This document summarizes a study on structures built on black cotton soil. It discusses the formation and properties of black cotton soil, which causes issues for construction due to its swelling and shrinkage characteristics. Various tests are described that can evaluate the soil properties, such as swelling pressure, free swell index, consolidation, and triaxial tests. Different foundation types for structures in black cotton soil are outlined, including spread footings, mat foundations, pile foundations, and drilled shafts. Safety precautions are also discussed, such as limiting loads on the soil and building deep foundations below the crack zone.
This document summarizes the identification and classification of expansive soils. It describes simple identification tests like the free swell test and differential free swell test. It also discusses specialized tests such as differential thermal analysis. Various classification systems from different agencies are presented. Expansive soils are identified in the field by cracking patterns in summer. Laboratory tests help identify the type and amount of clay minerals present, which influence the soil's expansivity. Classification aims to assess swelling potential and guide appropriate construction methods.
The document investigates the use of fly ash to stabilize low shear strength soil by conducting laboratory tests to evaluate the compaction and unconfined compressive strength of soil mixtures with varying percentages of fly ash. The results show that mixing 10% fly ash by weight increased the maximum shear strength of the soil by 4% while not significantly changing the internal friction. In general, adding fly ash improved the engineering properties and stability of the soil.
A review-effect-of-geo-grid-reinforcement-on-soilIjcem Journal
This document reviews research on using geo-grid reinforcement to improve weak soils for construction purposes. It first discusses how expansive soils like black cotton soil undergo failure due to moisture changes, making them poor for construction. Researchers have studied stabilizing such soils using additives or replacing the soil. Geo-grids are another option, as they can improve soil engineering properties through frictional interaction. The document then reviews several studies that found geo-grid reinforcement can increase soil bearing capacity and reduce pavement damage on expansive soils by preventing rutting and lateral movement.
Stabilisation of Black cotton Soils by Using Groundnut Shell AshIJSRD
Due to rapid increase in the world’s population there is increased demand for food, and this has resulted in the production of different types of crops and consequently large amounts of agricultural wastes are generated. Hence it is necessary to dispose these agricultural wastes safely on to the environment. On other hand BC soils expands and contracts due to changes in the moisture content of the soil, causing structural problems through differential movement of the structure. This isolated movement of sections of the structure can cause damage to building foundations and cracking in the exterior or interior wall covering leads to uneven floors etc. Also cause severe cracking in pavements, swimming pools, pipelines, sidewalks, highways etc. Hence there is need to stabilize expansive soil. From these discussion we should find out the solution for the above two problems. After studying several research papers it is concluded that agricultural wastes can be used effectively in stabilization of BC soils. This project presents stabilization of BC soils using groundnut shell ash since its production increased to large extent. On addition of groundnut shell ash in increment of 15% from 0to 60% to BC soils different experiments on plasticity characteristics, compaction characteristics, shear strength characteristics are conducted .And found gradual improvement in geotechnical properties of black cotton soils.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO FOR MECHANICALLY STABI...IAEME Publication
The document describes an experimental investigation on the use of waste rubber tire chips and lime to stabilize expansive soil and improve its California Bearing Ratio (CBR). Laboratory tests were conducted on soil treated with various percentages of lime and rubber chips to determine optimum amounts. The CBR values increased with lime and rubber content up to a limit, after which they decreased. The optimum percentages found were 4% lime and 6% rubber chips.
A Study on Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil by Use of Fly Ash, Ferric Chlor...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Strength Behaviour of Expansive Soil Treated with Tile WasteIJERD Editor
This study investigated the effects of tile waste on the engineering properties of expansive soil. Expansive soil samples were mixed with 0-30% tile waste by weight. Index property tests found that liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index decreased with increased tile waste content. Compaction tests showed that maximum dry density increased up to 20% tile waste while optimum moisture content decreased. California Bearing Ratio tests indicated soaked CBR increased by 105% with 20% tile waste. Swelling pressure tests showed a 48% reduction in swelling pressure at 20% tile waste. The study concluded that tile waste up to 20% can effectively improve the strength properties of expansive soil for use in flexible pavement subgrades.
Me thesis effect of common salt (na cl) on behaviour of black cotton soil e...RAJESH JAIN
This document provides an index and overview of a research paper on the effect of common salt (NaCl) on the behavior of black cotton soil. It includes 9 chapters that cover an introduction, literature review, materials and methodology, observations and calculations, results and discussion, and conclusions. The literature review discusses the chemical properties of NaCl and characteristics of black cotton soil. Previous related research found that engineering properties like maximum dry density and unconfined compressive strength of expansive soils increased with addition of NaCl, while optimum moisture content decreased. The objectives of this study are to investigate the effect of NaCl on index and engineering properties of black cotton soil at different percentages.
This document summarizes the identification and classification of expansive soils. It describes simple identification tests like the free swell test and differential free swell test. It also discusses specialized tests such as differential thermal analysis. Various classification systems from different agencies are presented. Expansive soils are identified in the field by cracking patterns in summer. Laboratory tests help identify the type and amount of clay minerals present, which influence the soil's expansivity. Classification aims to assess swelling potential and guide appropriate construction methods.
The document investigates the use of fly ash to stabilize low shear strength soil by conducting laboratory tests to evaluate the compaction and unconfined compressive strength of soil mixtures with varying percentages of fly ash. The results show that mixing 10% fly ash by weight increased the maximum shear strength of the soil by 4% while not significantly changing the internal friction. In general, adding fly ash improved the engineering properties and stability of the soil.
A review-effect-of-geo-grid-reinforcement-on-soilIjcem Journal
This document reviews research on using geo-grid reinforcement to improve weak soils for construction purposes. It first discusses how expansive soils like black cotton soil undergo failure due to moisture changes, making them poor for construction. Researchers have studied stabilizing such soils using additives or replacing the soil. Geo-grids are another option, as they can improve soil engineering properties through frictional interaction. The document then reviews several studies that found geo-grid reinforcement can increase soil bearing capacity and reduce pavement damage on expansive soils by preventing rutting and lateral movement.
Stabilisation of Black cotton Soils by Using Groundnut Shell AshIJSRD
Due to rapid increase in the world’s population there is increased demand for food, and this has resulted in the production of different types of crops and consequently large amounts of agricultural wastes are generated. Hence it is necessary to dispose these agricultural wastes safely on to the environment. On other hand BC soils expands and contracts due to changes in the moisture content of the soil, causing structural problems through differential movement of the structure. This isolated movement of sections of the structure can cause damage to building foundations and cracking in the exterior or interior wall covering leads to uneven floors etc. Also cause severe cracking in pavements, swimming pools, pipelines, sidewalks, highways etc. Hence there is need to stabilize expansive soil. From these discussion we should find out the solution for the above two problems. After studying several research papers it is concluded that agricultural wastes can be used effectively in stabilization of BC soils. This project presents stabilization of BC soils using groundnut shell ash since its production increased to large extent. On addition of groundnut shell ash in increment of 15% from 0to 60% to BC soils different experiments on plasticity characteristics, compaction characteristics, shear strength characteristics are conducted .And found gradual improvement in geotechnical properties of black cotton soils.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO FOR MECHANICALLY STABI...IAEME Publication
The document describes an experimental investigation on the use of waste rubber tire chips and lime to stabilize expansive soil and improve its California Bearing Ratio (CBR). Laboratory tests were conducted on soil treated with various percentages of lime and rubber chips to determine optimum amounts. The CBR values increased with lime and rubber content up to a limit, after which they decreased. The optimum percentages found were 4% lime and 6% rubber chips.
A Study on Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil by Use of Fly Ash, Ferric Chlor...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Strength Behaviour of Expansive Soil Treated with Tile WasteIJERD Editor
This study investigated the effects of tile waste on the engineering properties of expansive soil. Expansive soil samples were mixed with 0-30% tile waste by weight. Index property tests found that liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index decreased with increased tile waste content. Compaction tests showed that maximum dry density increased up to 20% tile waste while optimum moisture content decreased. California Bearing Ratio tests indicated soaked CBR increased by 105% with 20% tile waste. Swelling pressure tests showed a 48% reduction in swelling pressure at 20% tile waste. The study concluded that tile waste up to 20% can effectively improve the strength properties of expansive soil for use in flexible pavement subgrades.
