable to lean cement concrete. It can be used in foundations, floors, roofs, blocks, and as a base layer in composite road pavements. Compressive strength requirements vary from 1-4 MPa depending on the application.
Methodology of some items of construction works are summarized as power point presentation under various heading as stated in summery part. The power point presentation is based on The CPWD Specifications being published by CPWD as CPWD SPECIFICATIONS (VOL. 1) and (VOL. 1) 2009. This is very comprehensive and useful in execution of works and are used as guide by a number of Engineering Departments. The power point presentations are very useful for students and engineers to understand specifications, standards and methodology for building materials, guidelines for execution of works, measurements and rates.
This document is the Indian Standard code of practice for laying lime concrete for a waterproofed roof finish. It provides guidance on materials, preparation, laying, curing and finishing of lime concrete roofing. The key points covered are:
- Specifications for materials like lime, pozzolanic materials, coarse aggregates and water.
- Preparation of lime concrete involving mixing lime-pozzolana mortar and coarse aggregates by hand or machine mixing.
- Laying the lime concrete in layers not exceeding 100mm thickness and compacting it for a week using wooden beaters or tamping machine.
- Curing the finished roof for 10 days by keeping it wet.
- Prov
IRJET- Suitability of Blast Furnace Slag in ConcreteIRJET Journal
ย
This document discusses a study on the suitability of using blast furnace slag as an aggregate in concrete. Blast furnace slag is a byproduct of iron production that is currently dumped in large quantities. The study aims to investigate the properties of concrete made with blast furnace slag aggregates by replacing natural aggregates at different percentages. Concrete mixes were designed for two mix designs with different water-cement ratios. Cubes were cast and tested at 7, 28, and 56 days to determine the compressive strength of concrete containing blast furnace slag aggregates compared to a control mix. Test results showed that concrete containing blast furnace slag aggregates achieved comparable or higher compressive strengths than the control mix. The study concludes that blast furnace slag is
IRJET- Experimental Study on Light Weight Fiber Concrete using Pumice Stone a...IRJET Journal
ย
This document presents an experimental study on producing lightweight fiber concrete using pumice stone as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate. Pumice stone was used to replace coarse aggregate at levels of 10-50% by weight to reduce the density of the concrete. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and Recron 3s fibers were also added to improve the strength properties. Concrete cubes were tested for compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength at 7 and 28 days of curing. The results showed that replacing coarse aggregate with pumice stone produced lighter weight concrete while maintaining adequate strength properties with the addition of GGBFS and fibers.
EFFECT OF SILICA FUME ON RHEOLOGY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTY OF SELF COMPACTING ...IAEME Publication
ย
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effect of silica fume on the rheological and mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete. Five concrete mixes were prepared with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% replacement of cement with silica fume. Tests were performed to evaluate the fresh properties like slump flow, V-funnel, L-box, and U-box, as well as the compressive and flexural strengths at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that the 15% silica fume mix met requirements for self-compacting concrete and provided improved rheological and mechanical properties compared to the control mix without silica fume. Replacing 15% of cement with
replacement of cement with rice husk ash by 20%Rajput Praveer
ย
The document discusses replacing cement with rice husk ash in concrete. Rice husk ash is a pozzolanic material that can be used to partially replace cement. The document outlines the physical and chemical properties of rice husk ash. It also discusses the materials used in the study including rice husk ash, cement and aggregates. The objectives of the study are to investigate the suitability of rice husk ash as a supplementary cementitious material and to evaluate the strength properties of concrete with rice husk ash replacement.
Study on Compressive Strength of Pervious Concrete for Utilisation as PavenentIRJET Journal
ย
This document summarizes a study on the compressive strength of pervious concrete for use as pavement. Pervious concrete allows water to flow through it due to interconnected pores. The study investigated replacing cement and natural aggregates in pervious concrete mixes with demolition waste and fly ash. Specimens with different proportions of these materials were tested. The compressive strength of M25 grade pervious concrete was found to range from 4MPa to 20MPa. The study aimed to determine the extent to which demolition waste and fly ash could replace cement and aggregates without compromising strength and other properties.
This document provides guidelines for the preparation and use of lime-pozzolana mixture concrete in buildings and roads. It discusses recommended mix proportions, materials, design considerations, strength characteristics, and preparation methods. Lime-pozzolana concrete has desirable properties such as low shrinkage, good workability, durability, and bond strength comparable to lean cement concrete. It can be used in foundations, floors, roofs, blocks, and as a base layer in composite road pavements. Compressive strength requirements vary from 1-4 MPa depending on the application.
Methodology of some items of construction works are summarized as power point presentation under various heading as stated in summery part. The power point presentation is based on The CPWD Specifications being published by CPWD as CPWD SPECIFICATIONS (VOL. 1) and (VOL. 1) 2009. This is very comprehensive and useful in execution of works and are used as guide by a number of Engineering Departments. The power point presentations are very useful for students and engineers to understand specifications, standards and methodology for building materials, guidelines for execution of works, measurements and rates.
This document is the Indian Standard code of practice for laying lime concrete for a waterproofed roof finish. It provides guidance on materials, preparation, laying, curing and finishing of lime concrete roofing. The key points covered are:
- Specifications for materials like lime, pozzolanic materials, coarse aggregates and water.
- Preparation of lime concrete involving mixing lime-pozzolana mortar and coarse aggregates by hand or machine mixing.
- Laying the lime concrete in layers not exceeding 100mm thickness and compacting it for a week using wooden beaters or tamping machine.
- Curing the finished roof for 10 days by keeping it wet.
- Prov
IRJET- Suitability of Blast Furnace Slag in ConcreteIRJET Journal
ย
This document discusses a study on the suitability of using blast furnace slag as an aggregate in concrete. Blast furnace slag is a byproduct of iron production that is currently dumped in large quantities. The study aims to investigate the properties of concrete made with blast furnace slag aggregates by replacing natural aggregates at different percentages. Concrete mixes were designed for two mix designs with different water-cement ratios. Cubes were cast and tested at 7, 28, and 56 days to determine the compressive strength of concrete containing blast furnace slag aggregates compared to a control mix. Test results showed that concrete containing blast furnace slag aggregates achieved comparable or higher compressive strengths than the control mix. The study concludes that blast furnace slag is
IRJET- Experimental Study on Light Weight Fiber Concrete using Pumice Stone a...IRJET Journal
ย
This document presents an experimental study on producing lightweight fiber concrete using pumice stone as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate. Pumice stone was used to replace coarse aggregate at levels of 10-50% by weight to reduce the density of the concrete. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and Recron 3s fibers were also added to improve the strength properties. Concrete cubes were tested for compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength at 7 and 28 days of curing. The results showed that replacing coarse aggregate with pumice stone produced lighter weight concrete while maintaining adequate strength properties with the addition of GGBFS and fibers.
EFFECT OF SILICA FUME ON RHEOLOGY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTY OF SELF COMPACTING ...IAEME Publication
ย
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effect of silica fume on the rheological and mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete. Five concrete mixes were prepared with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% replacement of cement with silica fume. Tests were performed to evaluate the fresh properties like slump flow, V-funnel, L-box, and U-box, as well as the compressive and flexural strengths at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that the 15% silica fume mix met requirements for self-compacting concrete and provided improved rheological and mechanical properties compared to the control mix without silica fume. Replacing 15% of cement with
replacement of cement with rice husk ash by 20%Rajput Praveer
ย
The document discusses replacing cement with rice husk ash in concrete. Rice husk ash is a pozzolanic material that can be used to partially replace cement. The document outlines the physical and chemical properties of rice husk ash. It also discusses the materials used in the study including rice husk ash, cement and aggregates. The objectives of the study are to investigate the suitability of rice husk ash as a supplementary cementitious material and to evaluate the strength properties of concrete with rice husk ash replacement.
Study on Compressive Strength of Pervious Concrete for Utilisation as PavenentIRJET Journal
ย
This document summarizes a study on the compressive strength of pervious concrete for use as pavement. Pervious concrete allows water to flow through it due to interconnected pores. The study investigated replacing cement and natural aggregates in pervious concrete mixes with demolition waste and fly ash. Specimens with different proportions of these materials were tested. The compressive strength of M25 grade pervious concrete was found to range from 4MPa to 20MPa. The study aimed to determine the extent to which demolition waste and fly ash could replace cement and aggregates without compromising strength and other properties.
Experimental Study On Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Partial Replacemen...IRJET Journal
ย
This study experimentally investigates the characteristics of concrete with partial replacements of cement with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and fly ash, as well as additions of glass fibers. Glass fiber reinforced concrete uses glass fibers instead of steel for reinforcement. The study mixes concrete with 10% fly ash replacement and 10-30% GGBS replacement, as well as 0-1% glass fiber additions. Tests are performed to determine the compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths of the concrete mixtures at 7, 14, and 28 days. The results show that partial cement replacement with fly ash and GGBS, as well as the addition of glass fibers, can improve the strength of concrete compared to normal concrete
IRJET- Evaluation of Workability Characteristics of Self Compacting ConcreteIRJET Journal
ย
This document evaluates the workability characteristics of self-compacting concrete (SCC) mixes containing hypo sludge and polypropylene fibers.
An M30 grade SCC mix was designed according to EFNARC guidelines. Cement was replaced with hypo sludge at levels from 2-8% and polypropylene fibers were added from 0.2-0.4%. Workability tests including slump flow, J-ring, L-box, V-funnel, and U-box were performed.
The results showed that as fiber content increased from 0.2-0.4%, slump flow values decreased from 672mm to 642mm, indicating lower workability. The
EFFECT OF SELF - CURING ON MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF SELF-COMPACTING CONCR...IAEME Publication
ย
In this Research Study, the Use of Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) and Polyethylene glycol as Self curing agents in concrete is proven to have many positive effects on the properties of concrete in its both stages; Fresh and hardened concrete. The function of Self- curing agents is to reduce the water evaporation from concrete. The use of Self Curing admixtures is very important from the point of view that saving of water is a necessarily everyday (each one cubic metre of concrete requires 3m3 of water in construction, most of water consumed is for curing, Hence it is necessary to reduce the use of water in construction and save water). The Present research work focuses on use of Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) as self-curing agents, affect of Self Curing Concrete agents on Mechanical Characteristics Using Msand, and compared with those of conventionally cured concrete. In this Study 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% SAP and 1%, 1.5% and 2% PEG was varied for M25 grade of Concrete Mixes and Specimen. The experimental results show that, in general, the combined use of, 1.5%, 0.2% SAP in combination with Fly ash and Silica Fume as mineral admixture showed superior results in comparison to conventional curing method, enhancing the mechanical properties of SCC.
