IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Performance of square footing resting on laterally confined sandeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Stabilization of Marine Clays with Geotextile Reinforced Stone Columns Using ...ijceronline
Various techniques are used for improving in-situ ground conditions among which reinforcing the ground with stone column is one of the most versatile and cost effective technique. The presence of stone column on composite ground will impart lower compressibility and higher shear strength than that of native soil. Stone columns are used to improve the poor ground like soft marine clays, cohesive soils, silty soils, loose sand etc. This is the most popular technique used in flexible structures like road embankments, railway embankments and oil storage tanks. In the present study, the floating stone columns were reinforced by introducing lateral circular discs of geo-textile sheets within the column. Silica-Manganese slag which is a byproduct from ferro-alloy industries is used as the stone column material. The circular discs were placed at two different spacing (D and D/2) over varied reinforcement depths (0.25L, 0.5L, 0.75L and L). Laboratory tests have been performed on clay bed, ordinary floating stone column and reinforced stone columns to evaluate the improvement of load carrying capacity. After performing laboratory tests, the test results indicate that load carrying capacities of the stone columns reinforced with circular discs placed at D/2 spacing shows better performance than D spacing.
Effect of Bearing Capacity of Strip Footing on Reinforced Double Layer Soil S...IJERA Editor
This research was performed to investigate the effect of bearing capacity of strip footing on geogrid reinforced sand overlay on stabilized expansive soil (i.e. double layer soil system) and check the different parameters contributing to their performance using laboratory model tank tests. The parameters investigated in this study include H/B (thickness of top sandy layer to width of footing) u/B (location of the 1st layer of reinforcement to width of footing), h/B (vertical spacing between consecutive geogrid layers to width of footing), b/B (length of the geogrid layer to width of footing). The effect of different H/B ratios and geogrid reinforcement N values on the bearing capacity ration (BCR) and settlement reduction ratio (SRR) were also investigated. The results show that bearing capacity increases significantly with increasing the H/B ratio as well as number of geogrid layers. The bearing capacity for the soil increases with an average of 12.35% using H/B equal to0.5 and the bearing capacity increases with an average of 35.76%, 75.56% & 230.83% while using H/B equal to 1.0, 1.5 & 2.0. It also found that the use of sandy layers over flyash mixed clayey soil has a considerable effect on the bearing capacity characteristics and the use of geogrid layers in the granular overlay has remarkable effect on Bearing capacity ratio (BCR) & Settlement reduction ratio (SRR).
Theoretical Behaviourof Soil Stability Using Geo Grids.ijceronline
The subgrade of any pavement plays an important role in load bearing and support of traffic in the form of foundation. The present scenario describes that use of geogrid is used to stabilize a soft soil of highway subgrade so that a firm working platform could be provided for pavement construction.It is found that geo-grids placed at 3/5 the distance from the base shows higher CBR value than when placed at 2/5 and 4/5 distances from the base.The first objective of the study is to be the evaluation of the soil properties like particle size, liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index to identify as a soft soil. Second objective of the study is to, improve the bearing capacity of soft soil by using flyash, lime, lime/flyash as a admixture and geogrids as a reinforcement. California Baring Ratio (CBR) and Unconfined Compression (UCC) tests were conducted in the laboratory on the soil
This document summarizes a presentation on subgrade stabilization methods for concrete pavements. It discusses the role of the subgrade in pavement performance and outlines various treatment options including removal and replacement, compaction, geotextiles, chemical stabilization using lime and cement. The presentation provides details on laboratory testing and construction steps for lime and cement stabilization, including mixing, compaction, curing and quality control. Subgrade stabilization improves the strength and uniformity of the subgrade for use as a construction platform and structural layer.
A Research Paper on Stabilization of Soil by using Bituminous MaterialIRJET Journal
This paper investigates the use of bituminous material to stabilize soil. The key goals of soil stabilization are to increase the soil's California Bearing Ratio and create a stronger sub-base and base courses using on-site materials. Bitumen is used as the stabilizing agent, acting as a binder that fills the pores of the soil and increases its mechanical stability without chemically reacting with the soil. The paper reviews previous literature on soil stabilization and presents the results of an experimental study showing that mixing bitumen with soil can increase its California Bearing Ratio by up to 50%. In conclusion, bitumen stabilization may be suitable for gravel soils and the amount used depends on required strength and budget.
The document discusses various soil classification systems including the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) and AASHTO Soil Classification System. It describes the different groups in each system based on grain size, plasticity, and other properties. It also discusses factors that affect soil compaction such as water content, compacting effort, soil type, and compaction method. Common types of earthwork and compaction equipment are also summarized. Finally, the document provides an overview of consolidation, defining primary and secondary consolidation, and describing the purpose and key properties determined by consolidation testing.
Review Paper on Study on Properties of Black Cotton Soil using Stone Dust and...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a research paper that studied the properties of black cotton soil treated with stone dust and sisal fiber. Black cotton soil has issues with high swelling and shrinkage. The study aimed to determine the effect of varying percentages of stone dust and sisal fiber, both individually and combined, on the properties of the soil. The results showed that the unsoaked and soaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values of the treated soil increased compared to the natural soil, and increased further with higher percentages of stone dust and sisal fiber. The paper concluded that mixing stone dust and sisal fiber into the black cotton soil can improve its engineering properties.