Me thesis effect of common salt (na cl) on behaviour of black cotton soil e...RAJESH JAIN
This document provides an index and overview of a research paper on the effect of common salt (NaCl) on the behavior of black cotton soil. It includes 9 chapters that cover an introduction, literature review, materials and methodology, observations and calculations, results and discussion, and conclusions. The literature review discusses the chemical properties of NaCl and characteristics of black cotton soil. Previous related research found that engineering properties like maximum dry density and unconfined compressive strength of expansive soils increased with addition of NaCl, while optimum moisture content decreased. The objectives of this study are to investigate the effect of NaCl on index and engineering properties of black cotton soil at different percentages.
Performance evaluation of locally available soil mixed with Fly ash and rando...IOSR Journals
In India, transportation is mainly by roads. Very small villages, remote areas and hilly areas can be accessed only by roads. Hence considerable attention is required towards the widening of roads, their stability and periodic repair works. Most state highways in the central part of India have problems of foundation due to presence of highly compressible clayey soils like black cotton soil. Black cotton soil is an expansive soil, which swells or shrinks excessively due to change in moisture content. When black cotton soil is associated with an engineering structure, it experiences either settlement or heave depending on the stress level and the soil swelling pressure. Design and construction of civil engineering structures on and with expansive soils is a challenging task for engineers. The present work is aimed to assess the improvement in the strength and stability characteristics in soft Subgrade soil by using the fly ash for the stabilization and then Nylon fibre as reinforcing material. Randomly distributed fibre reinforced soil (RDFRS) technique is used to prepare the reinforced soil samples. In RDFRS technique the mixing of reinforcement in the soil is very easy and no special skill is required. The reinforcement is added by percentage of the weight of the soil sample and by following certain aspect ratio i.e., length/diameter (L/D) ratio. Attempt is made to determine optimum combination of fly ash and fiber content for maximum gain in strength.
Effect of bio enzyme stabilization on unconfined compressive strength of expa...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Administration of stabilized flyash stratum in flexible pavementsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on using stabilized fly ash as a subbase layer in flexible pavements built on expansive soils. Two test tracks were constructed - one with an untreated fly ash subbase and one with a lime-cement stabilized fly ash subbase. Cyclic plate load tests and heave measurements were performed on the test tracks. The results showed that the treated fly ash subbase had greater load carrying capacity and less heave compared to the untreated fly ash subbase. Laboratory CBR tests determined that mixing fly ash with 2% lime and 0.5% cement produced a CBR value of 20%, which was used to construct the stabilized fly ash subbase layer in the second test track.
CNS layer (usefulsearch.org) (useful search) Make Mannan
A cohesive non-swelling (CNS) soil layer can be used to control swelling in expansive soils below structures. CNS soils are cohesive with low plasticity and contain non-swelling clay minerals. They exhibit little to no swelling when moisture changes and provide an environment that inhibits swelling in underlying expansive soils. Guidelines provided specify acceptable ranges for gradation, swelling pressure (≤10kN/m^2), cohesion (≥10kN/m^2), and consistency limits (LL 30-50%, PI 15-30%) for soils to qualify as CNS materials. Thickness of the CNS layer depends on the swelling pressure of the underlying soil.
STABILIZATION OF BLACK COTTON SOIL WITH SAND AND CEMENT AS A SUBGRADE PAVEMENTIAEME Publication
The present work is done in stabilizing the black cotton soil by using cement and sand. the tests conducted for this work were atterberg limits, specific gravity , standard proctor test , unconfined compression test , California bearing ratio.
All construction should rest on the soil. So, the soil bearing capacity plays a vital role in constructions. All soils will not have good strength and bearing capacity. So there is a need to increase the soil strength and bearing capacity. The black cotton soils pose many problems in construction. So in this present work, the black soil collected from chintakommadinne mandal has been stabilized by using sand and cement.
The present study provides an effective technique of ground improvement using bio-enzyme. In this study a bio-enzyme named terrazyme is used for improving the California bearing ratio (CBR) value in road construction. Terrazyme is a natural, non-toxic and liquid enzyme. It is made from fermentation of plants, vegetable extract and fruit extract. Terrazyme can be used as soil stabilizer and also it can improve the CBR value in road construction. The dosage of terrazyme are taken as 500ml/m3, 700ml/m3, 900ml/m3 and 1000ml/m3in the soil sample and result is analyzed. A significant increase is found in CBR value of the soil sample as the dosage of terrazyme has been increased.
An Experimental Study on Soil Stabilization by Using Bio Enzymesijtsrd
Normal The conventional methods are time consuming and are not efficiently feasible. Hence there is a need to find the other possible ways to assure the performance as well as economical criteria. These enzymes have been confirmed to be very effective and economical. Another benefit of the bioenzyme is that these are environment friendly. The efficiency of bio enzyme depends upon the quantity of dosage, type of soil and curing period. In our country vast areas consist of black soils. As the conservative soil stabilizers like gravel, sand and others are depleting and becoming dear day by day at a very rapid pace, it becomes essential to look towards for alternative eco friendly stabilizers as their alternate. Recently a lot of Bio enzymes have emerged as cost effective stabilizers for soil stabilization. Some such type of bio enzyme, like Terazyme, bagasse ash, lime etc. has been used in the present work. Recently many Bio enzymes have emerged as value powerful stabilizers for soil stabilization. One such bio enzyme, Terrazyme, has been used within side the gift paintings to take a look at its impact at the Unconfined Compressive electricity of the Black Cotton soil. It has been located that Terrazyme dealt with Black Cotton soil suggests vast boom in Unconfined Compressive electricity with longer curing period. Anushka Shrivastava | Dr. Anil Kumar Saxena "An Experimental Study on Soil Stabilization by Using Bio-Enzymes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47686.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/47686/an-experimental-study-on-soil-stabilization-by-using-bioenzymes/anushka-shrivastava
IRJET- Laterite Soil Stabilisation by using Terrazyme for Road ConstructionIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on stabilizing laterite soil for road construction using the enzyme Terrazyme. The study aimed to determine the geotechnical properties of laterite soil, the effects of adding different dosages of Terrazyme, and how the soil properties change with curing time. Tests were conducted on untreated soil and soil treated with varying dosages of Terrazyme cured for 0, 7, 14, and 28 days. The tests analyzed properties like optimum moisture content, maximum dry density, unconfined compressive strength, and California Bearing Ratio. The results were used to identify the optimum Terrazyme dosage and evaluate how Terrazyme stabilization improves laterite soil strength over time for use in road construction.
This document summarizes different techniques for soil stabilization, including mechanical, chemical, and polymer/alternative methods. Mechanical techniques are the oldest and involve compaction. Chemical techniques add materials like cement or lime to interact with the soil and change its properties. Polymer/alternative methods are newer, cheaper, and more effective while being less harmful to the environment. Soil stabilization improves properties like strength, reduces costs, and is used extensively in countries like China, Japan, and Australia.
IRJET- Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil by using Waste GypsumIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on stabilizing black cotton soil using waste gypsum. Black cotton soil is problematic due to high swelling and shrinkage. The study aims to improve the engineering properties of black cotton soil like bearing capacity and permeability by adding waste gypsum as a stabilizer. A series of tests were conducted on the black cotton soil to determine its basic properties. These included specific gravity, plastic limit, liquid limit, free swell index, and standard Proctor tests. The soil was then mixed with different percentages of waste gypsum and re-tested, including California Bearing Ratio tests, to analyze the improvement in strength parameters. The results showed increased unconfined compressive strength and California Bearing Ratio values, indicating waste
Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil with Lime and Geo-gridAM Publications
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing black cotton soil blocks with lime and geo-grid reinforcement. Rectangular soil blocks were prepared with 5%, 10%, and 15% lime. Compressive strength tests found that blocks with 15% lime and geo-grid reinforcement had the highest strength, reaching 22.5 kg/cm2 after 28 days of curing. Adding lime and geo-grid significantly increased the compressive strength and stability of the black cotton soil blocks compared to unreinforced samples. The optimal treatment was found to be 15% lime with geo-grid reinforcement, making this a promising approach for improving the strength of black cotton soil for construction applications.