Partial Replacement of Cement by Rice Husk AshIRJET Journal
ย
This document summarizes research on partially replacing cement with rice husk ash in concrete mixes. Solid concrete blocks were produced with 0-25% replacement of cement with rice husk ash by weight. Testing showed that mixes with 5-10% replacement had slightly higher workability and strength compared to standard concrete, while reducing costs by 3.08%. Higher replacements of 15-25% resulted in lower strengths. The optimal replacement was found to be 10% rice husk ash, providing higher strengths than plain concrete with reduced costs.
This document provides guidelines for proportioning concrete mixes of various grades and types according to requirements. It covers proportioning of ordinary, standard and high strength concrete as well as self-compacting and mass concrete. The guidelines include determining the target mean strength based on factors like characteristic strength, grade of concrete and standard deviation. The data required for mix proportioning is outlined, including type of cement, aggregates, admixtures, workability and exposure conditions. Methods for calculating standard deviation and selecting initial water-cement ratio are also described. Illustrative examples are provided for different concrete types in annexes.
IRJET- Impact on Compressive Strength of Concrete by Partial Replacement ...IRJET Journal
ย
This document discusses a study on the impact of partially replacing cement with lime powder in concrete. Concrete cubes were created with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% replacement of cement with lime powder. The cubes were tested for compressive strength at 7, 14, and 28 days. Test results found that compressive strength initially increased with lime content, with the highest strength achieved with 30% replacement. This suggests that partial replacement of cement with lime powder can improve the compressive strength of concrete.
IRJET- Analysis of Rice Husk Ash as a Second Stringer of Cement in Concre...IRJET Journal
ย
This document analyzes the use of rice husk ash (RHA) as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. It discusses how RHA can improve the mechanical and durability properties of concrete while providing economic and environmental benefits. The study examines the effects of replacing cement with 7%, 14%, 21%, and 28% RHA on the consistency, workability, compressive strength, and flexural strength of concrete mixtures. The results showed that concrete containing up to 21% RHA replacement exhibited increased compressive and flexural strengths compared to the control mixture. However, strengths decreased with 28% replacement. Workability was reduced with RHA but increased again at 28% replacement. Therefore, RHA can effectively replace up to 21
IRJET- Fresh Properties of Self Compacting Concrete using Hypo Sludge and ...IRJET Journal
ย
This document presents a study on the fresh properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC) using hypo sludge and polyester fibers. The researchers designed an M30 grade SCC mix according to EFNARC guidelines, replacing cement with 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% hypo sludge. The optimum replacement was found to be 4%. This mix was designated SCC4. SCC4 was then modified with additions of 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.4% polyester fibers of 6mm length. The fresh properties of the mixes were evaluated using slump flow, J-Ring, L-Box, and V-Funnel tests according to EFNARC specifications. The tests assessed the passing
IRJET - Effect of Alccofine and Silica Fume on Strength Properties of ConcreteIRJET Journal
ย
The document evaluates the effect of Alccofine and silica fume on the compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength of concrete. Concrete samples containing Alccofine or silica fume were tested at 3, 7, and 28 days to determine their strengths. The results showed that at 28 days, compressive strength increased by 16% with Alccofine compared to silica fume. Flexural strength increased by 11.11% with Alccofine, and split tensile strength increased by 33.93% with Alccofine compared to silica fume.
This document summarizes the mix design study for the Badovli RCC Dam in Iran. Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the optimum mix proportions to achieve the target compressive strength of 120 kg/cm2 at 180 days. Aggregates from local borrow areas were tested and found suitable. A mix with 160 kg/m3 of cement, 40%/40%/20% ratio of fine to coarse aggregates, and a w/c ratio of 0.72 achieved a Vebe density of 2470 kg/m3 and compressive strengths exceeding the target. The mix design was found to meet requirements for the RCC dam body.
STUDY ON EFFECT OF HYBRID FRP LAMINATES WRAPPED EXTERNALLY (U-WRAP) ON REINFO...IAEME Publication
ย
Recently fibre reinforced polymer composite material namely glass FRP, carbon FRP, basalt FRP etc, is being used as strengthening material. Each technique has its own merits and limitations. Experimental study have been conducted on Reinforced concrete beams which are externally strengthened with GFRP and CFRP as double layer one above the other and it is referred as Hybrid FRP techniques is attained with epoxy resin as adhesive compound. All the ingredients in the beam specimens were maintained with same consistency. A total six beams were cast for the experimental investigation. Out of that three were kept as control specimens and the remaining three were strengthened with double layer of CFRP and GFRP in the U-Wrap pattern. From the overall experimental investigation it can be observed that there is an appreciable increase in ultimate load carrying capacity of the beams strengthened with hybrid FRP laminates.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Self Compacting Concrete by Partially Re...IRJET Journal
ย
This document experimentally investigates the use of quartz sand and recron fiber as partial replacements for fine aggregate in self-compacting concrete. Various mixes were prepared with different replacement levels of fine aggregate with quartz sand (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) and additions of recron fiber (0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1%). The fresh and hardened properties of the concrete were then tested, including slump flow, compressive strength, and durability. The results aim to determine the effectiveness of quartz sand and recron fiber in self-compacting concrete.
IRJET- Performance of RC Beams Cast using Normal and Self-Compacting Concrete...IRJET Journal
ย
This document presents research on the performance of reinforced concrete (RC) beams made with normal concrete and self-compacting concrete (SCC) with different reinforcement ratios. Trial mixes were developed for normal concrete and SCC to select suitable mixes. Beams were cast using the selected normal and SCC mixes with under, balanced, and over reinforcement ratios. The beams were tested and analyzed according to the Egyptian code of practice (ECP) and American concrete institute (ACI) code to compare deflections. Test results showed differences in cracking and failure loads between experimental, ECP, and ACI analyses of the beams. The research aims to investigate the structural performance of SCC beams compared to normal concrete beams and verify differences between deflection
Experimental Investigation on Self Compacting Concrete with Replacement of Na...IRJET Journal
ย
The document experimentally investigates self-compacting concrete with the replacement of natural sand by robosand and coarse aggregate by cinder for M30 grade concrete. The study aims to determine the suitable percentage replacements that provide good fresh and hardened concrete properties. Natural sand is replaced by robosand at 25% and 30% while coarse aggregate is replaced by cinder at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. Test results show that compressive strength is highest at 40% cinder replacement for 25% robosand replacement, and split tensile strength is highest at 40% cinder replacement for 30% robosand replacement. The fresh concrete shows good flowability while the hardened concrete strengths are up to 23% higher than normal
Mix Design of Grade M35 by Replacement of Cement with Rice Husk Ash in ConcreteDr. Amarjeet Singh
ย
The optimized RHA, by controlled burn or
grinding, has been used as a pozzolanic material in cement
and concrete. Using it provides several advantages, such as
improved strength and durability properties, and
environmental benefits related to the disposal of waste
materials and to reduced carbon dioxide emissions. Up to
now, little research has been done to investigate the use of
RHA as supplementary material in cement and concrete
production .The main objective of this work is to study the
suitability of the rice husk ash as a pozzolanic material for
cement replacement in concrete. However it is expected that
the use of rice husk ash in concrete improve the strength
properties of concrete. Also it is an attempt made to develop
the concrete using rice husk ash as a source material for
partial replacement of cement, which satisfies the structural
properties of concrete like compressive strength.
The document discusses concrete mix design, including:
- Concrete is made from cement, aggregates, water, and sometimes admixtures.
- ACI and BIS methods are described for determining mix proportions based on factors like strength, workability, durability, and materials.
- A step-by-step example is provided to design a mix using the ACI method for a specified 30MPa strength, including determining water-cement ratio, volumes, and final proportions.
The document discusses various materials used in construction including cement, aggregates, water, bricks, steel, and concrete. It provides details on testing and quality standards for each material. Proper selection and testing of materials is important for ensuring quality of construction. The document also covers mixing, placing, finishing, and curing of concrete. Curing allows concrete to gain strength and durability over time.
This document summarizes an experimental study on developing ultra-high strength self-compacting concrete with a target compressive strength of M160 grade (approximately 160 MPa). Three mix designs were tested with cement contents ranging from 450-600 kg/m3. The mixes used GGBS to replace 40% of the cement and included silica fume, polycarboxylate ether admixture, and steel or polymer fibers. The fresh properties of self-compactability, passing ability, and resistance to segregation were evaluated using slump flow, L-box, V-funnel, and U-box tests. The hardened properties of compressive and flexural strength were determined on cube, cylinder, and beam
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document provides the specification for high tensile steel bars used in prestressed concrete. It outlines the requirements for the manufacture, chemical composition, sizes, tolerances, physical properties including tensile strength, proof stress and elongation. It also describes the testing methods for these properties, including tensile testing and constant strain relaxation testing. Finally, it specifies the sampling and criteria for conformity, delivery, inspection, and required testing facilities.
This document provides guidelines for painting concrete, masonry, and plaster surfaces. It discusses the characteristics of different calcareous surfaces and stresses the importance of allowing new surfaces to fully dry before painting. For new lime plaster surfaces, the standard recommends leaving them unpainted initially to allow drying and carbonation or using a temporary, permeable decoration that allows further drying. Special treatments may be needed for surfaces with efflorescence, dampness issues, or prior mold growth. The document provides guidance on priming and preparatory treatments based on the type of paint to be used.