Performance of square footing resting on laterally confined sandeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Stabilization of Marine Clays with Geotextile Reinforced Stone Columns Using ...ijceronline
Various techniques are used for improving in-situ ground conditions among which reinforcing the ground with stone column is one of the most versatile and cost effective technique. The presence of stone column on composite ground will impart lower compressibility and higher shear strength than that of native soil. Stone columns are used to improve the poor ground like soft marine clays, cohesive soils, silty soils, loose sand etc. This is the most popular technique used in flexible structures like road embankments, railway embankments and oil storage tanks. In the present study, the floating stone columns were reinforced by introducing lateral circular discs of geo-textile sheets within the column. Silica-Manganese slag which is a byproduct from ferro-alloy industries is used as the stone column material. The circular discs were placed at two different spacing (D and D/2) over varied reinforcement depths (0.25L, 0.5L, 0.75L and L). Laboratory tests have been performed on clay bed, ordinary floating stone column and reinforced stone columns to evaluate the improvement of load carrying capacity. After performing laboratory tests, the test results indicate that load carrying capacities of the stone columns reinforced with circular discs placed at D/2 spacing shows better performance than D spacing.
Effect of Bearing Capacity of Strip Footing on Reinforced Double Layer Soil S...IJERA Editor
This research was performed to investigate the effect of bearing capacity of strip footing on geogrid reinforced sand overlay on stabilized expansive soil (i.e. double layer soil system) and check the different parameters contributing to their performance using laboratory model tank tests. The parameters investigated in this study include H/B (thickness of top sandy layer to width of footing) u/B (location of the 1st layer of reinforcement to width of footing), h/B (vertical spacing between consecutive geogrid layers to width of footing), b/B (length of the geogrid layer to width of footing). The effect of different H/B ratios and geogrid reinforcement N values on the bearing capacity ration (BCR) and settlement reduction ratio (SRR) were also investigated. The results show that bearing capacity increases significantly with increasing the H/B ratio as well as number of geogrid layers. The bearing capacity for the soil increases with an average of 12.35% using H/B equal to0.5 and the bearing capacity increases with an average of 35.76%, 75.56% & 230.83% while using H/B equal to 1.0, 1.5 & 2.0. It also found that the use of sandy layers over flyash mixed clayey soil has a considerable effect on the bearing capacity characteristics and the use of geogrid layers in the granular overlay has remarkable effect on Bearing capacity ratio (BCR) & Settlement reduction ratio (SRR).
Theoretical Behaviourof Soil Stability Using Geo Grids.ijceronline
The subgrade of any pavement plays an important role in load bearing and support of traffic in the form of foundation. The present scenario describes that use of geogrid is used to stabilize a soft soil of highway subgrade so that a firm working platform could be provided for pavement construction.It is found that geo-grids placed at 3/5 the distance from the base shows higher CBR value than when placed at 2/5 and 4/5 distances from the base.The first objective of the study is to be the evaluation of the soil properties like particle size, liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index to identify as a soft soil. Second objective of the study is to, improve the bearing capacity of soft soil by using flyash, lime, lime/flyash as a admixture and geogrids as a reinforcement. California Baring Ratio (CBR) and Unconfined Compression (UCC) tests were conducted in the laboratory on the soil
This document summarizes a presentation on subgrade stabilization methods for concrete pavements. It discusses the role of the subgrade in pavement performance and outlines various treatment options including removal and replacement, compaction, geotextiles, chemical stabilization using lime and cement. The presentation provides details on laboratory testing and construction steps for lime and cement stabilization, including mixing, compaction, curing and quality control. Subgrade stabilization improves the strength and uniformity of the subgrade for use as a construction platform and structural layer.
A Research Paper on Stabilization of Soil by using Bituminous MaterialIRJET Journal
This paper investigates the use of bituminous material to stabilize soil. The key goals of soil stabilization are to increase the soil's California Bearing Ratio and create a stronger sub-base and base courses using on-site materials. Bitumen is used as the stabilizing agent, acting as a binder that fills the pores of the soil and increases its mechanical stability without chemically reacting with the soil. The paper reviews previous literature on soil stabilization and presents the results of an experimental study showing that mixing bitumen with soil can increase its California Bearing Ratio by up to 50%. In conclusion, bitumen stabilization may be suitable for gravel soils and the amount used depends on required strength and budget.
The document discusses various soil classification systems including the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) and AASHTO Soil Classification System. It describes the different groups in each system based on grain size, plasticity, and other properties. It also discusses factors that affect soil compaction such as water content, compacting effort, soil type, and compaction method. Common types of earthwork and compaction equipment are also summarized. Finally, the document provides an overview of consolidation, defining primary and secondary consolidation, and describing the purpose and key properties determined by consolidation testing.