Soil Stabilization using Fly Ash and Cotton Fiberijtsrd
Mixing of fiber for ground improvement has been practiced for recent years. Many researches has shown the expected results. This paper mainly deals with the ground improvement technique using both Fly Ash and cotton fiber. The combination of them gives a satisfactory value of its practical application. Both Fly Ash and Cotton fiber are treated as waste materials in our country in spite of having its engineering significances. Here all the tests were performed accepting the Fly Ash percent is 10 for maximum bearing capacity of soil. Three types of sample were prepared as per 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7% of cotton fiber. For instances, it deliberately increases the Dry Density of soil up to 48.05 KN/m3 where as normal unreinforced soil sample gives about 22 KN/m3. The Ultimate bearing capacity increases up to 80.65 Kpa whereas the unreinforced soil sample gives for 35 Kpa. The result of California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test gives desired value (23%) than unreinforced soil (17%). The CBR test is performed only for 0.7% of cotton fiber where maximum stress is found. The most significant part in this study is to show the variation on cotton fiber for ground improvement technique at different ratio. This paper shows the gradual increase in Deviator stress for UCS tests for the increase in the percent of cotton fiber mixing with Fly Ash. This research may meet the need of ground having low strength at important sites. Tonmoy Kumar Brahmachary "Soil Stabilization using Fly Ash and Cotton Fiber " Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2493.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/2493/soil-stabilization-using-fly-ash-and-cotton-fiber-/tonmoy-kumar-brahmachary-
This study assessed the effect of combining wood ash and lime on the engineering properties of expansive soil from Awgu, Nigeria. Natural soil samples had high plasticity and shrink-swell potential. Addition of wood ash alone improved soil properties up to an optimum of 78% soil and 18% wood ash. Further addition of lime up to an optimum of 78% soil, 18% wood ash and 4% lime further reduced plasticity, shrinkage, and swell potential while improving compaction and strength. Curing treated soil samples for 28 days led to further strength gains. The study concluded that combining wood ash and lime can successfully stabilize expansive soils to improve their use in construction while providing an environmentally-friendly use for wood ash
This document summarizes a student report on soil stabilization using fly ash. The report acknowledges the assistance of the student's supervisor and others. It includes an abstract stating that the investigation evaluated the compaction and strength of black cotton soil stabilized with mixtures of fine and coarse fly ash. The report findings show that addition of fly ash improves the strength and compaction properties of the stabilized soil, with fine fly ash mixtures providing up to 25% higher peak strength than coarse fly ash mixtures.
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Black cotton soils are among a group of soils termed as problematic soils. These soils have
undesirable characteristics in relation to construction works and therefore need some form of improvement
when encountered in construction projects. Techniques for improvement of black cotton soils include
replacement, moisture control or adding a stabilizer. Cement and/or lime has been commonly used in soil
stabilization for ages. However, due to the associated cost, required quality control and the need to utilize waste
materials in construction, new stabilizing materials are emerging. This paper presents a study on application of
quarry dust for improving properties of black cotton soil in Mbeya region, Tanzania. The targeted improvement
was to achieve minimum acceptable characteristics for road subgrade as per Tanzania standards. It was
determined that 40% by weight of quarry dust added to the black cotton soil was able to improve the
characteristics by increasing CBR value from 3.8 to 15.7 and reducing PI from 32% to 15%. It will be worthy
studying the cost implication of the suggested improvement in relation to other techniques before application of
the study findings.
This document discusses a study on stabilizing red soil in the Tirupur district of Tamil Nadu, India using fly ash. Laboratory tests were conducted on soil samples with varying percentages of fly ash addition (0-9%). Test results showed that 6% fly ash addition produced the highest improvements in engineering properties like CBR, UCS and bearing capacity. Specifically, CBR increased from 3.1 to 4.82 and bearing capacity increased from 10 kg/mm2 to 35 kg/mm2 with 6% fly ash. This allows for a reduction in required pavement thickness from 12 inches to 8.5 inches for an 'A' type traffic classification, saving on construction costs. The study concludes that fly ash is effective
A review on stabilization of soil using bio enzymeeSAT Journals
Abstract In developing countries like India the most important requirement of any project after performance criteria is its economical feasibility and serviceability criteria. The conventional methods are time consuming and are not economically feasible. Hence there is a need to discover the other possible ways to satisfy the performance as well as economical criteria. In this paper, popularly available bio-enzymes and their effect on engineering properties of soil are discussed. The stabilization of soil with bio-enzyme is a revolutionary technique which becoming popular worldwide. Recently there are many bio-enzymes available for soil stabilization such as renolith, Perma-Zyme, Terra-Zyme, Fujibeton etc. These enzymes have been proven to be very effective and economical. Another advantage of the bio-enzyme is that these are environment friendly. When these bio-enzymes are mixed with soil they alter its engineering properties. Their efficiency depends upon the amount of dose, type of soil available and field conditions. The use of bioenzyme in soil stabilization is not very popular due to lack of awareness between engineers and non availability of standardized data. However, recently some bio-enzyme stabilized roads were constructed in various parts of India, which are performing very well. Keywords: Bio Enzyme, Nontraditional Soil Stabilizer.
Stabilization Analysis of Black Cotton Soil by using Groundnut Shell AshKrunal Thanki
Black Cotton soil is fertile and very good for agriculture, horticulture, sericulture and aquaculture. Though black cotton soils are very good for agricultural purposes, they are not so good for laying durable roads.The study is a potential stabilization of black cotton soils in Gujarat state using Groundnut Shell ash. Index properties of the natural soil showed that, the soil is a poor for engineering use. Liquid limit and Plasticity index values of 83.36 % and 89.32 % respectively for the natural soil suggest that the soil is highly plastic. There was gradual decrease in the free swell to a minimum value of 2.91% at 10% GSA (Groundnut Shell Ash) as compared to the natural value of 15.25%. The soaked CBR for the natural soil is 1.67% which increased to 2.17% at 10% GSA. This value fell short of specification requirement of the CBR value to be used as sub-base or base material. However, there was increase in strength for UCS of 21 days curing period from a value of 134kN/m2 as compared to 313kN/m2 for the unstabilized soil. This research is aimed at evaluating the possibility of utilizing groundnut shell ash (GSA) in the stabilization of black cotton soils.
The document is a project proposal that aims to characterize black cotton soil mixed with sand for use in civil engineering works. It outlines the objectives to determine specific gravity, swell potential, particle size distribution, and Atterberg limits of soil mixtures. The methodology will involve collecting black cotton soil samples from Gombe State and mixing them with sand from Bauchi State. Tests like sieve analysis, CBR, compaction, and Atterberg limits will be performed on the mixtures to classify the soils and determine their strength properties. The study aims to prescribe alternatives for stabilizing black cotton soil for use as sub-base materials in construction.
This document discusses stabilization of black cotton soil for construction purposes. Black cotton soil has properties like high shrinkage, swelling, and low bearing capacity that make it risky for building foundations. The document outlines various stabilization methods like compaction, preloading, lime and cement treatment to improve the soil's properties. Case studies on stabilizing black cotton soil for the Delhi airport expansion and a Mumbai metro station show how specific techniques increased stability and load capacity. Stabilization allows for development on problematic soils and ensures structural safety and longevity.
Performance evaluation of locally available soil mixed with Fly ash and rando...IOSR Journals
In India, transportation is mainly by roads. Very small villages, remote areas and hilly areas can be accessed only by roads. Hence considerable attention is required towards the widening of roads, their stability and periodic repair works. Most state highways in the central part of India have problems of foundation due to presence of highly compressible clayey soils like black cotton soil. Black cotton soil is an expansive soil, which swells or shrinks excessively due to change in moisture content. When black cotton soil is associated with an engineering structure, it experiences either settlement or heave depending on the stress level and the soil swelling pressure. Design and construction of civil engineering structures on and with expansive soils is a challenging task for engineers. The present work is aimed to assess the improvement in the strength and stability characteristics in soft Subgrade soil by using the fly ash for the stabilization and then Nylon fibre as reinforcing material. Randomly distributed fibre reinforced soil (RDFRS) technique is used to prepare the reinforced soil samples. In RDFRS technique the mixing of reinforcement in the soil is very easy and no special skill is required. The reinforcement is added by percentage of the weight of the soil sample and by following certain aspect ratio i.e., length/diameter (L/D) ratio. Attempt is made to determine optimum combination of fly ash and fiber content for maximum gain in strength.
Effect of bio enzyme stabilization on unconfined compressive strength of expa...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Administration of stabilized flyash stratum in flexible pavementsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on using stabilized fly ash as a subbase layer in flexible pavements built on expansive soils. Two test tracks were constructed - one with an untreated fly ash subbase and one with a lime-cement stabilized fly ash subbase. Cyclic plate load tests and heave measurements were performed on the test tracks. The results showed that the treated fly ash subbase had greater load carrying capacity and less heave compared to the untreated fly ash subbase. Laboratory CBR tests determined that mixing fly ash with 2% lime and 0.5% cement produced a CBR value of 20%, which was used to construct the stabilized fly ash subbase layer in the second test track.