Experimental Study On Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Partial Replacemen...IRJET Journal
ย
This study experimentally investigates the characteristics of concrete with partial replacements of cement with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and fly ash, as well as additions of glass fibers. Glass fiber reinforced concrete uses glass fibers instead of steel for reinforcement. The study mixes concrete with 10% fly ash replacement and 10-30% GGBS replacement, as well as 0-1% glass fiber additions. Tests are performed to determine the compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths of the concrete mixtures at 7, 14, and 28 days. The results show that partial cement replacement with fly ash and GGBS, as well as the addition of glass fibers, can improve the strength of concrete compared to normal concrete
IRJET- Evaluation of Workability Characteristics of Self Compacting ConcreteIRJET Journal
ย
This document evaluates the workability characteristics of self-compacting concrete (SCC) mixes containing hypo sludge and polypropylene fibers.
An M30 grade SCC mix was designed according to EFNARC guidelines. Cement was replaced with hypo sludge at levels from 2-8% and polypropylene fibers were added from 0.2-0.4%. Workability tests including slump flow, J-ring, L-box, V-funnel, and U-box were performed.
The results showed that as fiber content increased from 0.2-0.4%, slump flow values decreased from 672mm to 642mm, indicating lower workability. The
EFFECT OF SELF - CURING ON MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF SELF-COMPACTING CONCR...IAEME Publication
ย
In this Research Study, the Use of Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) and Polyethylene glycol as Self curing agents in concrete is proven to have many positive effects on the properties of concrete in its both stages; Fresh and hardened concrete. The function of Self- curing agents is to reduce the water evaporation from concrete. The use of Self Curing admixtures is very important from the point of view that saving of water is a necessarily everyday (each one cubic metre of concrete requires 3m3 of water in construction, most of water consumed is for curing, Hence it is necessary to reduce the use of water in construction and save water). The Present research work focuses on use of Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) as self-curing agents, affect of Self Curing Concrete agents on Mechanical Characteristics Using Msand, and compared with those of conventionally cured concrete. In this Study 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% SAP and 1%, 1.5% and 2% PEG was varied for M25 grade of Concrete Mixes and Specimen. The experimental results show that, in general, the combined use of, 1.5%, 0.2% SAP in combination with Fly ash and Silica Fume as mineral admixture showed superior results in comparison to conventional curing method, enhancing the mechanical properties of SCC.
Partial Replacement of Cement by Rice Husk AshIRJET Journal
ย
This document summarizes research on partially replacing cement with rice husk ash in concrete mixes. Solid concrete blocks were produced with 0-25% replacement of cement with rice husk ash by weight. Testing showed that mixes with 5-10% replacement had slightly higher workability and strength compared to standard concrete, while reducing costs by 3.08%. Higher replacements of 15-25% resulted in lower strengths. The optimal replacement was found to be 10% rice husk ash, providing higher strengths than plain concrete with reduced costs.
This document provides guidelines for proportioning concrete mixes of various grades and types according to requirements. It covers proportioning of ordinary, standard and high strength concrete as well as self-compacting and mass concrete. The guidelines include determining the target mean strength based on factors like characteristic strength, grade of concrete and standard deviation. The data required for mix proportioning is outlined, including type of cement, aggregates, admixtures, workability and exposure conditions. Methods for calculating standard deviation and selecting initial water-cement ratio are also described. Illustrative examples are provided for different concrete types in annexes.
IRJET- Impact on Compressive Strength of Concrete by Partial Replacement ...IRJET Journal
ย
This document discusses a study on the impact of partially replacing cement with lime powder in concrete. Concrete cubes were created with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% replacement of cement with lime powder. The cubes were tested for compressive strength at 7, 14, and 28 days. Test results found that compressive strength initially increased with lime content, with the highest strength achieved with 30% replacement. This suggests that partial replacement of cement with lime powder can improve the compressive strength of concrete.
IRJET- Analysis of Rice Husk Ash as a Second Stringer of Cement in Concre...IRJET Journal
ย
This document analyzes the use of rice husk ash (RHA) as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. It discusses how RHA can improve the mechanical and durability properties of concrete while providing economic and environmental benefits. The study examines the effects of replacing cement with 7%, 14%, 21%, and 28% RHA on the consistency, workability, compressive strength, and flexural strength of concrete mixtures. The results showed that concrete containing up to 21% RHA replacement exhibited increased compressive and flexural strengths compared to the control mixture. However, strengths decreased with 28% replacement. Workability was reduced with RHA but increased again at 28% replacement. Therefore, RHA can effectively replace up to 21
IRJET- Fresh Properties of Self Compacting Concrete using Hypo Sludge and ...IRJET Journal
ย
This document presents a study on the fresh properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC) using hypo sludge and polyester fibers. The researchers designed an M30 grade SCC mix according to EFNARC guidelines, replacing cement with 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% hypo sludge. The optimum replacement was found to be 4%. This mix was designated SCC4. SCC4 was then modified with additions of 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.4% polyester fibers of 6mm length. The fresh properties of the mixes were evaluated using slump flow, J-Ring, L-Box, and V-Funnel tests according to EFNARC specifications. The tests assessed the passing
IRJET - Effect of Alccofine and Silica Fume on Strength Properties of ConcreteIRJET Journal
ย
The document evaluates the effect of Alccofine and silica fume on the compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength of concrete. Concrete samples containing Alccofine or silica fume were tested at 3, 7, and 28 days to determine their strengths. The results showed that at 28 days, compressive strength increased by 16% with Alccofine compared to silica fume. Flexural strength increased by 11.11% with Alccofine, and split tensile strength increased by 33.93% with Alccofine compared to silica fume.
This document summarizes the mix design study for the Badovli RCC Dam in Iran. Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the optimum mix proportions to achieve the target compressive strength of 120 kg/cm2 at 180 days. Aggregates from local borrow areas were tested and found suitable. A mix with 160 kg/m3 of cement, 40%/40%/20% ratio of fine to coarse aggregates, and a w/c ratio of 0.72 achieved a Vebe density of 2470 kg/m3 and compressive strengths exceeding the target. The mix design was found to meet requirements for the RCC dam body.
STUDY ON EFFECT OF HYBRID FRP LAMINATES WRAPPED EXTERNALLY (U-WRAP) ON REINFO...IAEME Publication
ย
Recently fibre reinforced polymer composite material namely glass FRP, carbon FRP, basalt FRP etc, is being used as strengthening material. Each technique has its own merits and limitations. Experimental study have been conducted on Reinforced concrete beams which are externally strengthened with GFRP and CFRP as double layer one above the other and it is referred as Hybrid FRP techniques is attained with epoxy resin as adhesive compound. All the ingredients in the beam specimens were maintained with same consistency. A total six beams were cast for the experimental investigation. Out of that three were kept as control specimens and the remaining three were strengthened with double layer of CFRP and GFRP in the U-Wrap pattern. From the overall experimental investigation it can be observed that there is an appreciable increase in ultimate load carrying capacity of the beams strengthened with hybrid FRP laminates.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Self Compacting Concrete by Partially Re...IRJET Journal
ย
This document experimentally investigates the use of quartz sand and recron fiber as partial replacements for fine aggregate in self-compacting concrete. Various mixes were prepared with different replacement levels of fine aggregate with quartz sand (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) and additions of recron fiber (0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1%). The fresh and hardened properties of the concrete were then tested, including slump flow, compressive strength, and durability. The results aim to determine the effectiveness of quartz sand and recron fiber in self-compacting concrete.
IRJET- Performance of RC Beams Cast using Normal and Self-Compacting Concrete...IRJET Journal
ย
This document presents research on the performance of reinforced concrete (RC) beams made with normal concrete and self-compacting concrete (SCC) with different reinforcement ratios. Trial mixes were developed for normal concrete and SCC to select suitable mixes. Beams were cast using the selected normal and SCC mixes with under, balanced, and over reinforcement ratios. The beams were tested and analyzed according to the Egyptian code of practice (ECP) and American concrete institute (ACI) code to compare deflections. Test results showed differences in cracking and failure loads between experimental, ECP, and ACI analyses of the beams. The research aims to investigate the structural performance of SCC beams compared to normal concrete beams and verify differences between deflection
Experimental Investigation on Self Compacting Concrete with Replacement of Na...IRJET Journal
ย
The document experimentally investigates self-compacting concrete with the replacement of natural sand by robosand and coarse aggregate by cinder for M30 grade concrete. The study aims to determine the suitable percentage replacements that provide good fresh and hardened concrete properties. Natural sand is replaced by robosand at 25% and 30% while coarse aggregate is replaced by cinder at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. Test results show that compressive strength is highest at 40% cinder replacement for 25% robosand replacement, and split tensile strength is highest at 40% cinder replacement for 30% robosand replacement. The fresh concrete shows good flowability while the hardened concrete strengths are up to 23% higher than normal
Mix Design of Grade M35 by Replacement of Cement with Rice Husk Ash in ConcreteDr. Amarjeet Singh
ย
The optimized RHA, by controlled burn or
grinding, has been used as a pozzolanic material in cement
and concrete. Using it provides several advantages, such as
improved strength and durability properties, and
environmental benefits related to the disposal of waste
materials and to reduced carbon dioxide emissions. Up to
now, little research has been done to investigate the use of
RHA as supplementary material in cement and concrete
production .The main objective of this work is to study the
suitability of the rice husk ash as a pozzolanic material for
cement replacement in concrete. However it is expected that
the use of rice husk ash in concrete improve the strength
properties of concrete. Also it is an attempt made to develop
the concrete using rice husk ash as a source material for
partial replacement of cement, which satisfies the structural
properties of concrete like compressive strength.
The document discusses concrete mix design, including:
- Concrete is made from cement, aggregates, water, and sometimes admixtures.
- ACI and BIS methods are described for determining mix proportions based on factors like strength, workability, durability, and materials.
- A step-by-step example is provided to design a mix using the ACI method for a specified 30MPa strength, including determining water-cement ratio, volumes, and final proportions.
The document discusses various materials used in construction including cement, aggregates, water, bricks, steel, and concrete. It provides details on testing and quality standards for each material. Proper selection and testing of materials is important for ensuring quality of construction. The document also covers mixing, placing, finishing, and curing of concrete. Curing allows concrete to gain strength and durability over time.