Review Paper on Study on Properties of Black Cotton Soil using Stone Dust and...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a research paper that studied the properties of black cotton soil treated with stone dust and sisal fiber. Black cotton soil has issues with high swelling and shrinkage. The study aimed to determine the effect of varying percentages of stone dust and sisal fiber, both individually and combined, on the properties of the soil. The results showed that the unsoaked and soaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values of the treated soil increased compared to the natural soil, and increased further with higher percentages of stone dust and sisal fiber. The paper concluded that mixing stone dust and sisal fiber into the black cotton soil can improve its engineering properties.
IRJET- Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil by using Waste GypsumIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on stabilizing black cotton soil using waste gypsum. Black cotton soil is problematic due to high swelling and shrinkage. The study aims to improve the engineering properties of black cotton soil like bearing capacity and permeability by adding waste gypsum as a stabilizer. A series of tests were conducted on the black cotton soil to determine its basic properties. These included specific gravity, plastic limit, liquid limit, free swell index, and standard Proctor tests. The soil was then mixed with different percentages of waste gypsum and re-tested, including California Bearing Ratio tests, to analyze the improvement in strength parameters. The results showed increased unconfined compressive strength and California Bearing Ratio values, indicating waste
Performance evaluation of locally available soil mixed with Fly ash and rando...IOSR Journals
In India, transportation is mainly by roads. Very small villages, remote areas and hilly areas can be accessed only by roads. Hence considerable attention is required towards the widening of roads, their stability and periodic repair works. Most state highways in the central part of India have problems of foundation due to presence of highly compressible clayey soils like black cotton soil. Black cotton soil is an expansive soil, which swells or shrinks excessively due to change in moisture content. When black cotton soil is associated with an engineering structure, it experiences either settlement or heave depending on the stress level and the soil swelling pressure. Design and construction of civil engineering structures on and with expansive soils is a challenging task for engineers. The present work is aimed to assess the improvement in the strength and stability characteristics in soft Subgrade soil by using the fly ash for the stabilization and then Nylon fibre as reinforcing material. Randomly distributed fibre reinforced soil (RDFRS) technique is used to prepare the reinforced soil samples. In RDFRS technique the mixing of reinforcement in the soil is very easy and no special skill is required. The reinforcement is added by percentage of the weight of the soil sample and by following certain aspect ratio i.e., length/diameter (L/D) ratio. Attempt is made to determine optimum combination of fly ash and fiber content for maximum gain in strength.
"A Review of the Settlement of Stone Columns in Compressible Soils"Remedy Geotechnics Ltd
This document summarizes a review of stone column settlement performance in compressible soils. It presents a new database of settlement improvement factors (n) calculated from over 20 case studies of stone column-improved ground. The database shows that n, a measure of settlement reduction, is generally predicted well by Priebe's improvement factor method. Additionally, n reflects the construction method, with dry bottom feed columns consistently outperforming other methods. The discussion considers how the stone column friction angle and construction technique affect settlement.
Physical Modelling Of Improving Bearing Capacity For Foundations By Geo FabricsIOSR Journals
The objective of the research paper is to develop a new model by which we can improve the bearing
capacity of foundation by using geo fabrics. The primary design concerns for a foundation engineer are bearing
capacity and settlement. The soil reinforcement technique of the geo synthetic has been taken into account for
developing such a model that can be used to reduce excessive settlements on soft soils and prevent the
foundation from failing. Hence, this paper summarizes the physical and numerical simulation to verify the
results to enhance the performance of the foundation.
IRJET- Investigations of Granular Pile Anchors in Granulated Soil Subject...IRJET Journal
This document presents a numerical study investigating the uplift capacity of granular pile anchors (GPA) in granulated soil. The study used PLAXIS 3D software to model GPA systems with varying pile diameters, spans, and soil properties. It found that as the pile diameter, span, soil friction angle, and relative density increased, the uplift capacity of the GPA also increased to varying degrees. However, increasing the span to diameter ratio beyond 10 did not significantly affect the load sharing. The study aims to understand how changing characteristics of the pile and surrounding soil impact the resistance of GPA systems to uplifting forces.
This document discusses the design of flexible and rigid pavements. It describes the key components of flexible pavements including the subgrade, subbase, base, and bituminous surface layers. It provides information on evaluating the strength of each layer, particularly the subgrade using CBR testing. The document also outlines the IRC method for designing flexible pavements based on traffic levels and subgrade CBR value using design charts. Rigid pavements are also introduced as being designed based on elastic theory and consisting of cement concrete slabs.
IRJET- A Review on the Combined Effect of Lime, Flyash and Geosynthetic R...IRJET Journal
This document provides a literature review on the combined effect of lime, fly ash, and geosynthetic reinforcement on soil. It summarizes several previous studies that investigated using lime and/or fly ash stabilization along with geotextiles or geomembranes to improve soil properties. The review found that soil strength increases with higher percentages of lime and fly ash. Geosynthetics reinforcement further improves unconfined compressive strength. Combining lime or fly ash with geotextiles can significantly enhance soil properties and reduce required subgrade thickness. Overall, the literature indicates traditional stabilizers like lime and fly ash, when used together with geosynthetics, can effectively improve soft soils for construction applications.