CNS layer (usefulsearch.org) (useful search) Make Mannan
A cohesive non-swelling (CNS) soil layer can be used to control swelling in expansive soils below structures. CNS soils are cohesive with low plasticity and contain non-swelling clay minerals. They exhibit little to no swelling when moisture changes and provide an environment that inhibits swelling in underlying expansive soils. Guidelines provided specify acceptable ranges for gradation, swelling pressure (≤10kN/m^2), cohesion (≥10kN/m^2), and consistency limits (LL 30-50%, PI 15-30%) for soils to qualify as CNS materials. Thickness of the CNS layer depends on the swelling pressure of the underlying soil.
STABILIZATION OF BLACK COTTON SOIL WITH SAND AND CEMENT AS A SUBGRADE PAVEMENTIAEME Publication
The present work is done in stabilizing the black cotton soil by using cement and sand. the tests conducted for this work were atterberg limits, specific gravity , standard proctor test , unconfined compression test , California bearing ratio.
All construction should rest on the soil. So, the soil bearing capacity plays a vital role in constructions. All soils will not have good strength and bearing capacity. So there is a need to increase the soil strength and bearing capacity. The black cotton soils pose many problems in construction. So in this present work, the black soil collected from chintakommadinne mandal has been stabilized by using sand and cement.
The present study provides an effective technique of ground improvement using bio-enzyme. In this study a bio-enzyme named terrazyme is used for improving the California bearing ratio (CBR) value in road construction. Terrazyme is a natural, non-toxic and liquid enzyme. It is made from fermentation of plants, vegetable extract and fruit extract. Terrazyme can be used as soil stabilizer and also it can improve the CBR value in road construction. The dosage of terrazyme are taken as 500ml/m3, 700ml/m3, 900ml/m3 and 1000ml/m3in the soil sample and result is analyzed. A significant increase is found in CBR value of the soil sample as the dosage of terrazyme has been increased.
An Experimental Study on Soil Stabilization by Using Bio Enzymesijtsrd
Normal The conventional methods are time consuming and are not efficiently feasible. Hence there is a need to find the other possible ways to assure the performance as well as economical criteria. These enzymes have been confirmed to be very effective and economical. Another benefit of the bioenzyme is that these are environment friendly. The efficiency of bio enzyme depends upon the quantity of dosage, type of soil and curing period. In our country vast areas consist of black soils. As the conservative soil stabilizers like gravel, sand and others are depleting and becoming dear day by day at a very rapid pace, it becomes essential to look towards for alternative eco friendly stabilizers as their alternate. Recently a lot of Bio enzymes have emerged as cost effective stabilizers for soil stabilization. Some such type of bio enzyme, like Terazyme, bagasse ash, lime etc. has been used in the present work. Recently many Bio enzymes have emerged as value powerful stabilizers for soil stabilization. One such bio enzyme, Terrazyme, has been used within side the gift paintings to take a look at its impact at the Unconfined Compressive electricity of the Black Cotton soil. It has been located that Terrazyme dealt with Black Cotton soil suggests vast boom in Unconfined Compressive electricity with longer curing period. Anushka Shrivastava | Dr. Anil Kumar Saxena "An Experimental Study on Soil Stabilization by Using Bio-Enzymes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47686.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/47686/an-experimental-study-on-soil-stabilization-by-using-bioenzymes/anushka-shrivastava
IRJET- Laterite Soil Stabilisation by using Terrazyme for Road ConstructionIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on stabilizing laterite soil for road construction using the enzyme Terrazyme. The study aimed to determine the geotechnical properties of laterite soil, the effects of adding different dosages of Terrazyme, and how the soil properties change with curing time. Tests were conducted on untreated soil and soil treated with varying dosages of Terrazyme cured for 0, 7, 14, and 28 days. The tests analyzed properties like optimum moisture content, maximum dry density, unconfined compressive strength, and California Bearing Ratio. The results were used to identify the optimum Terrazyme dosage and evaluate how Terrazyme stabilization improves laterite soil strength over time for use in road construction.
This document summarizes different techniques for soil stabilization, including mechanical, chemical, and polymer/alternative methods. Mechanical techniques are the oldest and involve compaction. Chemical techniques add materials like cement or lime to interact with the soil and change its properties. Polymer/alternative methods are newer, cheaper, and more effective while being less harmful to the environment. Soil stabilization improves properties like strength, reduces costs, and is used extensively in countries like China, Japan, and Australia.
IRJET- Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil by using Waste GypsumIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on stabilizing black cotton soil using waste gypsum. Black cotton soil is problematic due to high swelling and shrinkage. The study aims to improve the engineering properties of black cotton soil like bearing capacity and permeability by adding waste gypsum as a stabilizer. A series of tests were conducted on the black cotton soil to determine its basic properties. These included specific gravity, plastic limit, liquid limit, free swell index, and standard Proctor tests. The soil was then mixed with different percentages of waste gypsum and re-tested, including California Bearing Ratio tests, to analyze the improvement in strength parameters. The results showed increased unconfined compressive strength and California Bearing Ratio values, indicating waste
Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil with Lime and Geo-gridAM Publications
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing black cotton soil blocks with lime and geo-grid reinforcement. Rectangular soil blocks were prepared with 5%, 10%, and 15% lime. Compressive strength tests found that blocks with 15% lime and geo-grid reinforcement had the highest strength, reaching 22.5 kg/cm2 after 28 days of curing. Adding lime and geo-grid significantly increased the compressive strength and stability of the black cotton soil blocks compared to unreinforced samples. The optimal treatment was found to be 15% lime with geo-grid reinforcement, making this a promising approach for improving the strength of black cotton soil for construction applications.
Soil Stabilization using Fly Ash and Cotton Fiberijtsrd
Mixing of fiber for ground improvement has been practiced for recent years. Many researches has shown the expected results. This paper mainly deals with the ground improvement technique using both Fly Ash and cotton fiber. The combination of them gives a satisfactory value of its practical application. Both Fly Ash and Cotton fiber are treated as waste materials in our country in spite of having its engineering significances. Here all the tests were performed accepting the Fly Ash percent is 10 for maximum bearing capacity of soil. Three types of sample were prepared as per 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7% of cotton fiber. For instances, it deliberately increases the Dry Density of soil up to 48.05 KN/m3 where as normal unreinforced soil sample gives about 22 KN/m3. The Ultimate bearing capacity increases up to 80.65 Kpa whereas the unreinforced soil sample gives for 35 Kpa. The result of California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test gives desired value (23%) than unreinforced soil (17%). The CBR test is performed only for 0.7% of cotton fiber where maximum stress is found. The most significant part in this study is to show the variation on cotton fiber for ground improvement technique at different ratio. This paper shows the gradual increase in Deviator stress for UCS tests for the increase in the percent of cotton fiber mixing with Fly Ash. This research may meet the need of ground having low strength at important sites. Tonmoy Kumar Brahmachary "Soil Stabilization using Fly Ash and Cotton Fiber " Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2493.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/2493/soil-stabilization-using-fly-ash-and-cotton-fiber-/tonmoy-kumar-brahmachary-
This study assessed the effect of combining wood ash and lime on the engineering properties of expansive soil from Awgu, Nigeria. Natural soil samples had high plasticity and shrink-swell potential. Addition of wood ash alone improved soil properties up to an optimum of 78% soil and 18% wood ash. Further addition of lime up to an optimum of 78% soil, 18% wood ash and 4% lime further reduced plasticity, shrinkage, and swell potential while improving compaction and strength. Curing treated soil samples for 28 days led to further strength gains. The study concluded that combining wood ash and lime can successfully stabilize expansive soils to improve their use in construction while providing an environmentally-friendly use for wood ash
This document summarizes a student report on soil stabilization using fly ash. The report acknowledges the assistance of the student's supervisor and others. It includes an abstract stating that the investigation evaluated the compaction and strength of black cotton soil stabilized with mixtures of fine and coarse fly ash. The report findings show that addition of fly ash improves the strength and compaction properties of the stabilized soil, with fine fly ash mixtures providing up to 25% higher peak strength than coarse fly ash mixtures.