This document summarizes an experimental study on developing ultra-high strength self-compacting concrete with a target compressive strength of M160 grade (approximately 160 MPa). Three mix designs were tested with cement contents ranging from 450-600 kg/m3. The mixes used GGBS to replace 40% of the cement and included silica fume, polycarboxylate ether admixture, and steel or polymer fibers. The fresh properties of self-compactability, passing ability, and resistance to segregation were evaluated using slump flow, L-box, V-funnel, and U-box tests. The hardened properties of compressive and flexural strength were determined on cube, cylinder, and beam
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document provides the specification for high tensile steel bars used in prestressed concrete. It outlines the requirements for the manufacture, chemical composition, sizes, tolerances, physical properties including tensile strength, proof stress and elongation. It also describes the testing methods for these properties, including tensile testing and constant strain relaxation testing. Finally, it specifies the sampling and criteria for conformity, delivery, inspection, and required testing facilities.
This document provides guidelines for painting concrete, masonry, and plaster surfaces. It discusses the characteristics of different calcareous surfaces and stresses the importance of allowing new surfaces to fully dry before painting. For new lime plaster surfaces, the standard recommends leaving them unpainted initially to allow drying and carbonation or using a temporary, permeable decoration that allows further drying. Special treatments may be needed for surfaces with efflorescence, dampness issues, or prior mold growth. The document provides guidance on priming and preparatory treatments based on the type of paint to be used.
This document provides the testing methods for concrete poles used for overhead power and telecommunication lines. It outlines the general procedures for transverse strength testing, including how to securely clamp the pole, apply loading at the specified point, measure deflection and load, and record data. The testing is done by gradually increasing the applied load until failure occurs, while measuring deflection at various stages. After testing, the concrete cover thickness is measured at three points along the pole.
This document provides guidelines for the design and construction of under-reamed piles. Under-reamed piles are bored cast in situ or bored compaction concrete piles that have one or more enlarged bulbs formed along the pile stem. They are used in a variety of soil conditions to provide increased bearing capacity, anchorage against uplift, and to reach firm strata below weak or filled soils. The document outlines the necessary site investigation and structural design information required for the satisfactory design and construction of under-reamed pile foundations. It also defines relevant terminology and describes the types and purposes of different pile load tests.
This document provides the Indian Standard method of measurement for ceiling and lining works in building and civil engineering projects. It outlines the general rules for measurement, including measuring dimensions to the nearest 0.01 m and areas to the nearest 0.01 m2. Various ceiling and lining items such as boarding, circular cutting, fillets, and insulation are to be measured separately according to specifications. No deductions are made for openings less than 0.4 m2 while deductions are made for larger openings.
This document provides the standard method for testing the permeability of cement mortar and concrete specimens. It outlines the necessary apparatus, including a permeability cell and water reservoir. It describes how to prepare and seal cylindrical specimens for testing. The standard test pressure is 10 kg/cm2, but may be reduced to 5 kg/cm2 or increased to 15 kg/cm2 depending on the permeability of the specimen. The test involves applying pressure to one side of the sealed specimen and measuring the quantity of water passing through over time to calculate the coefficient of permeability.
This document provides the Indian standard method for measuring brickwork in buildings and civil engineering projects. It outlines various considerations and definitions for measurement including units of measurement, general requirements, and specific instructions for different types of brickwork. Key points include defining what is included in general brickwork, how to measure walls of varying thicknesses, openings and deductions, and special cases like fireplaces, pillars, and circular brickwork. The standard aims to promote uniform measurement practices across different construction agencies and projects in India.
The document is the Indian Standard specification for hard-drawn steel wire for use as reinforcement in concrete. It outlines the requirements and tests for the wire including:
- The wire must be cold-drawn from mild steel and have less than 0.05% sulfur and phosphorus content.
- Wire sizes range from 2.65 to 10 mm in diameter.
- Tolerances on diameter are +/- 1%.
- Tensile strength must be at least 570 MPa, yield strength must be at least 480 MPa, and elongation must be at least 7.3%.
- Wire must pass a reverse bend test without fracturing.
- Testing requirements include tensile tests and bend
This document provides guidelines for laying in-situ cement concrete flooring, including different types of floor finishes and their recommended thicknesses. It discusses monolithic and bonded floor finishes, noting that monolithic finishes provide better bonding but can be more difficult to construct and repair. It also outlines important considerations for materials, mix design, and construction methods to ensure satisfactory performance of cement concrete flooring.
Concrete Superiority and Resilience characteristics in Construction.pptJohnSundarrajCIVIL1
ย
Concrete is composed of cement, sand, aggregate, admixtures, and water. The document discusses the specifications and testing requirements for each ingredient in detail. Cement can be various grades and types and must meet strength and chemical requirements. Fine aggregate is sand that meets grading, impurity, and moisture standards. Coarse aggregate size and grading depends on the application and must be durable, free of debris. Admixtures are allowed but must meet quality specifications. The concrete ingredients and mixing are carefully controlled to achieve the desired properties.
The document provides details on the methodology and specifications for various items of construction work. It summarizes construction methods for items like earthwork, mortars, concrete work, finishing, repairs to buildings, road work, sanitary installation, water supply and drainage. It includes power point presentations on these topics based on CPWD specifications. The presentations are useful for students, engineers and construction departments to understand specifications, standards and methodology. It also lists relevant Indian Standards codes for materials and construction methods.
This document provides the specification for 43 grade ordinary Portland cement. It outlines the requirements for the manufacture, chemical composition, physical properties, packaging, and certification. The chemical composition must meet the requirements in Table 1. The physical properties include a minimum fineness, limits on soundness, setting times, and compressive strengths at various ages. There are also notes on additional tests, limits on chlorides, and the option to agree on additional requirements between the purchaser and supplier.
This document provides the specification for 43 grade ordinary Portland cement. It outlines the requirements for the manufacture, chemical composition, physical properties, testing methods, and other details of the cement. The key points are:
- It specifies the chemical composition and limits for things like lime, silica, alumina, iron oxide, magnesia, sulphur content, and loss on ignition.
- The physical requirements include a minimum fineness of 225 m2/kg, soundness limits of 10mm and 0.8% via Le-Chatelier and autoclave tests, and setting time and compressive strength requirements.
- It describes the appropriate testing standards for determining these chemical and physical properties.
The document describes the typical construction process for a flexible pavement. It discusses the requirements for embankment and subgrade construction, including material suitability and compaction. It also outlines the construction of granular sub-base, water bound macadam, and wet mix macadam layers, specifying material properties, grading requirements, and quality control tests for each layer.
This document provides the code of practice for laying in situ granolithic concrete floor topping in India. It outlines the materials, design considerations, and methodology for laying granolithic concrete floor topping. The key points are:
- Granolithic concrete has high abrasion resistance and is used for floor toppings where abrasion and impact will be severe.
- The document provides guidelines on selecting aggregates, mix proportions, panel sizes, and finishing based on the floor's intended use and conditions.
- There are two methods for laying the topping - monolithically with the base concrete or separately after the base has begun to harden. Proper workmanship is important for achieving a good bond.
This document provides guidelines for laying lime concrete for a waterproofed roof finish according to Indian Standard IS 3036. It discusses materials used like lime, pozzolanic materials, coarse aggregates and water. It describes preparation of lime concrete involving mixing mortar and aggregates. Guidelines are given for hand mixing and machine mixing. Laying procedures are outlined starting from roof surface preparation and providing minimum slopes for drainage. Compaction methods using rammers, bamboo strips and wooden thappies are described. Curing for 10 days is recommended. Different finishes like terracing tiles and treatments at roof-parapet junctions are also covered.
233 r 95 - ground granulated blast-furnace slag as constituenMOHAMMED SABBAR
ย
This document discusses the use of ground granulated blast-furnace (GGBF) slag as a cementitious material in concrete. GGBF slag has been used in concrete since the late 18th century. When finely ground, GGBF slag gains cementitious properties and can be used to replace a portion of portland cement in concrete. This report provides information on the properties and processing of GGBF slag, its effects on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete, and recommendations for its use in concrete applications.
IRJET- An Experimental Study on Strength of Concrete with Partial Replacement...IRJET Journal
ย
This document presents an experimental study on using copper slag and quarry dust as partial replacements for fine aggregate in concrete. Various concrete mixes were tested with copper slag and quarry dust replacements ranging from 0-45%. Specimens were cured for 7-28 days and tested for compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths. The results showed that concrete with a 40% fine aggregate replacement achieved the highest compressive strength of 41.87 MPa. Split tensile strengths were also higher than the control mix for replacements up to 15%. Thus, the study demonstrates that using industrial wastes like copper slag and quarry dust as partial replacements for fine aggregate in concrete can improve strength properties while providing environmental and economic benefits.
This document provides the methods of testing for determining the normal consistency and setting time of gypsum plaster and concrete. It outlines two methods for determining setting time - one using a Vicat apparatus and the other using a potentiometer. The standard specifies the equipment needed, including a modified Vicat apparatus, consistometer, and Vicat mould. It describes the procedures for conducting tests to determine normal consistency and setting time in accordance with the standard.
STABILIZATION OF BLACK COTTON SOIL BY USING STEEL SLAG POWDERTushar Thombre
ย
The document discusses the stabilization of black cotton soil using steel slag powder as an additive. Black cotton soil is problematic for construction due to its high swelling and shrinkage properties. The study aims to improve the engineering properties of expansive black cotton soil through mixing it with steel slag powder, an industrial waste product, at various percentages. Laboratory tests were conducted on soil samples mixed with 5-30% steel slag powder. The tests showed significant increases in unconfined compressive strength and reductions in liquid limit, indicating improved strength and reduced expansiveness with the addition of steel slag powder. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of using an industrial byproduct to stabilize problematic soils for construction purposes.
An Investigation on the Effect of Partial Replacement of Cement by Zeolite on...IRJET Journal
ย
This document investigates the effect of partially replacing cement with zeolite on concrete properties. Zeolite is a natural pozzolanic material that can absorb carbon dioxide and reduce air pollution. Concrete cubes with 0-35% cement replaced by zeolite were tested. Results showed that replacing 5% cement with zeolite increased compressive strength by 32.9% and reduced water absorption and sorptivity, indicating improved impermeability. However, workability decreased with higher zeolite content. In conclusion, 5% cement replacement produced concrete with optimal properties such as high strength and low permeability.