Performance Study of Square Footing Resting Over Geo-Grid Reinforced SandIJERA Editor
Decreasing availability of good construction sites and increasing construction activities for infrastructural developments throughout the world has forced the civil engineers to utilize unsuitable sites or weak soil. So for sustainable infrastructural development, there is a need to utilize these type of unsuitable land by the use of ground improvement techniques. There are different ground improvement techniques to stabilize the poor ground in which soil reinforcement is an effective and reliable technique. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of the geo-grid reinforcement on the bearing capacity of sand. The model tests have been conducted using square footing at u/B=0.25 & 0.55. The average relative density kept up throughout all the tests is 65%. The sand is reinforced by multiple layers (1, 2, 3 & 4) of geo-grid. The ultimate bearing capacity of sand with square footing was computed by load-settlement curve. By these load-settlement curve, an appreciable increase in bearing capacity of sand was observed as the depth to the first layer of reinforcement increased. The optimum depth of placement of the first layer was 0.5B.
This document discusses a project report on using waste fiber as a soil stabilizer. It begins with an abstract that summarizes the objectives of investigating the use of waste fibers in soil applications and evaluating the effects of waste polypropylene fibers on shear strength through direct shear and unconfined compression tests. It then provides background on soil stabilization and different methods. The literature review covers topics like soil properties, particle size distribution, specific gravity, California bearing ratio, and shear strength. Finally, the scope of experimental work is outlined which includes determining index properties like liquid limit and conducting tests like direct shear and unconfined compression.
Prediction Models for Estimation of California Bearing Ratio for Cohesive Soilijtsrd
This document discusses a study on predicting California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values for natural and cement-stabilized cohesive soils. Nine different clayey soil samples were collected and tested to determine their physical properties. The soils were then mixed with 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% cement by weight and compacted to determine their unsoaked and soaked CBR values. Regression models were developed to predict the CBR values based on the test results. The goal was to develop simple models that can estimate CBR without expensive and time-consuming laboratory testing. The models aimed to correlate CBR with properties like plasticity index, maximum dry density, and optimum moisture content.
This document discusses improving the strength of soil by adding fly ash and polypropylene fiber. Fly ash is a waste product from coal combustion that is beneficial for soil stabilization by improving compressive and shearing strength. Polypropylene fiber also increases soil strength when added. The study aims to enhance the geotechnical properties of clayey soil by replacing it with these industrial wastes. Testing of the native soil found it had a liquid limit of 35%, plastic limit of 8%, and plasticity index of 27%. Standard proctor tests were conducted on soil mixed with varying amounts of fly ash, finding maximum dry density decreased as fly ash percentage increased.
This document provides guidance on subgrade preparation and shoulder subgrade preparation for road construction projects. It emphasizes the importance of ensuring uniform moisture and density in subgrade soils to avoid issues like differential swelling, heaving, or settling. Proper inspection and testing of subgrade compaction is critical. The document also addresses specific considerations for stabilizing non-cohesive sandy subgrades through the addition of natural soil binders.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document discusses foundations and site exploration for determining soil properties. It describes the functions of foundations, including distributing loads, preventing uneven settling, and providing stability. Subsurface investigation methods are outlined, such as trial pits, probing, geophysical tests, and borings used to determine soil types and properties at varying depths. The document also discusses determining the bearing capacity of soils using methods like plate load tests and penetration tests.
A study on characterization of compressive strength. seminar pptxnaveen_envi
The document summarizes a study on characterizing the compressive strength and leaching behavior of stabilized soils using fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). The objectives are to determine the compaction, strength, and leaching behavior of black cotton soil stabilized with different mixtures of fly ash and GGBS. Previous literature found that increasing the content of these admixtures reduces soil plasticity and swelling, and increases strength. The document outlines the methodology to achieve these objectives.
This document investigates the effect of volcanic ash (VA) fine filler and styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) modifier on the thermal stability and viscoelastic properties of asphalt mastics. Dynamic shear rheometer tests were conducted on mastics at -20°C and 60°C to analyze the complex modulus and phase angle. Mastics containing VA filler and SBS modified asphalt showed improved high- and low-temperature performance compared to those with mineral powder filler or base asphalt only. The micromorphology, porosity and particle properties of VA fillers were also characterized to understand their interaction with SBS binder within the mastic structure.
This document provides an overview of laboratory and field testing methods for rocks. It discusses index property tests such as unit weight, porosity, permeability, electrical resistivity, and sonic velocity that are used to characterize and classify rocks. It also describes mechanical property tests like unconfined compressive strength testing, triaxial testing, point load strength testing, and beam bending tests. Common field testing methods mentioned include pressuremeter testing, in-situ direct shear testing, and hydraulic fracturing. The document provides details on sample preparation, equipment used, procedures, and how to calculate and interpret results for different rock property tests.