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Black cotton soils are among a group of soils termed as problematic soils. These soils have
undesirable characteristics in relation to construction works and therefore need some form of improvement
when encountered in construction projects. Techniques for improvement of black cotton soils include
replacement, moisture control or adding a stabilizer. Cement and/or lime has been commonly used in soil
stabilization for ages. However, due to the associated cost, required quality control and the need to utilize waste
materials in construction, new stabilizing materials are emerging. This paper presents a study on application of
quarry dust for improving properties of black cotton soil in Mbeya region, Tanzania. The targeted improvement
was to achieve minimum acceptable characteristics for road subgrade as per Tanzania standards. It was
determined that 40% by weight of quarry dust added to the black cotton soil was able to improve the
characteristics by increasing CBR value from 3.8 to 15.7 and reducing PI from 32% to 15%. It will be worthy
studying the cost implication of the suggested improvement in relation to other techniques before application of
the study findings.
This document discusses a study on stabilizing red soil in the Tirupur district of Tamil Nadu, India using fly ash. Laboratory tests were conducted on soil samples with varying percentages of fly ash addition (0-9%). Test results showed that 6% fly ash addition produced the highest improvements in engineering properties like CBR, UCS and bearing capacity. Specifically, CBR increased from 3.1 to 4.82 and bearing capacity increased from 10 kg/mm2 to 35 kg/mm2 with 6% fly ash. This allows for a reduction in required pavement thickness from 12 inches to 8.5 inches for an 'A' type traffic classification, saving on construction costs. The study concludes that fly ash is effective
A review on stabilization of soil using bio enzymeeSAT Journals
Abstract In developing countries like India the most important requirement of any project after performance criteria is its economical feasibility and serviceability criteria. The conventional methods are time consuming and are not economically feasible. Hence there is a need to discover the other possible ways to satisfy the performance as well as economical criteria. In this paper, popularly available bio-enzymes and their effect on engineering properties of soil are discussed. The stabilization of soil with bio-enzyme is a revolutionary technique which becoming popular worldwide. Recently there are many bio-enzymes available for soil stabilization such as renolith, Perma-Zyme, Terra-Zyme, Fujibeton etc. These enzymes have been proven to be very effective and economical. Another advantage of the bio-enzyme is that these are environment friendly. When these bio-enzymes are mixed with soil they alter its engineering properties. Their efficiency depends upon the amount of dose, type of soil available and field conditions. The use of bioenzyme in soil stabilization is not very popular due to lack of awareness between engineers and non availability of standardized data. However, recently some bio-enzyme stabilized roads were constructed in various parts of India, which are performing very well. Keywords: Bio Enzyme, Nontraditional Soil Stabilizer.
Stabilization Analysis of Black Cotton Soil by using Groundnut Shell AshKrunal Thanki
Black Cotton soil is fertile and very good for agriculture, horticulture, sericulture and aquaculture. Though black cotton soils are very good for agricultural purposes, they are not so good for laying durable roads.The study is a potential stabilization of black cotton soils in Gujarat state using Groundnut Shell ash. Index properties of the natural soil showed that, the soil is a poor for engineering use. Liquid limit and Plasticity index values of 83.36 % and 89.32 % respectively for the natural soil suggest that the soil is highly plastic. There was gradual decrease in the free swell to a minimum value of 2.91% at 10% GSA (Groundnut Shell Ash) as compared to the natural value of 15.25%. The soaked CBR for the natural soil is 1.67% which increased to 2.17% at 10% GSA. This value fell short of specification requirement of the CBR value to be used as sub-base or base material. However, there was increase in strength for UCS of 21 days curing period from a value of 134kN/m2 as compared to 313kN/m2 for the unstabilized soil. This research is aimed at evaluating the possibility of utilizing groundnut shell ash (GSA) in the stabilization of black cotton soils.
The document is a project proposal that aims to characterize black cotton soil mixed with sand for use in civil engineering works. It outlines the objectives to determine specific gravity, swell potential, particle size distribution, and Atterberg limits of soil mixtures. The methodology will involve collecting black cotton soil samples from Gombe State and mixing them with sand from Bauchi State. Tests like sieve analysis, CBR, compaction, and Atterberg limits will be performed on the mixtures to classify the soils and determine their strength properties. The study aims to prescribe alternatives for stabilizing black cotton soil for use as sub-base materials in construction.
This document discusses stabilization of black cotton soil for construction purposes. Black cotton soil has properties like high shrinkage, swelling, and low bearing capacity that make it risky for building foundations. The document outlines various stabilization methods like compaction, preloading, lime and cement treatment to improve the soil's properties. Case studies on stabilizing black cotton soil for the Delhi airport expansion and a Mumbai metro station show how specific techniques increased stability and load capacity. Stabilization allows for development on problematic soils and ensures structural safety and longevity.
This document summarizes the identification and classification of expansive soils. It describes simple identification tests like the free swell test and differential free swell test. It also discusses specialized tests such as differential thermal analysis. Various classification systems from different agencies are presented. Expansive soils are identified in the field by cracking patterns in summer. Laboratory tests aid identification and are grouped into simple tests and more specialized tests. The mineral composition and amount of clay influence a soil's expansivity.
IRJET- Stabilization of Lithomargic Soil using Fly Ash and Construction Demol...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study that investigated stabilizing lithomargic soil using fly ash and construction demolition waste. Lithomargic soil is a problematic soil found in parts of India that loses strength when moisture increases. The study evaluated the unconfined compressive strength and California Bearing Ratio of lithomargic soil treated with different doses of fly ash activated with alkali and demolition waste. The results showed that using fly ash and demolition waste can effectively stabilize the lithomargic soil and improve its weak properties, making it suitable for construction uses.
Effects of Soil and Air Drying Methods on Soil Plasticity of Different Cities...IJERA Editor
Atterberg Limits were initially defined in 1911, by Albert Atterberg, a Swedish scientist. Their purposes are to classifying cohesive soils and determine engineering properties of soils. According to ASTM, all the soils tested by Atterberg limits should be oven dried, it is because drying the soils in different degree will alter their properties significantly. Some of the physical properties of soils will undergo changes that appear to be permanent. Therefore, the soil samples should be in natural or air-dried form. However, in reality, due to time constraint and other factors, many will run the tests by using soil samples that are prepared by oven drying method. They assumed that there is no difference between the results of two types of drying method. However, in reality, the properties of soil will be affected and thus give a misleading result. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of two drying methods, air-drying method and oven drying method, on the soil plasticity. Six soil samples from different cities were tested. These tests include sieve analysis, specific gravity test, hydrometer analysis, Plastic limit and liquid limit test. Conclusively, the oven drying method could not replace the air-drying method in soil preparation for both Atterberg limits tests.
This document provides a summary of a seminar report on soil stabilization using fly ash. It discusses the objectives of studying the effects of adding lime and fly ash to clayey soil. Literature on soil structure, stabilization techniques including lime stabilization, and the mechanisms of lime stabilization are reviewed. The document describes the materials used including clay soil, fly ash, and lime. It outlines the test program that involves testing untreated clay and clay mixtures with varying percentages of fly ash and lime to determine the optimum moisture content, CBR, and unconfined compression strength.
A Research Paper on Stabilization of Soil by using Bituminous MaterialIRJET Journal
This paper investigates the use of bituminous material to stabilize soil. The key goals of soil stabilization are to increase the soil's California Bearing Ratio and create a stronger sub-base and base courses using on-site materials. Bitumen is used as the stabilizing agent, acting as a binder that fills the pores of the soil and increases its mechanical stability without chemically reacting with the soil. The paper reviews previous literature on soil stabilization and presents the results of an experimental study showing that mixing bitumen with soil can increase its California Bearing Ratio by up to 50%. In conclusion, bitumen stabilization may be suitable for gravel soils and the amount used depends on required strength and budget.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
final Presentation on geotech brick form by black cotton soilTanmayPimparkar1
This project investigates manufacturing bricks from black cotton soil through soil stabilization methods. Black cotton soil has poor engineering properties like high shrinkage and swelling, which impacts construction. The study aims to determine if adding stabilizers to black cotton soil can improve its properties for brick production. Literature on soil stabilization techniques was reviewed. Tests will be conducted on the black cotton soil to characterize its properties. Bricks will be made by adding lime powder, coal powder, and bagasse ash to the soil in different proportions. The bricks will undergo compression testing and their properties will be evaluated to assess the viability of using stabilized black cotton soil for construction. The goal is to promote sustainable and cost-effective building materials using locally available resources.