An Experimental Investigation on the Properties of Red Mud Fibre Reinforced C...IRJET Journal
ย
- Researchers conducted an experiment to investigate how partially replacing cement with red mud fibre reinforced concrete affects concrete properties.
- They tested concrete mixtures with 0-20% cement replaced by red mud, along with 0.5% and 1% galvanized iron fibres by volume.
- Test results showed compressive and tensile strength increased up to 8% cement replacement by red mud, with the 1% fibre mixture performing better, gaining up to 18.9% higher compressive strength. Higher replacements saw strengths decline.
EFFECT ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE USING FINE AGGREGATE AS PARTIAL R...IRJET Journal
ย
This document investigates the effect of using fly ash as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion in thermal power plants and its utilization remains low. The study designs concrete mixes with fly ash replacing fine sand at percentages between 46-54%. The compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity of the concrete mixes are then tested at 7 and 28 days. The results are analyzed to understand the impact of different fly ash replacement levels on the mechanical properties of concrete.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON SILICA FUME AND MARBLE DUST BY PARTIALLY REPLACED IN RE...IRJET Journal
ย
This document summarizes an experimental study that partially replaced cement and sand in concrete with silica fume and marble dust. Various mixtures were tested by replacing cement with 6%, 12%, and 18% silica fume and replacing sand with 8%, 18%, and 28% marble dust. Compression and flexural strength tests were performed on concrete cubes and beams made with the different mixtures after 7 and 28 days of curing. The results showed that replacing up to 8% of cement with silica fume and up to 12% of sand with marble dust can increase strength while reducing costs and environmental impact compared to standard concrete. Flexural strength was lower when silica fume replacement of cement increased to 18%.
IRJET- CRETEX โ An Advanced and Futuristic ConcreteIRJET Journal
ย
- The document presents research on an experimental investigation into an advanced concrete made by adding the adhesive "Heatx" in varying proportions to fresh concrete.
- 16 concrete cubes were cast and tested for compressive strength at 14 and 28 days curing with 0%, 1.25%, 2.5%, and 5% additions of Heatx by weight of cement.
- The results found that addition of Heatx improved the compressive strength of concrete compared to ordinary concrete without additions. The paper discusses these results in detail.
IRJET- Comparative Study on SCC with Particle Packing Density and Efnarc ...IRJET Journal
ย
This document summarizes a study that compares self-compacting concrete (SCC) mixes designed using particle packing density and EFNARC guidelines. The study evaluated the fresh and hardened properties of SCC mixes with 20% fly ash replacement and water-cement ratios of 0.30, 0.33, and 0.35. Tests on fresh concrete included slump flow, V-funnel, L-box, and J-ring, while compressive and split tensile strengths were evaluated on hardened concrete at 7 and 28 days. Results showed the particle packing density mixes achieved higher compressive and split tensile strengths compared to EFNARC mixes. The study concluded particle packing density is an effective method for SCC mix design
This document provides guidelines for asphaltic concrete mix design and construction. It discusses the components of asphalt, including aggregates, filler, and bitumen. It outlines testing requirements for materials and mixes. The Marshall mix design method is described along with volumetric properties and tolerances. Guidelines are provided for temperature control, sampling, density and thickness requirements during construction. Proper mix design, material quality control, and construction techniques are emphasized to produce high quality asphalt pavement.
28-5.21 Company Profile of Pyrmaid structural consultant.pptxBoopathi Yoganathan
ย
Pyramid Structural Consultant provides structural design, building approval, and construction services. They have a team of experienced engineers and workers who use software like AutoCAD and STAAD to complete structural designs for RCC and steel buildings. Notable projects include the design of a G+1 residential building in Namakkal. They are located in Puduchatram, Namakkal and can be found on LinkedIn and Facebook.
This document provides a bonafide certificate for a project report on the study of mechanical properties of eco-friendly economic concrete. It certifies that the project was conducted by three students, M.Vineeth, Y.Boopathi, and P.Murali, in partial fulfillment of their Bachelor of Engineering degree from Kongu Engineering College. The project investigated replacing natural aggregates with steel slag aggregates and M-sand to produce more sustainable concrete. Tests were conducted to determine the compressive strength, split tensile strength, modulus of rupture, and modulus of elasticity of concrete mixes with varying replacement levels.
The document describes an experimental investigation into the properties of concrete with different replacement percentages of natural aggregates with manufactured sand and steel slag. The methodology involves collecting cement, fine aggregates (natural sand and m-sand), coarse aggregates, and steel slag. The mix design for M20 grade concrete is calculated and concrete specimens are cast. The specimens are cured and then tested to determine their mechanical properties. The results are compared to those of conventional concrete to evaluate the suitability of manufactured sand and steel slag as partial replacements for natural aggregates in concrete.
The document discusses two methods for mesh refinement - the p-method and h-method. The p-method increases the order of the polynomial used in the finite element model, allowing for more accurate results without changing the mesh. The h-method reduces the size of elements to create a finer mesh, better approximating the real solution in areas of high stress gradients. Both methods aim to improve the accuracy of finite element analysis results, with the p-method doing so without requiring changes to the mesh.
This document provides guidance on using epoxy injection to repair cracks in concrete structures. The method involves drilling holes along cracks, injecting epoxy under pressure, and allowing it to seep into the cracks. It can repair cracks as small as 0.002 inches. Epoxy injection requires skilled workers and specialized equipment. While it can effectively repair cracks temporarily, the underlying issues causing the cracks may remain if not addressed.
An embedded system is a dedicated computer system that performs specific tasks. An important application of embedded systems is anti-lock braking systems (ABS) in automobiles. ABS uses sensors and electronic control modules to monitor wheel speed and automatically modulate brake pressure to prevent wheel lockup and maintain steering control during emergency braking. By preventing skidding, ABS can help drivers stop more safely and shorten stopping distances on wet or slippery surfaces compared to standard brakes. ABS works by pulsing the brakes rapidly when it detects a wheel is about to lock up, which allows the wheel to continue turning and maintaining traction with the road.
This document discusses past earthquakes in India and retrofitting techniques for masonry structures. It summarizes the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, which had a magnitude of 9.1-9.3 making it one of the largest ever recorded. Over 230,000 people were killed across 14 countries by the resulting tsunamis. The document then discusses failure modes of confined masonry walls and retrofitting techniques to improve seismic resistance, including adding horizontal reinforcement, improving wall density and tie columns. Key factors for seismic resistance of confined masonry structures are also summarized.
The document provides guidelines for selecting, splicing, installing, and protecting open cable ends for resistance-type measuring devices in concrete and masonry dams. It discusses cable specifications, approved splicing methods including vulcanized rubber splices, rubber sleeve covering, and self-bonding tape. It also covers cable and conduit selection, including choosing the proper conduit size based on the number and size of cables to be run. Proper installation techniques are outlined to protect cable runs within concrete structures.
This document provides information on an Indian Standard (IS) for a unified nomenclature of workmen for civil engineering. It was adopted in 1982 by the Indian Standards Institution Construction Management Sectional Committee. The standard aims to unify the different names used for workmen engaged in civil engineering works across India. It then lists the unified nomenclature for various types of workmen and for carts/animals commonly used in civil engineering works.
This document provides details on the design and construction of floors and roofs using precast reinforced or prestressed concrete ribbed or cored slab units. It specifies dimensions for the precast units, including widths up to 3000mm for ribbed units and 2100mm for cored units. It also provides requirements for material strengths, structural design considerations, and loads to be accounted for in design according to other relevant Indian Standards.
This document provides definitions for key terms related to concrete monolith structures used in port and harbour construction. It defines elements like the bottom plug, cutting edge, deck slab, dewatering, fascia wall, filling, kentledge, kerb, and monolith. A monolith is a large hollow rectangular or circular foundation sunk as an open caisson through various soil strata until reaching the desired founding level, at which point the bottom is plugged with concrete.
The document provides specifications for an apparatus used to measure the length change of hardened cement paste, mortar, and concrete. It describes the construction, dimensions, materials, and markings required for a length comparator, which uses a micrometer to measure the change in length of specimens against a reference bar. The length comparator consists of an adjustable frame that holds either a screw or dial micrometer and allows measurement of specimens of different lengths.
This document provides the code of practice for the design and construction of conical and hyperbolic paraboloidal shell foundations. It discusses the preliminary design considerations for shell foundations, including determining the soil design to proportion the foundation dimensions based on allowable bearing pressure and net loading intensity, as well as the structural design of the shell. It also provides figures illustrating reinforcement details for conical and hyperbolic paraboloidal shell foundations. The code covers the relevant terminology and information needed for design, and notes the membrane analysis approach is commonly used for structural design of shell foundations.
This document provides guidelines for designing drainage systems for earth and rockfill dams. It discusses key considerations like controlling pore pressures, internal erosion, and piping. The guidelines cover selecting appropriate drainage features based on the dam type and materials. Features discussed include inclined/vertical filters, horizontal filters, longitudinal and cross drains, transition zones, rock toes, and toe drains. Filter material criteria and design procedures are also outlined.
This document provides recommendations for welding cold-worked steel bars used for reinforced concrete construction according to Indian Standard IS 9417. It summarizes the key welding processes that can be used including flash butt welding, shielded metal arc welding, and gas pressure welding. For each process, it outlines preparation of the bars, selection of electrodes, welding procedures, and safety requirements. Diagrams are provided to illustrate edge preparation and sequences for multi-run butt welding and lap welding joints.
This document provides guidelines for lime concrete lining of canals. It discusses materials used for lime concrete lining such as lime, sand, coarse aggregate and water. It also discusses preparation of subgrade for different soil types including expansive soils, rock and earth. Compaction methods are provided for different soil types. The document also discusses laying of concrete lining and provides specifications for lime concrete mix such as minimum compressive and flexural strength.