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A review-effect-of-geo-grid-reinforcement-on-soilIjcem Journal
This document reviews research on using geo-grid reinforcement to improve weak soils for construction purposes. It first discusses how expansive soils like black cotton soil undergo failure due to moisture changes, making them poor for construction. Researchers have studied stabilizing such soils using additives or replacing the soil. Geo-grids are another option, as they can improve soil engineering properties through frictional interaction. The document then reviews several studies that found geo-grid reinforcement can increase soil bearing capacity and reduce pavement damage on expansive soils by preventing rutting and lateral movement.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the movement of metallic particles in gas insulated busduct systems due to electric fields. It presents analytical, finite difference, and finite element methods to model the electric fields and calculate particle trajectories. Simulation results show that aluminum and copper particle movement increases with higher voltages. The maximum radial movement is 10.75mm at 220kV and 35.66mm at 600kV using different field calculation methods.
1) The document proposes an improvement to the AODV routing protocol called AODV_V for wireless networks.
2) AODV_V uses a table-driven routing approach like DSDV for stationary nodes to quickly find routes, while using an on-demand approach like AODV for active nodes to reduce overhead.
3) Simulation results showed that AODV_V improved delivery rate and reduced delay and packet loss compared to the standard AODV protocol.
IRJET- Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil by using Waste GypsumIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on stabilizing black cotton soil using waste gypsum. Black cotton soil is problematic due to high swelling and shrinkage. The study aims to improve the engineering properties of black cotton soil like bearing capacity and permeability by adding waste gypsum as a stabilizer. A series of tests were conducted on the black cotton soil to determine its basic properties. These included specific gravity, plastic limit, liquid limit, free swell index, and standard Proctor tests. The soil was then mixed with different percentages of waste gypsum and re-tested, including California Bearing Ratio tests, to analyze the improvement in strength parameters. The results showed increased unconfined compressive strength and California Bearing Ratio values, indicating waste
Performance evaluation of locally available soil mixed with Fly ash and rando...IOSR Journals
In India, transportation is mainly by roads. Very small villages, remote areas and hilly areas can be accessed only by roads. Hence considerable attention is required towards the widening of roads, their stability and periodic repair works. Most state highways in the central part of India have problems of foundation due to presence of highly compressible clayey soils like black cotton soil. Black cotton soil is an expansive soil, which swells or shrinks excessively due to change in moisture content. When black cotton soil is associated with an engineering structure, it experiences either settlement or heave depending on the stress level and the soil swelling pressure. Design and construction of civil engineering structures on and with expansive soils is a challenging task for engineers. The present work is aimed to assess the improvement in the strength and stability characteristics in soft Subgrade soil by using the fly ash for the stabilization and then Nylon fibre as reinforcing material. Randomly distributed fibre reinforced soil (RDFRS) technique is used to prepare the reinforced soil samples. In RDFRS technique the mixing of reinforcement in the soil is very easy and no special skill is required. The reinforcement is added by percentage of the weight of the soil sample and by following certain aspect ratio i.e., length/diameter (L/D) ratio. Attempt is made to determine optimum combination of fly ash and fiber content for maximum gain in strength.
"A Review of the Settlement of Stone Columns in Compressible Soils"Remedy Geotechnics Ltd
This document summarizes a review of stone column settlement performance in compressible soils. It presents a new database of settlement improvement factors (n) calculated from over 20 case studies of stone column-improved ground. The database shows that n, a measure of settlement reduction, is generally predicted well by Priebe's improvement factor method. Additionally, n reflects the construction method, with dry bottom feed columns consistently outperforming other methods. The discussion considers how the stone column friction angle and construction technique affect settlement.
Physical Modelling Of Improving Bearing Capacity For Foundations By Geo FabricsIOSR Journals
The objective of the research paper is to develop a new model by which we can improve the bearing
capacity of foundation by using geo fabrics. The primary design concerns for a foundation engineer are bearing
capacity and settlement. The soil reinforcement technique of the geo synthetic has been taken into account for
developing such a model that can be used to reduce excessive settlements on soft soils and prevent the
foundation from failing. Hence, this paper summarizes the physical and numerical simulation to verify the
results to enhance the performance of the foundation.
IRJET- Investigations of Granular Pile Anchors in Granulated Soil Subject...IRJET Journal
This document presents a numerical study investigating the uplift capacity of granular pile anchors (GPA) in granulated soil. The study used PLAXIS 3D software to model GPA systems with varying pile diameters, spans, and soil properties. It found that as the pile diameter, span, soil friction angle, and relative density increased, the uplift capacity of the GPA also increased to varying degrees. However, increasing the span to diameter ratio beyond 10 did not significantly affect the load sharing. The study aims to understand how changing characteristics of the pile and surrounding soil impact the resistance of GPA systems to uplifting forces.
This document discusses the design of flexible and rigid pavements. It describes the key components of flexible pavements including the subgrade, subbase, base, and bituminous surface layers. It provides information on evaluating the strength of each layer, particularly the subgrade using CBR testing. The document also outlines the IRC method for designing flexible pavements based on traffic levels and subgrade CBR value using design charts. Rigid pavements are also introduced as being designed based on elastic theory and consisting of cement concrete slabs.