Study on Compressed Stabilized Earth BlockIRJET Journal
The document discusses a study on compressed stabilized earth blocks. It begins with an abstract that outlines the objectives of analyzing different soils and stabilizers to determine their suitability for producing compressed stabilized earth blocks with improved strength, durability and water absorption properties.
The introduction provides background on earth construction and discusses compressed stabilized earth blocks (CSEBs). Black cotton soil, lime, fly ash, coir and chemicals are selected as materials to produce CSEBs using a hydraulic compression machine.
The document outlines the plan to collect literature, select materials, collect and mix materials in varying proportions, cast and dry the blocks, then test them to analyze compressive strength. Mixing and casting procedures are described for different material combinations.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document describes a study that investigated stabilizing residual soils from Orukim, Nigeria using river sand and cement. River sand content was varied from 10-70% and cement content was varied from 2-10% to mix with the residual soils. Laboratory tests like modified proctor compaction and CBR tests were conducted on the mixtures. Cement stabilization produced higher CBR values ranging from 70-127% compared to river sand stabilization which ranged from 66-90%. Models were developed to predict CBR values of the stabilized residual soils at different levels of stabilization. The hydration products of cement were found to increase bonding between soil particles, reducing plasticity and improving strength.
Effect of Replacement Layers on Bearing Capacity of Silty Clay LayerIJAEMSJORNAL
Soil conditions often pose significant challenges for soil and foundation engineers engaged in construction projects. In response to these challenges, researchers and engineers have dedicated considerable efforts to developing solutions to construct on weak soil layers. The replacement layer is one of the most efficient and effective methods to increase the ultimate bearing capacity under foundation. There are many advantages for replacement layer using such as its low cost, material availability, easy construction, quick construction time, simple testing procedures. There is a few of studies that determine the actual values of the ultimate bearing capacity of replacement layers. Most research and studies focus on theoretical and mathematical values of the ultimate bearing capacity for foundations replacement layers. The site selected for this study was located in Al-Qalyubia Governorate. The use of replacement layers in this study indicated that there is an increase in the ultimate bearing capacity for the studied site. In addition to that, engineering properties of replacement layer and natural soil condition plays a role in the ultimate bearing capacity values.
The document discusses soil compaction, including what it is, its effects on soil structure, reasons for compaction, and factors that affect it. It also describes various laboratory tests and results for soil compaction, types of compaction, field compaction methods, and benefits of compaction. Finally, it presents a case study on assessing the soil bearing capacity of black cotton soil through site investigation and discusses methods to increase its bearing capacity.
IRJET- To Study Behavior of Pile in Liquefaction of Soil using AnsysIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that uses ANSYS software to analyze the behavior of pile foundations in liquefied soil. The study models different pile group configurations (varying number of piles and spacing between piles) embedded in soils of varying density (loose, medium, dense sand). The analysis seeks to determine the optimal pile configuration for minimizing settlement under load for each soil density condition. Results show that settlement decreases with increasing soil friction angle and increasing number of piles. Settlement also decreases with increasing relative density of the soil. Load-settlement response is similar for medium and dense sands. The study aims to better understand pile-soil interaction effects to improve design of pile foundations in liquefiable soils.
Improvement in Properties of Black Cotton Soil with an Addition of Natural Fi...IJERA Editor
Improvement of soil in foundation is a major challenge in civil engineering. Structures built on black cotton soil may be damaged due to high swelling and shrinkage characteristics of this soil with variation of water content. Black cotton soil is an expansive soil which loses its strength in presence of water. On the other hand, it has behavior of shrinkage when loss of moisture is there. About 20 % of land area in India is covered by black cotton soil. Because of its swelling & shrinkage properties, it is also called expansive soil. The present paper is an attempt to study the effectiveness of coconut fiber (coir) to control swelling properties of black cotton soil along with an impact on its strength characteristics and dry density. The test results show that in presence of 2% coir fibre, the shrinkage limit is increases by 7.52% to 12.62%. Increase in compressive strength was observed from1.09 to1.32 kg per sq-cm.
STABILIZATION OF BLACK SOIL USING WALNUT SHELL POWDER & ASHIRJET Journal
This document discusses stabilizing black cotton soil using walnut shell powder and ash. Black cotton soil is commonly found in parts of India and prone to erosion and instability, making it problematic for construction. The study aims to evaluate how adding walnut shell and ash in varying proportions affects the engineering properties and strength of black cotton soil. Tests are conducted on the soil samples to measure changes in properties like compressive strength and California Bearing Ratio after treatment. Preliminary results suggest walnut shell powder and ash can improve the load-bearing capacity and stability of black cotton soil, but further research is still needed.
stabilization of expansive soils by using flash.pptxbazeeshaikngm
This document discusses the use of fly ash to stabilize expansive soil. It describes the materials used, methodology, and results of various tests conducted with varying amounts of fly ash added to expansive soil. Standard proctor, unconfined compression, CBR, and free swell index tests were performed following relevant IS codes. The results showed that engineering properties like maximum dry density, unconfined compressive strength, and CBR values initially increased with the addition of fly ash up to a certain percentage, then decreased with further addition of fly ash beyond that percentage. The conclusions provide an overview of these results and trends observed.
IRJET- Review on Improvement in Strength of Soil by Adding Waste Fly-Ash and ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on improving the strength of soil by adding waste fly ash and polypropylene fiber. It discusses how fly ash and polypropylene fiber can be used to stabilize soil and increase its strength properties. A literature review covers previous studies that found additions of 1% fiber and 20% cement optimized strength. Tests on soil-fly ash mixtures found strength increased with fiber content up to 1% and fiber length of 12mm performed best. The document concludes that using these waste materials for soil stabilization can improve strength while providing an environmentally-friendly use of industrial waste.
IRJET- Improvement of Compaction and Strength Characteristics of Weak Cla...IRJET Journal
1) The document investigates the use of date palm leaf mats for reinforcing weak clayey soil to improve its compaction and strength characteristics.
2) Tests were conducted placing layers of date palm leaf mats at different depths in compacted soil samples. California bearing ratio (CBR) tests were performed to evaluate the strength of the reinforced soil samples.
3) The results indicated that reinforcing the weak clayey soil with date palm leaf mats improved the strength properties of the compacted soil, showing potential for use in road construction applications where the in-situ soil lacks sufficient strength.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
1. Proceedings of 64th
IRF International Conference, 16th
October, 2016, Pune, India, ISBN: 978-93-86291-14-1
12
STUDY OF STRUCTURES IN BLACK COTTON SOIL
1
U.G.FULZELE, 2
V.R.GHANE, 3
D.D.PARKHE
1,2,3
Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute,
Nashik, Maharashtra, India.
Email: 1
sro_soilmechanics@outlook.com
Abstract— In Civil Engineering aspects Black Cotton Soil is giving hazardous Problems to engineers. With the rapid
development in Soil improvement, construction technique and social need various constructions of structure are taking place.
The possibility of good construction sites to build structures on Black Cotton Soils is difficult due to their poor strength and
deformation characteristics. This study discussed Black Cotton Soil problems their remedies, precaution taken and covers
the guidelines to construct the structure in Black Cotton Soil.
Index Terms— Montmorinolite kaolinite, hydrated cations, Black Cotton Soil, Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, Free swell
index, Specific gravity, C.B.R,
I. INTRODUCTION
In India deposition of Black cotton soil is very good
and prosperous for farmers. All the basic amenities
of life i.e. food, clothes and house have been fulfilled
by the soil, without soil It is just next to impossible
to think about life on the earth. But on the other side
in Civil Engineering aspects Black cotton soil is very
troublesome and problematic and hazardous due to its
characteristics. Because of its high swelling and
shrinkage characteristics, the black cotton soil has
been a challenge to the Engineers . The black cotton
soil is very hard when dry but loses its strength
completely when in wet condition. Soil depostis in
nature exist in a extremely erratic manner producing
there by a infinite variety of possible combination
which will affect the strength of the soil and the
procedure to make it purposeful. So in the particular
case of Black cotton soil with wide range of
challenges associated with the construction.
All the Black cotton soils are not expansive soils and
all the expansive soil are not Black in colour. These
soils possessed high strength in summer and
decreased rapidly in winter. Swelling and shrinkage
of expansive soil cause deferential settlement
resulting in severe damage to the foundation,
buildings, roads, retaining structures and canal
linings.
This study deals with the formation of black cotton
soil, Characteristics of black cotton soil, obstacles to
construct structures in Black cotton soil, causes of
structures failed in Black cotton soil, Remedial
measures to construct the structures in Black cotton
soils.