This document provides guidelines for structural design of cut and cover concrete conduits meant for transporting water. It outlines various installation conditions for underground conduits and describes how to calculate design loads from backfill pressure, internal/external water pressure, and concentrated surface loads. Design loads include vertical and lateral pressure from backfill based on fill material properties, hydrostatic pressure from water surcharge, and dispersed point loads accounting for fill height and conduit geometry. The conduit is to be designed for the most unfavorable combination of these loads. Recommended fill material properties and methods for load and stress analysis are also provided.
This document provides guidelines for installing and observing cross arms to measure internal vertical movement in earth dams. It describes the components of the mechanical cross arm installation including the base extension, cross arm units, spacer sections, and top section. It provides details on installing each component as the dam is constructed in rock-free or rocky soils. Observation involves using a measuring torpedo attached to a steel tape or cable to take settlement readings from the installed cross arm system.
This document provides guidelines for instrumentation of concrete and masonry dams. It outlines obligatory and optional measurements for dams, including uplift pressure, seepage, temperature, and displacement. Obligatory measurements include uplift pressure, seepage, temperature inside the dam, and displacement measurements using plumb lines or other methods. Optional measurements that may provide additional insights include stress, strain, pore pressure, and seismicity measurements. The document describes different types of measurements in detail and how they can be used to monitor dam performance and safety over time.
This document provides guidelines for selecting measurement instruments and their locations for monitoring earth and rockfill dams. It describes various types of measurements needed, including pore pressure, movements, seepage, strains/stresses, and dynamic loads from earthquakes. Planning the instrumentation system is important to ensure required data is obtained during construction and the dam's lifetime. The document discusses different instruments for measuring vertical and horizontal movements, such as surface markers, cross-arm installations, hydraulic devices, magnetic probes, and inclinometers.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
ย
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
ย
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
ย
(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง ๐)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ซ๐ซ๐ข๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฆ ๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐ก๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ข๐ง๐๐ฌ:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
๐๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐๐จ๐ฉ๐ ๐จ๐ ๐๐ง ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ง๐๐ฎ๐ซ:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
ย
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
ย
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
ย
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analyticsโ feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
1. /
IS 2541 :199-i
srTT?h 'qT;r;i;
( $FTiT โs;rfmT)
Indian Standard
PREPARATIONANDUSEOFLIME
CONCRETE- CODEOFPRACTICE
( Second Revision )
UDC โ666โ972 : 006โ76
0 BIS 1991
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
December 1991 Price Group 4
( Reaffirmed 1995 )
2. Building Lime and Lime Products Sectional Committee, CED 4
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard ( Second Revision > was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after
the draft finalized by the Building Lime and Lime Products Sectional Committee had been approved
by the Civil Engineering Division Council.
Lime concrete, in spite of its low strength, may be used in several situations in construction, such
as in well foundations for moderately tall buildings, under floor finishes, for filling haunches over
masonry arch work and for roof terracing work. This standard is intended to provide guidance
with respect to preparation and use of lime concrete on the basis of existing knowledge and
experience.
Lime concrete is found to have many desirable properties and advantages for use in construction.
Properly prepared, compacted and laid, lime concrete is durable under normal exposures. Lime
concrete possesses considerable resistance to sulphate attack, and can be used in foundations and
areas in which soil contain considerable quantities of soluble sulphate or where sub-soil water
table is high. The effect of temperature fluctuations on the volume change is negligible in lime
concrete, compared to that of moisture variations.
after setting and initial shrinkage.
It also undergoes negligible volume change
In view of a comprehensive Indian Standard being available on lime concrete for waterproofing
treatment [ see IS 3036 : 1980 โCode of practice for laying lime concrete for a waterproofed roof
finish (first revisions )โ I, this information has not been covered in this standard.
This standard was first published in 1965 and subsequently revised in 1974. Since publication of
the first revision of this standard, most of the referred standards have been revised and, as such
it was felt necessary to revise this standard so as to update all the references for the convenience
of the users.
modified.
In this revision the general requirements regarding laying of concrete have also been
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with
the final value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded
off in accordance with IS 2 : 1960 โRules for rounding off numerical values ( revised )โ. The number
of significant places retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified
value in this standard.
3. IS 2541 : 1991
Indian Standard
PREPARATIONANDUSEOFLIME
CONCRETE- CODEOF PRACTICE
(Second Revision )
1 SCOPE
This standard covers the preparation and use
of lime concrete and includes requirements for
materials, method of preparation, laying and
finishing of concrete for different purposes.
NOTE - Lime pozzolana mixture concrete have
been excluded from the review of this standard as
it is covered in IS 5817 : 1970.
2 REFERENCES
The Indian Standards listed in Annex A are
necessary adjunct to this standard.
3 TERMINOLOGY
For the purpose of this standard, the definitions
of the terms given in IS 6508 : 1988 shall apply.
4 MATERIALS
4.1 Lime
Lime for use in lime concrete shall conform to
IS 712 : 1984.
4.2 Cement
Cement shall conform to the requirements of 33
grade ordinary Portland cement specified in
IS 269 : 1989.
4.3 Pozzolaoic Materials
4.3.1 Burnt clay pozzolana shall conform to
IS 1344 : 1981.
4.3.2 Fly ash shall conform to IS 3812 : 1981.
4.4 Coarse Aggregates
Coarse aggregate for use in lime concrete shall
be either natural stone aggregate conforming
to IS 383 : 1970 or broken brick ( burnt clay )
aggregate conforming to IS 3068 : 1986 or
cinder aggregate conforming to IS 2686 : 1977
depending upon the situation of use
( see Table 1 ).
4.5 Fine Aggregate
4.5.1 Sand for use in lime concrete shall conform
to IS 383 : 1970.
4.5.2 Brick aggregate shall conform to
IS 3182 : 1986.
4.5.3 Fly ash
4.6 Water
shall conform to IS 3512 : 1981.
Water used for, both mixing and curing lime
concrete, shall be clean and free from injurious
amount of deleterious matter. Sea water shall
not be used. Portable water is generally
considered satisfactory for mixing and curing
lime concrete.
5 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
5.1 General
Lime concrete may be used generally for the
following situations:
a) As a levelling course for foundations and
for plain concrete footings for masonry
walls and columns,
b) Ordinary base concrete under floors,
and
c) For filling haunches over masonry arch
work.
5.2 For satisfactory use selection of proper
lime concrete mix, the following information
will be necessary:
a) Lime Concrete in Foundations - Moisture
condition of the sub-grade, sub-soil
water level and foundation loads.
b) Lime Concrete Under Floor Finishes -
Moisture condition of the sub-grade, sub-
soil water level, type of floor finish and
floor loads.
5.3 Mix Proportions
Guidance about mix proportions for different
purposes is given in Table 1.
5.4 Workability
Because of very good water retention properties
of lime mortar, workability of lime concrete
will generally be found satisfactory with normal
methods of preparing concrete. Workability of
lime concrete may be improved further by
increasing the proportion of lime mortar ( but
this shall not be increased beyond the limit
sp:cified in Table 1 > and by using well graded
aggregates. The proportions recommended
in Table 1 will normally be found to give
satisfactory workable mixes. Lime concrete
1
4. IS 2541 : 3991
Table 1 Recommended Mixes for Use in Lime Concrete
( Clauses 4.4, 5.3, 5.4, 5.6.2, 7.2.1 and 7.3.1 )
Sl Situations Type of Mortar Class of Lime* Type of Maximum Proportion of Remarks
No. ( AI1Proportions as in IS 712 : Coarse Size of Mortar to
by Voiume ) 1984
(2)
โi,โ In founda- 1 lime,(3: fi
(4)
ne A
tions aggregates
1 lime, 1 pozzo- B, C, D, E
~;~ematerial,
aggre-
gate
3 lime, 1 cement, B, C, D, E
12 fine aggregate
ii) Base con- 1 lime, 2 fine A
Crete under aggregate
floor finishes 1 lime, 1 pozzo- B, C, D, E
on ground lanic materials,
1 fine aggregate
3 lime, 1 cement, B, C, D, E
12 fine aggregate
iii) Levelling
course or
cushioning
layer under
floor
iv) Filling over
haunces of
masonry
arch work
1 lime, 2 fine A
aggregate
1 lime, 1 pozzo- B, C, D, E
lanic material,
1 fine aggregate
2 lime, 1 cement, B, C, D, E
12 fine aggregate
1 ;;;e$ 1 pozzo-
material,
B, C, D, E
1 fine aggregate
NOTE - For details of fine aggregate, see 4.5.
25 mm 145 parts of -
mortar to
t
100 parts of
1 : 2 aggre-
J we
*When lime is used as putty, the proportioning shall take into account only the equivalent quantity of dry
slaked lime.
Aggregate
(5)
Stone or
broken brick
-do-
-do
Stone or
broken brick
-do-
Broken brick
or
cinder
Broken brick
Coarse
Aggregate
Volume )
(6)
50 mm
50 mm
50 mm
50 mm
50 mm
50 mm
20 to 25
mm
(7) (8)
1 40 to 50 parts Nxmally suit-
I of mortar to able for build-
i 100 parts of ings not
t aggregate de- more than
1 pending upon three storeys
1 the grading of high and in
J aggregate places with
dry sub-grade
that is subsoil
water level
not within
2 5 m of foun-
dation level
1 40 to 50 parts Suitable for
of mortar to dry and tole-
( 100 parts of rably wet
aggregate de- sub-grades
pending
upon the grad-
ing of aggregate
40 to 50 parts -
of mortar to
100 parts of
aggregate
-
with 50 to 75 mm slump ( see Annex B ) will be
generally found suitable for uses indicated
in 5.1.
5.5 Rate of Hardening and Setting Time
5.5.1 The hardening df lime concrete will be
slower than that of cement concrete, but will be
satisfactory for most of the normal uses to
which it is put in building work, except where
early strength is required, such as in emergency
works or in works under very wet conditions.
In case of structural lime concrete subject to
load, such as in foundations, further construc-
tion shall not be started earlier than a period of
seven days after concrete has been laid and
consolidated.
5.5.2 Setting time of concrete will deperd upon
the class of lime used in the preparation of
mortar and will be variable. Though initial
set may occur in 2 to 3 h, where Class A lime is
used, the final set does not usually occur in
less than 10 to 12 h. Placing of concrete and
compaction shall be completed before thp initial
set has started after which the concrete shall not
be disturbed.