IRJET- A Review on the Combined Effect of Lime, Flyash and Geosynthetic R...IRJET Journal
This document provides a literature review on the combined effect of lime, fly ash, and geosynthetic reinforcement on soil. It summarizes several previous studies that investigated using lime and/or fly ash stabilization along with geotextiles or geomembranes to improve soil properties. The review found that soil strength increases with higher percentages of lime and fly ash. Geosynthetics reinforcement further improves unconfined compressive strength. Combining lime or fly ash with geotextiles can significantly enhance soil properties and reduce required subgrade thickness. Overall, the literature indicates traditional stabilizers like lime and fly ash, when used together with geosynthetics, can effectively improve soft soils for construction applications.
Performance Study of Square Footing Resting Over Geo-Grid Reinforced SandIJERA Editor
Decreasing availability of good construction sites and increasing construction activities for infrastructural developments throughout the world has forced the civil engineers to utilize unsuitable sites or weak soil. So for sustainable infrastructural development, there is a need to utilize these type of unsuitable land by the use of ground improvement techniques. There are different ground improvement techniques to stabilize the poor ground in which soil reinforcement is an effective and reliable technique. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of the geo-grid reinforcement on the bearing capacity of sand. The model tests have been conducted using square footing at u/B=0.25 & 0.55. The average relative density kept up throughout all the tests is 65%. The sand is reinforced by multiple layers (1, 2, 3 & 4) of geo-grid. The ultimate bearing capacity of sand with square footing was computed by load-settlement curve. By these load-settlement curve, an appreciable increase in bearing capacity of sand was observed as the depth to the first layer of reinforcement increased. The optimum depth of placement of the first layer was 0.5B.
This document discusses a project report on using waste fiber as a soil stabilizer. It begins with an abstract that summarizes the objectives of investigating the use of waste fibers in soil applications and evaluating the effects of waste polypropylene fibers on shear strength through direct shear and unconfined compression tests. It then provides background on soil stabilization and different methods. The literature review covers topics like soil properties, particle size distribution, specific gravity, California bearing ratio, and shear strength. Finally, the scope of experimental work is outlined which includes determining index properties like liquid limit and conducting tests like direct shear and unconfined compression.
Prediction Models for Estimation of California Bearing Ratio for Cohesive Soilijtsrd
This document discusses a study on predicting California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values for natural and cement-stabilized cohesive soils. Nine different clayey soil samples were collected and tested to determine their physical properties. The soils were then mixed with 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% cement by weight and compacted to determine their unsoaked and soaked CBR values. Regression models were developed to predict the CBR values based on the test results. The goal was to develop simple models that can estimate CBR without expensive and time-consuming laboratory testing. The models aimed to correlate CBR with properties like plasticity index, maximum dry density, and optimum moisture content.
This document discusses improving the strength of soil by adding fly ash and polypropylene fiber. Fly ash is a waste product from coal combustion that is beneficial for soil stabilization by improving compressive and shearing strength. Polypropylene fiber also increases soil strength when added. The study aims to enhance the geotechnical properties of clayey soil by replacing it with these industrial wastes. Testing of the native soil found it had a liquid limit of 35%, plastic limit of 8%, and plasticity index of 27%. Standard proctor tests were conducted on soil mixed with varying amounts of fly ash, finding maximum dry density decreased as fly ash percentage increased.
This document provides guidance on subgrade preparation and shoulder subgrade preparation for road construction projects. It emphasizes the importance of ensuring uniform moisture and density in subgrade soils to avoid issues like differential swelling, heaving, or settling. Proper inspection and testing of subgrade compaction is critical. The document also addresses specific considerations for stabilizing non-cohesive sandy subgrades through the addition of natural soil binders.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document discusses foundations and site exploration for determining soil properties. It describes the functions of foundations, including distributing loads, preventing uneven settling, and providing stability. Subsurface investigation methods are outlined, such as trial pits, probing, geophysical tests, and borings used to determine soil types and properties at varying depths. The document also discusses determining the bearing capacity of soils using methods like plate load tests and penetration tests.
A study on characterization of compressive strength. seminar pptxnaveen_envi
The document summarizes a study on characterizing the compressive strength and leaching behavior of stabilized soils using fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). The objectives are to determine the compaction, strength, and leaching behavior of black cotton soil stabilized with different mixtures of fly ash and GGBS. Previous literature found that increasing the content of these admixtures reduces soil plasticity and swelling, and increases strength. The document outlines the methodology to achieve these objectives.
This document investigates the effect of volcanic ash (VA) fine filler and styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) modifier on the thermal stability and viscoelastic properties of asphalt mastics. Dynamic shear rheometer tests were conducted on mastics at -20°C and 60°C to analyze the complex modulus and phase angle. Mastics containing VA filler and SBS modified asphalt showed improved high- and low-temperature performance compared to those with mineral powder filler or base asphalt only. The micromorphology, porosity and particle properties of VA fillers were also characterized to understand their interaction with SBS binder within the mastic structure.