II. FORMATION OF BLACK COTTON SOIL:
2.1 Due to disintegration of a black lava i.e. Basalt
Rock by Sun, wind and rain formation of Black
cotton soil occurs, It is importnat to discuss the
characteristics of black cotton soil because of which
the troubles comes in the construction of different
projects, mainly in Maharashtra, Gujrat, South Uttar
Pradesh, East area of Madhya Pradesh and some of
the part of Andhra pradesh and Karnataka posses the
black cotton soil in more area. Which is about 20 %
of land area of India? The average depth of this
Black cotton soil is 3.7 mtrs. approximately.
2.2 Black cotton soils are made of varying Properties
of minerals like Montmorinolite and kaolinite,
chemicals like Iron Oxide and Calcium Carbonate
and organic matter like humus.
Montmorinolite is a predominant mineral of black
cotton soils. The swelling and Shrinkage behavior of
black cotton soils originate mainly from this
mineral.Clay minerals are hydra silicate of aluminium
and magnesium. They are made of sheets of silica and
aluminium stacked are above the other forming sheet
like structure with expanding lattice. The structure of
some aluminium is by magnesium ions and the
minerals becomes chemically active. They attract
water molecules(dipoles)and various types of
hydrated cations to the surface causing the soil to
increase the volume. Abundance of calcium in black
cotton soils has another feature ,it may be present in
the form of saturating ions or as molecules of CaCo3
(kankar). Treatment with the Sodium about base
exchange and the soils becomes softer and more
plastic. Organic matter in the form of humus makes
these soils more plastic and compressible .The dark
colour of the black cotton soils is believed to be either
due to humus or titanium oxide.
III. PROPERTIES OF BLACK COTTON SOIL:
3.1 Physical properties
2. Study of Structures in Black Cotton Soil
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3.2 Chemical properties-
PH Value> 7 ( Alkaline )
Organic Content 0.4 to 2.4 %
CaCo3 1 – 15 %
SiO2 50 – 55 %
SiO2 / Al2O3 3 – 5 %
Montmorrilonite Minerals 30 – 50 %
3.3 General properties-
3.3.1. The swelling and shrinkage behavior of a soil
would largely depend upon clay minerals ( like
Montmorrilonite ) present in soil.
3.3.2. Montmorrilonite is predominant mineral of
B.C. soils.
3.3.3. Organic matter in the form of humes makes this
soil more plastic and compressible.
3.3.4. It swells excessively when wet and shrinks
excessively when its dry.
3.3.5. It has great affinity to water.
IV. TESTS FOR BLACK COTTON SOIL:
Before construction at site some properties of BC soil
like swelling pressure, swelling index consolidation
test and shear strength should be known in laboratory.
It helps to ascertain the suitability of soil for civil
engineering structures.
4.1 Swelling Pressure:-
Swelling pressure is the pressure which an expansive
soil exerts, if the soil is not allowed to swell or
volume change of the soil is arrested.
Two methods are used to determine the Swelling
pressure.
4.1.1) Consolidometer method in which the
volume change of the soil is permited and the
corresponding pressure requires to bring back the soil
of its original volume is measured.
4.1.2) Constant volume method in which the
volume is prevented is measured. The equilibrium
swelling is normally reached over a period of 6 to 70
days in general for all expansive soils.
4.2 Free swell Index:
It is the test conducted to measure the degree of
expansive range of given soils. The degree of
Expansiveness and possible damage to lightly loaded
structure may be qualitatively address table given
below. The sample is taken in two containers. One
containers is filled with water and another is filled
with kerosene and it is kept of 24 hrs. for
observation. We see the expansive in water with this
degree of Expansiveness is determined.
Degree of Expansiveness DFS, Percent.
Low less than 20
Moderate 20 to 35
High 35 to 50
Very high 50 and more
4.3 Consolidation Test:
The consolidation test is a laboratory test to study the
compressibility of a soil. It consist of a loading
device and a cylindrical container called
consolidation cell. The consolidometer has
arrangements for the application of the desired load
increment, Saturation of sample and measure of
change in thickness of the sample at every stage of
consolidation process.
The ring containing the sample is then placed on the
bottom porous stone. Filter paper is kept on the top of
the sample and then top porous stone is placed. The
loading pad is placed on the top porous stone and
then the consolidation cell is kept under the loading
unit. The dial gauge reading are noted at the initial
petting pressure after primary consolidation etc.
These readings are noted by an increment of load.
After the consolidation under the final wad increment
is cuple,. the load is reduced and swelling is allowed
and the readings are noted.
If the consolidation settlement is very high, then that
ground may consist of clayey soils which assumed
unsuitable for Civil Engineering structure.
4.4 Triaxial Test:
The test conducted to find the Shear parameters of the
soil i.e. Cohesion (c) and Shear resistance (Φ). For
these type of soils consolidated – undrained test is
dare. In this test the sample is enclosed in a rubber
membrance, which is solid over the specimen with
the help of a membrane stretcher. The specimen is
placed in a triaxial cell and filled with water by
connecting it to the pressure supply. The drainage
valve is closed.
The sample is sheared by applying deviator stage by
the loading machine. The specimen is recovered after
removing the loading cap and the top porous stone.
From the observations noted the mohr -circle is
drawn. It gives the mohr’s columb failure line. We
can get the engineering behavior of expansive soil.
3. Study of Structures in Black Cotton Soil
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October, 2016, Pune, India, ISBN: 978-93-86291-14-1
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V. TYPES OF FOUNDATION IN BLACK
COTTON SOIL:
There are mainly 3 types of structures like Buildings,
Roads and canals mostly construct in Black cotton
soil.
As far as the black cotton soil concern for single
storey or double storeys buildings according to
bearing capacity of soil, soil stabilization will be
useful but the multi storeys, high rise building or
super high rise buildings the mat foundation or pile
foundation are useful. For the structures like Road &
Canals in B C. soils the challenges are almost similar.
There are four types of foundation (1). spread
Footings and wall Footings, (2) Mat foundations, (3)
Pile foundations and (4) Drilled shafts foundations
and uses of these foundations depends on the soil
condition and loads from the structures.
5.1 Spread Footings and wall footings:-
Spread Footings foundations base is more wider than
a typical load bearing wall . The weight from the
building structure spread over more area and provides
better stability because of the wider base of this
footing type. Spread footings and wall footings are
generally used for individual columns, walls and
bridge piers. These footings are used where the
bearing soil layer is within 3 m ( 10 feet) from the
ground surface. The soil bearing capacity must be
sufficient to support the weight of the structure over
the base area of the structure. These foundations
should not be used on soils where there is any
possibility of ground flow of water above bearing
layer of soil which may result in Scour.
Fig. 1 Spread Fotting
5.2 Mat Foundation:
Mat Foundations are those which are spread across
the entire area of the buildings to support heavy
structural loads from column and walls. The use of
mat foundation is for columns and walls foundations.
Where the load from structure on columns and walls
are very high and to prevent differential settlement of
individual footings, thus designed as a single mat of
all the load bearing elements of the structure. This
type of foundation is suitable for expansive soils
whose bearing capacity is less for suitability of spread
footings and wall footings. This type of Footing is
economical generally when one half area of the
structure is covered with individual footings and wall
footings is provided. This foundation should not be
used where the ground water table is above the
bearing surface of the soil. Use of foundation in such
conditions may lead to scour and liquefaction.
Fig. 2 Mat Foundation.
5.3 Pile Foundations:
Pile Foundation is a type of deep foundation which is
used to transfer heavy loads from the structure to a
hard rock strata much deep below the ground level.
Pile foundations are used to transfer heavy loads of
structures through columns to hard soil strata which is
much below ground level and where shallow
foundations such as spread footings and mat footings
cannot be used. This type of foundation is also used
to prevent up lift of structure due to lateral loads such
as earthquake and wind forces. Generally this type of
foundations is used for soils where soil conditions
near the ground surface are not suitable for heavy
loads. The depth of hard rock strata may be 5 m to
50 m ( 15 feet to 150 feet) deep from the ground
surface. The pile foundations resist the loads from
structure by skin friction and by end bearing. Use of
Pile foundations also prevents settlements of
foundations.
Fig. 3 Pile Foundation.
5.3.1 Under reamed Pile Foundation:
Under reamed piles foundation are one more method
of pile foundation. Under reamed piles are bored cast
in situ concrete piles having bulk shaped enlargement
near base.