2
5.6 Strength Requirement
5.6.1 The strength of lime concrete will depend
on the class of lime type and size of coarse
aggregate, proportion and quality of pozzolanic
materials used in mortar for preparation of
concrete. The process of strength development
in lime concrete is slow and may extend through
years.
5.6.2 The minimum strength of lime concrete
of mix proportions specified in Table 1, when
tested in accordance with procedure laid down
in Annexes B and C shall be 1 N/mm2 of
compressive strength at 28 days and 0โ2 N/m2 of
transverse strength at 90 days. The compressive
strength at 90 days is expected to rise to
1โ2 N/mm2.
6 PREPARATION OF LIME CONCRETE
6.1 Mortar for Concrete
6.1.1 Plain lime mortar or lime pozzolana
mortar or lime cement mortar of specified
proportions of different ingredients shall be
used. Lime shall be used in the form of dry
i-
5. IS 2541: 1991
NOTE - If cement has been used in the mix, the
concrete shall be laid in position within half-an
hour after water has been added to it and
compacted within one hour.
7.2 Lime Concrete in Foundations and Under
Floors
7.2.1 The soil sub-grade on which concrete is to
be laid shall b$ properly wetted and rammed
befor: concreting is started. Guidance about
the mix proportions to b= used may b: obtained
from Table 1.
7.2.2 The concrete shall b= laid carefully in
position ( not thrown from a height ) while
fresh, in layers not exceeding 150 mm in
thickness when consolidated. Care shall be
taken while placing the concrete so that
segregation of aggregate particles and mortar
does not take place. Each layer shall be
thoroughly rammed and consolidated before
succeeding layers is placed. During laying and
consolidation, concrete shall be kept free from
contamination by leaves, straw, twigs, dirt and
other deleterious matters. Alternatively, duty
plate or surface vibrators may be used for
uniform and good compaction.
7.2.3 Heavy rammers shall be used and ramming
shall be continued until a skin of mortar covers
the surface and completely hides the aggregate
( iron rammers weighiyg 4h to 5& kg and
;i;nrore fhaa 300 cm in area are generally
satisfactory ). Square rammers are
helpful in consolidation of edges. No water
shall b: added during ramming. Where joints
in the same layer are unavoidable, the end of
each layer shall be sloped at an angle of 30โ and
made rough to ensure proper bond with new
concrete. The surface of each completed layer
shall be watered, roughened and cleaned by
wire brushing or any other suitable means
before the next layer is laid over it. Where
vertical joints occur in an upper and a lower
layer, they shall be at least 600 mm apart
horizontally.
7.2.4 The mixing and ramming shall go on
continuously when once started; relief parties
being provided to avoid stoppage. This may be
achieved by arranging workmen in one or more
lines across the concrete, with a lateral clear
space of not more than 500 mm between
workmen Sufficient labour and materials shall
be employed to make up the concrete
foundation layer by layer, simultaneously
throughout the whole building. When this is
not practicable, unfinished layers of concrete
shall have break joints as described in 7.2.3.
hydrated lime or in the form of putty which shall
be prepared in accordance with IS1635 : 1975.
The mortar shall be prepared according to the
recommendations laid down in IS 2250 : 1981.
6.2 Coarse Aggregate
If coarse aggregate contains excessive dirt, it
shall bs wlshed and well drained b:fore use.
Burnt clay, cinder and other porous coarse
aggregate shall be thoroughly soaked and used
in saturated dry conditions.
6.3 Mixing
6.3.1 Lime concrete may be hand mixed or a
small hand operated mixer rnly be used. For
larger quantities the use of a mechanical mixer
would be desirable.
6.3.2 Hmd Mixing
Mixing shall be done on a clean water tight
platform of sufficient size to provide ample
mixing area. The platform shall have tight
close joints so that there is no leakage of water
or mortar through them and the mixing tool
does not strike the joints while in operation.
6.3.2.1 The coarse aggregate shall first be
stacked to an even surface on the platform.
Lime mortar ( or lime-pozzolana mortar ) in the
specified proportion shall then be evenly spread
over the aggregate and the whole thoroughly
mixed. Water in just sufficient quantity shall
be applied with a sprinkler, to enable the mortar
to adhere to each piece of aggregate. The
mixing shall be done by turning it over and over
several times, until all the particles of aggregate
are covered with mortar and a concrete of
uniform appearance and consistency is obtained.
6.3.3 Machine Mixing
Clean, saturated surface dry coarse aggregate
shall first be fed into the mixer. Lime mortar
( or lime-pozzolana mortar ) in the specified
proportion shall then be fed into the mixer and
the contents mixed well. The required quantity
of cement shall then be added, if necessary.
Mixing shall be continued until there is a
uniform distribution of the materials. Final
adjustment of water, to obtain concrete of
required consistency, may be made by adding
.clean water, if necessary, and turning the
ingredients in the mixer.
โ7 LAYING
.7.1 General
*Only that much quantity of concrete shall be
mixed which can be laid in position within two
hours after mixing. The concrete shall
-preferably be placed in position immediately
after mixing has been completed. Laying and
compaction of concrete shall be completed
within four hours of adding water.
7.2.5 Curing
After the laying and compaction has been
completed, concrete shall be cured for a further
period of not less than 10 days. For the first
48 h it shall be cured by covering it with wet
hessian or by spreading sand, gunny bags and
watering frequently in moderate quantities.
3
6. IS 2541 : 1991
7.2.5.1 In case of concrete in foundations no required thickness and levels in layers not
brickwork or masonry shall be laid on concrete exceeding 100 mm in thickness. Compaction
for a period of at least seven days after
laying or till such period, the engineer-in-
and ramming shall be continued till wet mortar
charge feels it necessary.
just appears at the top surface of the layer
being consolidated.
7.3 Lime Concrete in Haunches of Arches 7.3.2 Curing
7.3.1 Concrete of suitable mix proportion as
recommended in Table 1, shall be laid to the
The surface shall be continuously cured for at
least 21 days as described in 7.2.5.
IS No.
ANNEX A
( Clause 2 )
LIST OF REFERRED INDIAN STANDARDS
Title IS No. Titje
269 : 1989
383 : 1970
712 : 1984
1344 : 1981
1635 : 1975
2250 : 1981
33 Grade ordinary Portland
cement (fourth revision )
Coarse and fine aggregates
from natural sources for
concrete ( second revision >
Building limes ( third
revision )
Calcined clay pozzolana
( second revision )
Code of practice for field
slaking of building lime and
preparation of putty (first
revision )
Code of practice for
preparation and use of
masonry mortars ( first
revkion )
2686 : 1977
3068 : 1986
3182 : 1986
3812 : 1981
5817 : 1970
6508 : 1988
Cinder as fine aggregates for
use is lime concrete (first
revision )
Broken brick ( burnt clay )
coarse aggregates for use in
lime concrete (first revision )
Broken brick ( burnt clay )
fine aggregates for use in
lime mortar (first revision )
Fly ash for use as pozzolana
and admixture (first revision )
Code of practice for
preparation and use of lime-
pozzolana mixture concrete
in buildings and roads
Glossary of terms relating
to building lime ( first
revision )
ANNEX B
( Clauses 5.4,5.6.2and C-l.1 )
METHOD OF TEST FOR DETERMINATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
B-l GENERAL
This method applies to compression tests on
lime concrete specimen made in a laboratory
where accurate control of materials and test
conditions is possible.
B-2 MATERIALS AND PROPORTIONING
B-2.1 The materials and the proportions used
in making the tests shall be similar in all
respects to those to be employed in the work.
The water content shall be as nearly as practi-
cable, equal to that to be used in the work.
B-2.2 Materials shall be brought to room
temperature of 27โ f 2ยฐC before beginning the
test. The coarse aggregate shall be soaked in
water ft room temperature for 24 h. The
aggregate shall then be removed from the water
and the excess water allowed to drain away by
keeping the aggregate for 2 to 3 h at room
temperature.
B-2.3 The quantities of lime putty, aggregate
and water for each batch shall be determined by
mass to an accuracy of 0โ1 percent.
B-3 MIXING CONCRETE
B-3.1 The concrete shall be mixed by hand or
preferably in a laboratory batch mixer in such
a manner as to avoid loss of water. The lime
and fine aggregate shall first be mixed until
the mixture is uniform in colour. The coarse
aggregate shall then be added and mixed with
the lime and fine aggregate. Water shall then
be added and the whole mixed thoroughly for
4
7. not less than two minutes until the resulting
concrete is uniform in appearance.
B-4 CONSISTENCY
B-4.1 The consistency of each batch of concrete
shall be measured as described in B-4.1.1
to B-4.1.4, immediately after mixing.
B-4.1.1 The test specimen shall be formed in a
mould of GI sheeting in the form of the frustum
of a cone with internal dimensions as follows :
Bottom diameter 200 mm, top diameter 100
mm and height 300 mm. The bottom and
the top shall be open, parallel to each other,
and at right angles to the axis of the cone.
The mould shall be provided with suitable
foot pieces and handles. The internal surface
of the mould shall be smooth, thoroughly
clean, dry and free from set cementitious
material before testing.
B-4.1.2 Care shall be taken to ensure that a
representative sample is taken.
B-4.1.3 The mould shall be placed on a smooth,
flat, no,n-absorbent surface and the operator
shall hold the mould firmly in place, whโlle it is
being filled, by standing on the foot pieces. The
mould shall be filled in four equal layers, each
being rammed with 2.5 strokes of a 16 mm
diameter rod, 60 cm long, round nosed at the
lower end. The strokes shall be applied with
such force that the rod just penetrates the
full depth of the layer being compacted.
When the mould is full, the top surface
of the concrete shall be struck off level.
The mould shall then be removed by raising
vertically immediately after filling. The moulded
concrete shall be allowed to subside and the
height of the specimen after coming to rest
measured.
B-4.1.4 The consistency shall be recorded in
terms of centimetre of subsidence of the
specimen during the test which shall be known
as the slump.