This document provides an overview of laboratory and field testing methods for rocks. It discusses index property tests such as unit weight, porosity, permeability, electrical resistivity, and sonic velocity that are used to characterize and classify rocks. It also describes mechanical property tests like unconfined compressive strength testing, triaxial testing, point load strength testing, and beam bending tests. Common field testing methods mentioned include pressuremeter testing, in-situ direct shear testing, and hydraulic fracturing. The document provides details on sample preparation, equipment used, procedures, and how to calculate and interpret results for different rock property tests.
Geotextiles, Soil Stabilization Woven slit films are preferred for hardscape applications such as under walkways, roads,... Non-woven geotextiles resemble felt and provide a path for water to flow. Polyspun materials are prefered for weed control applications due to their high strength... ...
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A review-effect-of-geo-grid-reinforcement-on-soilIjcem Journal
This document reviews research on using geo-grid reinforcement to improve weak soils for construction purposes. It first discusses how expansive soils like black cotton soil undergo failure due to moisture changes, making them poor for construction. Researchers have studied stabilizing such soils using additives or replacing the soil. Geo-grids are another option, as they can improve soil engineering properties through frictional interaction. The document then reviews several studies that found geo-grid reinforcement can increase soil bearing capacity and reduce pavement damage on expansive soils by preventing rutting and lateral movement.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the movement of metallic particles in gas insulated busduct systems due to electric fields. It presents analytical, finite difference, and finite element methods to model the electric fields and calculate particle trajectories. Simulation results show that aluminum and copper particle movement increases with higher voltages. The maximum radial movement is 10.75mm at 220kV and 35.66mm at 600kV using different field calculation methods.
1) The document proposes an improvement to the AODV routing protocol called AODV_V for wireless networks.
2) AODV_V uses a table-driven routing approach like DSDV for stationary nodes to quickly find routes, while using an on-demand approach like AODV for active nodes to reduce overhead.
3) Simulation results showed that AODV_V improved delivery rate and reduced delay and packet loss compared to the standard AODV protocol.
This document analyzes the properties of superconducting striplines used to interconnect devices in Josephson logic and memory circuits. It investigates properties like inductance, capacitance, propagation delay, attenuation, and phase velocity as functions of temperature and frequency for both low-Tc and high-Tc superconducting materials. The analysis of stripline properties helps optimize switching speed and circuit dimensions before experimental fabrication. It finds that high-Tc superconducting striplines above liquid nitrogen temperature can improve semiconductor and superconducting circuit performance compared to conventional metals or low-Tc materials.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new DSP controller-based switching configuration for a hybrid distributed energy system using a single input DC-DC buck-boost converter. The system allows two renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, to supply load either separately or simultaneously based on availability. The DSP controller is used to extract maximum energy from the available source and improve system efficiency. The system can operate in three modes depending on source availability to maximize efficiency. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink are presented and analyzed.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document discusses WiMAX technology and its use of OFDM to address bottleneck problems in high-speed networks. It describes how WiMAX uses OFDM to efficiently allocate bandwidth and share it between connecting nodes based on their data request sizes, in order to prevent data loss. It also provides background on WiMAX architecture and management, and how it can support high-speed point-to-point and point-to-multipoint connections with optimized handover and security features.
This document investigates the abrasive wear behavior of coir fiber reinforced epoxy composites using the Taguchi method. Composites were made with 10%, 20%, and 30% treated and untreated coir fiber. Abrasion tests were conducted at loads of 10-30N, speeds of 300-500rpm. Treated fiber composites showed better wear resistance than untreated. Wear rate decreased with increasing fiber content and increased with increasing load and speed. The Taguchi method was used to optimize parameters and minimize experiments. Analysis found treated fiber composites had the lowest wear rate.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Quero a delicia de poder fotografar as coisasLucas Fonseca
O documento discute a apreciação das coisas simples da vida através da fotografia. Ele descreve como a fotografia pode capturar momentos simples usando os olhos, alma, coração e emoção. Também discute como focar nas coisas positivas ao invés de reclamar constantemente pode trazer mais felicidade.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document provides information about several leading UK music magazines, including Magazine Q, Mojo Music, NME Music, The Wire, and UNCUT. It summarizes their genres, typical content, house styles, target audiences, and publishers. Magazine Q and Mojo Music cover a wide range of pop music genres, while UNCUT focuses solely on rock music. The magazines' content includes news on tours, reviews, reader opinions, and artist profiles. Their house styles generally feature a bold red color scheme, central cover images, and consistent layouts. Magazine Q targets readers age 21+, Mojo ages 16-24, and UNCUT ages 15-34. Their publishers include Bauer Media Group and Bauer ConsumerMedia Ltd
Este documento presenta las notas de un encuentro sobre ciencias en los ISFD que incluyó discusiones sobre las habilidades de pensamiento presentes en actividades propuestas, cómo transformarlas para implicar funciones mentales de orden superior, y criterios para evaluar el aprendizaje de los participantes mediante una rúbrica.