4. Study of Structures in Black Cotton Soil
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IRF International Conference, 16th
October, 2016, Pune, India, ISBN: 978-93-86291-14-1
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These piles are commonly recommended for
providing safe and economical foundation in
expansive soils such as black cotton soil, filled up
ground and other type of soils having poor bearing
capacity. In these type of foundation the structure is
anchored to the ground at a depth where ground
movement due to changes in moisture content
negligible. A pile having one bulk is known as single
under reamed pile. It is seen that the load bearing
capacity of the pile can be increased by increasing the
number of bulk at the base. In such a case the pile is
named as multi under reamed Pile. The increase in
the bearing capacity of the pile can also be achieved
by increasing the diameter and the length of the pile.
The method of construction of under reamed pile is
very simple. The holes for casting piles in the ground
may be bored by using hand augers. The auger should
be rotate slowly with a constant downward pressure
and should be taken out when it is just full. For
deeper boring suitable extension rods are attached to
the auger. In projects where the magnitude of pilling
work is more, electric power which may be used for
expediting boring operation. After boring is carried
out the required depth the base of the bore hole is
enlarged in the form of a bulb near the base by use of
a tool known as under reamer. In case of double or
multi under reamed piles, after the boring and under
reaming of the bulk the boring is extended further for
second under reaming and so on. In sites where the
sub soil water table is high, bentonite slurry is used to
retain the sides of the bore hole against collapse.
After the pile hoes are ready for concreting,
reinforcement cage are lowered in the holes and
concrete is poured by use of a funnel. The piles
should be cast at least 200 to 400 mm above the cut
off level. Later on when the concrete is hardened the
extra length of each pile is broken and the pile top is
brought to the desired level. Following diagram
shows under reamed pile foundation.
Fig. 4 Under reamed pile foundation.
5.4 Drilled Shafts:
Drilled shafts is also a type of deep foundation and
has action similar to Pile foundations. But are high
capacity cast in situ foundations. It is also called as
caissons. It resists loads from structure through shaft
resistance, toe resistance or combination of both of
them. The construction of drilled or caissons are done
using an auger. This foundation can transfer column
loads larger than Pile foundations. It is used where
depth of hard strata below ground level is (location)
within 10 m to 100 m ( 25 feet to 300 feet ). This
foundation is not suitable when deep deposists of soft
clays and loose water bearing granular soils exists. It
is also not suitable for soils where caving formations
are difficult to stabilize, soils made up of boulders
and artesian aquifer exists.
Fig. 5 Drilled Shafts or Caisson Foundation.
VI. SAFET Y PRECAUTIONS OF
FOUNDATIONS IN BLACK COTTON SOIL
The property of volumetric changes with the change
of atmospheric conditions makes black cotton soil
dangerous to founded buildings. It swells excessively
when wet and shrinks excessively when dry resulting
terrible cracks in soil without any warning. It has a
great affinity to water. This tendency of soil is an
account of the Pressure of fine clay particles. Cracks
are formed due to movement of the ground on
account of alternate swelling and shrinkage. The
cracks thus formed are sometimes 15 to 20 cm wide
and 2.5 to 4 m deep .To avoid this following
precautions are generally adopted while building
structures on black cotton soil.
6.1) To limit the load on the soil to 5.5 tonnes/
sqr.m.
If water is liable to find an access to the foundations,
the limit of loading should be restricted to (4900
kg/sqr.m.) 4.9 Tonnes / sqr.m
6.2) To take the Foundation to such depth where the
cracks cease to extend. The minimum depth of
foundation should be at least 1.5 m.
6.3) To provide reinforced concrete ties or bonds all
around the main walls of the building. The R.C.C.
ties or bonds which may be 10 cm to 15 cm thick
should be placed at plinth level, lintel level and eaves
5. Study of Structures in Black Cotton Soil
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IRF International Conference, 16th
October, 2016, Pune, India, ISBN: 978-93-86291-14-1
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level. In case of Flat roof, R.C.C. slab it self acts as a
tie and as such no extra bond needed to be provide
near the roof in such cases.
6.4) If the depth of the black cotton soil at a given
site is only 1 to 1.5 m the entire black cotton soil
above the hard bed may be completely removed and
the foundation may be laid on the hard bed below.
6.5) The swelling of soil in direct contact with the
foundation material causes maximum damage.
Hence it is necessary to prevent the direct contact of
black cotton soil with masonary work below ground
level. These can be achieved by making wides
trenches for foundations and filling spaces on the
either side of the foundation masonry with sand or
moorum.
6.6) The bed of foundation trench should be made
firm hard by ramming it well, On the rammed bed a
30 cm layer of a good hard moorum should be spread
in layers of 15 cm, each layer being well watered and
rammed before laying the next layer. On this layer
either stone or sand bed should be provided to the
desire height to place the foundation concrete bed
block upon it.
6.7) In case of ordinary buildings the foundations
should be taken at least 30 cm deeper than the depth
where the crack stop.
6.8) In important structures raft foundation should
be provided so as to float the building on the bed
below the depth, quite independent of the surrounding
soil.
6.9) For less important structures like compound
walls etc. the foundation should be preferably taken
at least 15 cm below the depth at which cracks in soil
cease to occur.
6.10) Construction in black cotton soil should be
undertaken during dry season.
6.11) The width of trench for main walls or load
bearing walls of a building should be dug 40 cm
wider than the width of foundation. This is necessary
to ensure provision of at least 20 cm wide layer of
coarse sand on either side of foundation masonry
thereby separating the sub structure from having
direct contact with black cotton soil.
In case of compound wall width of sand layer on
either side of foundation masonry could be 15 cm.
VII. PRECAUTIONS FOR ROAD IN BLACK
COTTON AREA:
7.1) Maximum dry density should not be less than
1.44 gm/cm3 for the filling of soil.
7.2) There should be 6 Passes of 8 to 10 Tonnes
roller on the soil before filling the soil. In addition to
this where the filling of soil is done for important
road 60 cm black cotton soil should be removed and
compaction should be done with good soil.
7.3) Filling soil side slope should not be more than
2: 1 but where the water percolation is more the
slope should be 3:1
7.4) According to the C.B.R. value of soil the
Pavement thickness should be decided.
7.5) In the water logging area deep nali should be
dug and according to the need lateral drains should be
provided.
7.6) Proper drains should be provided to roads so the
water should not be logged on the roads or road side.
7.7) The road side drains should be cleaned before
the mansoon to avoide the water logging which
causes the failure.
CONCLUSIONS / RECOMMENDATIONS
8.1) Black cotton soils are inorganic clays and form a
major soil group in India.
8.2) Since Black cotton soils have high swelling and
shrinkage properties, it is found to be most
troublesome for engineering considerations.
8.3) The black cotton soil is very hard when dry. But
looses its strength when in wet condition.
8.4) The swelling and shrinkage behavior of black
cotton soils originate mainly from montmorinolite
and illite clay minerals.
8.5) Pile foundations and Drilled shafts always
depend on the soil condition and load of the structure.
8.6) Mat foundation should not be used where the
ground water table is above the bearing surface of
soil.
8.7) Engineering properties of Black cotton soil
should be check before construction of the site.
8.8) For short strata of Black cotton soil it is better to
remove all Black cotton soil completely and
foundation may be laid on the hard bed.
8.9) Care should be taken to prevent the direct
contact of Black cotton soil with masonary work
below ground level.
8.10) Construction in Black Cotton soil should be
undertaken in dry season.
8.11) It is advisable to know the stability of each
type of foundations before selection of any
construction Project.
8.12) Due to water scarcity all the canals should be
converted in to pipe canals Hence the water losses
which is 60 to 70 % in canal will be avoided
8.13) Considering huge population of India, for
food grain and vegetables land is very precious for
production. So the permission should be given to
construct the multi storied building in rural area, .with
water harvesting and solar energy.
REFERENCES
[1] Soil Engineering in theory and practice, 1967 by Alam
Singh.
[2] Study of Engineering behavior of Black Cotton Soil and its
stabilization by use of Lime, Nov. 2015, Brajesh Mishra.
[3] Report on behavior of Black Cotton Soil (Engineering
ROX), Engineering seminar paper Blog, 2010.
[4] IS – 1904: 1986 – Design and construction of foundation
in soils (General requirements)
[5] IS – 13094: 1992 – Selection of ground improvements
technique for foundation in week soil.