B-S SIZE OF TEST CUBES
Compression tests of concrete shall be made on
150-mm cubes. The moulds shall be of steel
or cast iron with the inner faces accurately
machined in order that opposite sides of the
specimens shall be plane and parallel. Each
mould shall be provided with a base plate
having a plane surface and of such dimensions
as to support the mould during filling without
leakage and preferably attached by springs or
screw to the mould. Before placing the concrete
in the mould both the base plate and the mould
shall be oiled to prevent sticking of the concrete.
B-6 COMPACTING
Concrete test cubes shall be moulded by placing
the fresh concrete in the mould in three layers,
IS 2541 : 1991
each layer being rammed with a steel round
bar 38 cm long and having a ramming face of
2โ5 cm2 and a weight of 2 kg. For mixes of
40 mm slump or less, 35 strokes shall be given
for each layer; for mixes of wetter consistency
this number may be reduced to 25 strokes per
layer.
B-7 CURING
Ali test cubes shall be placed-in moist air of at
least 90 percent relative humidity and at a
temperature of 27โ f 2โC for 24 f 0 5 h
commencing immediately after moulding is
completed. After 72 h the test cubes shall be
marked, removed from the moulds, and placed
in water at a temperature of 27โ _t 2ยฐC until
required for test.
B-S APPARATUS
B-8.1 Testing Machine
The testing mechine may be of any reliable
type of sufficient capacity for the tests and
capable of applying the load at the rate specified
in B-11.2. The permissible error shall be not
greater than f 2 percent of the maximum load.
The testing machine shall be equipped with two
steel bearing platen with hardened faces. One
of the platens (preferably the one that normally
will bear on the upper surface of the specimen )
shall be fitted with a ball seating in the form of
a portion of a sphere, the centre of which
coincides with the central point of the face of
the platen. The other compression platen shall
be plain, rigid bearing block. The bearing
faces of both platens, shall be at least as large
as, and preferably larger than the nominal size
of the specimen to which the load is applied.
The bearing surface of the platens, when new,
shall not depart from a plane by more than 0โ01
mm at any point, and they shall be maintained
with a permissible variation limit of 0โ02 mm.
The movable portion of the spherically seated
compresslon platen shall be held on the
spherical seat, but the design shall be such that
the bearing face can be rotated freely and tilted
through small angles in any direction.
B-9 ,4GE AT TEST
Tests shall be made at specified ages of the test
specimens, the most usual being 28 and 90 days.
B-10 NUMBER OF SPECIMENS
At least three specimens shall be made from
each batch for testing at each selected age.
B-11 PROCEDURE
B-11.1 Specimens stored in water shall be tested
immediately on removal from the water and
while they are still in the wet condition.
Surface water and grit shall be wiped off the
specimens and any projecting fins removed.
Specimens when received dry shall be kept in
water for 24 h before they are taken for testing.
5
i
8. IS 2541: 1991
The dimensions of the specimens to the nearest
0โ2 mm and their mass shall be noted before
testing.
B-11.2 Placing the Specimen in the Testing
Machine
The bearing surfaces of the testing machine shall
be wiped clean and any loose sand or other
material removed from the surfaces of the
specimen which are to be in contact with the
compression platens. In the case of cubes, the
specimen shall be placed in the machine in such
a manner that the load shall be applied to
opposite vertical sides of the cubes as cast, that
is, not to the top and bottom. The axis of the
specimen shall be carefully aligned with the
centre of thrust of the spherically seated platen.
No packing shall be used between the faces of
the test specimen and the steel platen of the
testing machine. As the spherically seated
block is brought to bear on the sp:cimen, the
movable portion shall be rotated gently by hand
so that uniform seating may be obtained. The
load shall be applied without shock and
increased continuously at a rate of approxi-
mately 10โ5 N/mma/min until the resistance of
the specimen to the increasing load breaks down
and no greater load can be sustained. The
maximum load applied to the specimen shall
then be recorded and the appearance of the
concrete and any unusual features in the type of
failure shall be noted.
B-12 CALCULATION
The measured compressive strength of the
specimen shall be calculated by dividing thg
maximum load applied to the specimen, durine
the test by the cross-sectional area, calculated
from the mean dimensions of the section and
shall be expressed to the nearest 0.1 N/mm2.
Average to three values shall be taken as the
repres&tative of the batch provided
individual variation is not more than
percent of the average.
shall be made.
Otherwise repeat
the
f 15
tests
ANNEX C
( Clause 5.6.2 )
METHOD OF TEST FOR DETERMINATION OF TRANSVERSE STRENGTH
C-l PREPARATION OF SPECIMENS
Preparation of materials, proportions, weighing,
mixing of concrete, preparation and curing of
specimen shall be done in the same way as in the
case of compression test specimens given
in B-l to B-7.
C-2 SIZE OF SPECIMEN
The size of specimen shall be 150 mm X 150 mm
X 700 mm.
C-3 APPARATUS
The testing machine may be of any reliable type
of sufficient capacity for the tests and capable
of applying the load at the rate specified
in C-4.2. The permissible errors shall be not
greater than -+ 2 percent of the applied load.
The bed of the testing machine shall be provided
with two steel rollers, 38 mm in diameter, on
which the specimen is to be supported, and these
rollers shall be so mounted that the distance
from centre to centre is 600 mm for 150 mm
specimen. The load shall be applied through
two similar rollers mounted at the third point
of the supporting span, that is spaced at the 200
mm -entre to centre. The load shall be divided
equally between the two loading rollers, and
all rollers shall be mounted in such a manner
that the load is applied axially and without
subjecting the specimen to any torsional stresses
or restraints. One suitable arrangement which
complies with these requirements is indicated in
Fig. 1.
6
C-4 PROCEDURE
C-4.1 Test specimens stored in water at a
temperature of 27โ f 2ยฐC before testing, shall
be tested immediately on removal from the
water whilst they are still in a wet condition.
Specimens when received dry shall be kept in
water for 22 h before they are taken for testing.
The dimensions of each specimen shall be noted
before testing. No preparation of the surfaces
is required.
C-4.2 Placing the Specimen in the Testiag
Machine
The bearing surfaces of supporting and loading
rollers shall be wiped clean, and any loose sand
or other material removed from the surfaces of
the specimen where they are to make contact
with the rollers. The specimen shall then be
placed in the machine in such a manner that the
load shall be applied to the uppermost surface
as cast in the mould, along two lines spaced
200 mm apart. The axis of the specimen shall
be carefully aligned with the axis of I:;B
device. No packing shall be used
loading
_wee;l a.he
bearing surfaces of the specimen rqd the rcโlers.
The load shall be applied without shock,
increasing continuously at a rate such that tbm
extreme fibre stress increases at approximateโ
0โ7 N/mmโ/min, that is at 2 rate of loading o1
4 000 N/min. The load shall be increased until
the specimen fails, and the maximum load
applied to the sp-cimen during the test shall be
recorded. The appearance of the fractured
9. IS 2541 : 1991
ATING BARS REMOVE0
LOADING IS COMMENC
SECTION XX SECTION YV
FIG. 1 ARRANGEMENTFORDETERMINATIONOF TRANSVERSESTRENGTH
faces of concrete and any unusual features in the
type of failure shall be noted.
C-5 CAI&ULATION
The flexural strength of the specimen shall be
expressed as the modulus of rupture fb which,
if โuโ equals the distance between the line of
fracture and the nearer support, measured on
the centre line of the tensile side of the
specimen, in mm, shall be calculated to the
nearest 0โ05 N/mma as follows:
PXl
fb= bxd2
when โuโ is greater than 200 mm for 150 mm
specimen
or
3P X a
fb= bxd2
When โuโ is less than the 200 mm but greater
than 170 mm for 150 mm specimen
where
b = measured width, in mm, of the
specimen;
d = measured depth, in mm, of the
specimen at the point of failure;
I = length, in mm, of the span on which
the specimen was supported; and
P = maximum load in N applied to the
specimen.
If โaโ is less than 170 mm for a 150 mm specimen,
the results of the test shall be discarded.
10. Standard Mark
The use of the Standard Mark is governed by the provisions of the Bureau of Indian
Standards Act, 1986 and the Rules and Regulations made thereunder. The Standard Mark on
products covered by an Indian Standard conveys the assurance that they have been produced
to comply with the requirements of that standard under a well defined system of inspection,
testing and quality control which is devised and supervised by BIS and operated by the pro-
ducer. Standard marked products are also continuously checked by BIS for conformity to
that standard as a further safeguard. Details of conditions under which a licence for the use
of the Standard Mark may be granted to manufacturers or producers may be obtained from
the Bureau of Irdian Standards.
i
11. Bureau of Indian Standards
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standavds Act, I986 to promoto
harmonious development of the activities of standardization, morklng and quality certification of
goods and attending to connected matters in the country.
Copyright
BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in
any form without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in
the course of implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or
grade designations. Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director ( Publication ), BIS.
Revision of Indian Standards
Indian Standards are reviewed periodically and revised, when necessary and amendments, if any,
are issued from time to time. Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in
possession of the latest amendments or edition. Comments on this Indian Standard may be sent
to BIS giving the following reference :
Dot : No. CED 4 ( 4877 )
Amendments Issued Since Publication
7.
Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Headquarters :
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002
Telephones : 331 01 31, 331 13 75 Telegrams : Manaksanstha
( Common to all Offices )
Regional 05ces : Telephones
Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Babadur Shah Zafar Marg, 331 01 31
NEW Delhi-l 10002 331 13 75
Eastern : l/14 C.I.T. Scheme VfI M, V.I.P. Road, Maniktola
CALCUTTA 700054 37 86 62
Northern : SC0 445-446, Sector 35-C, CHANDIGARH 160โ036 53 38 43 โ
Southern : C.I.T. Campus, IV Cross Road, MADRAS 600113 412916,
Western : Manakalaya, E9 MlDC, Marol, Andheri ( East >
BOMBAY 400093 6 32 92 95
Branches : AHMADABAD, BANGALORE, BHOPAL, BHUBANESHWAR,
COIMBATORE, FARIDABAD, GHAZIABAD, GUWAHATI,
HYDERABAD, JAIPUR, KANPUR, PATNA, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM.
Printed at Swatantra l3harat Press, Delhi, India