El documento trata sobre Isabel Álvarez Álvarez, una maestra y educadora a la que se le otorgó póstumamente la Cruz de Alfonso X El Sabio por sus méritos educativos. En 2002, muchos de sus antiguos alumnos pudieron reunirse y disfrutar de un encuentro. En una conferencia que dictó en Sevilla en 2002, Isabel habló sobre la importancia de luchar contra las desigualdades en la escuela y crear un entorno más justo para los niños.
Joe Wilson of Volare Systems provides instructions for adding a timeline to a web app by publishing a Google Spreadsheet template with event data and embedding it using an iframe or JavaScript. The timeline works with modern browsers and IE8+, but performance may slow with more than 20-30 items, and it is open source under the Mozilla Public License.
Behaviour of Single Pile in Reinforced Slope Subjected to Inclined Load IJERA Editor
This document summarizes an experimental investigation into the behavior of single piles in reinforced slopes subjected to inclined loading. Model tests were conducted with piles of varying length (10D and 20D) located near a 1V:2H sandy slope reinforced with layers of geogrid. The lateral load capacity of the piles was evaluated by applying loads laterally and at inclinations of 15° and 30°. The load capacity was found to increase with load inclination, pile length, number of geogrid layers, and distance from the slope crest. Load-deflection curves and ultimate lateral load capacities are presented for piles under different test conditions. The results provide insight into pile response based on parameters like reinforced slope design and loading angle.
Behaviour of Single Pile in Reinforced Slope Subjected to Inclined LoadIJERA Editor
Deep foundations, including driven piles, are used to support vertical loads of structures and lateral forces. Typical structures subjected to lateral loads include bridge abutments, transmission tower, sand offshore platforms. Traffic, wind, wave, and seismic forces are common types of lateral loads subjected to pile foundations. The present work is focused on understanding the lateral load capacity of vertical piles located near crest of the slope and subjected to the lateral and inclined loads. The experimental investigation was carried out to study the effect of reinforcing an earth slope on the inclined loading behavior of a single vertical pile located near the slope. Layers of geogrid were used to reinforce a sandy slope of 1V:2H. The parametric studies were performed by varying the length of pile(L), angle of inclination of load (θ), number of geogrid reinforcement (Nr) and crest distance. It was observed that the lateral load capacity of pile depends upon these parameters. The lateral load capacity of pile increases with increase in inclination of load, length of pile(L), number of geogrid reinforcement (Nr) and crest distance
Strength Improvement in the Soil Using Waste MaterialsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on using quarry waste materials to improve soil strength in construction. The study involved constructing stone columns using quarry waste and comparing them to columns made with aggregate. Model tests were conducted where 1 or 2 columns made of quarry waste or aggregate were installed in soil at equal intervals, with or without geotextile encasement. The results showed that quarry waste performed similarly to aggregate in increasing load capacity and reducing settlement. Using quarry waste in stone columns can improve soil parameters while utilizing a waste material and providing environmental benefits over using natural aggregate. The objectives and scope of the study included investigating the effects of varying the number, spacing, and pattern of waste-filled columns.
11.[49 58]an experimental investigation on interference of piled rafts in sof...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes an experimental investigation on the interference effects of piled rafts in soft soil. Small-scale model tests were conducted with rigid rafts and piled rafts placed in artificially consolidated soft clay at various center-to-center spacings. The tests measured the effects on load-settlement behavior and time-dependent settlement. The results showed that bearing capacity decreases and settlement increases with decreasing spacing between foundations. Interference effects were more prominent for piled raft foundations compared to individual rafts. Numerical modeling using PLAXIS software showed similar trends. The experimental data provides insight into minimum required spacing between raft or piled raft foundations for optimal performance in soft clay soils.
This document summarizes a study on structures built on black cotton soil. It discusses the formation and properties of black cotton soil, which causes issues for construction due to its swelling and shrinkage characteristics. Various tests are described that can evaluate the soil properties, such as swelling pressure, free swell index, consolidation, and triaxial tests. Different foundation types for structures in black cotton soil are outlined, including spread footings, mat foundations, pile foundations, and drilled shafts. Safety precautions are also discussed, such as limiting loads on the soil and building deep foundations below the crack zone.
This document discusses research on using Recron 3S fiber to improve the strength properties of silty subgrade soil in Kurukshetra, India. Laboratory experiments were conducted that included index tests, modified Proctor compaction tests, CBR tests, and UCS tests on the silty soil alone and mixed with 0.15%, 0.30%, 0.45%, and 0.60% Recron 3S fiber by dry weight of soil. The results showed that the addition of Recron 3S fiber increased the maximum dry density, CBR values, and UCS of the silty soil. The greatest improvements were seen at the lowest fiber content of 0.15%. Therefore, Recron 3S fiber has potential
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses using waste plastic fibers as a soil stabilizer. The main objectives are to investigate using waste fibers in geotechnical applications and evaluate how waste polypropylene fibers affect shear strength of unsaturated soil. Direct shear tests and unconfined compression tests were conducted on two soil samples, with results compared to analyze the effectiveness of fiber reinforcement as an alternative to deep foundations. Materials and methodology are described for specific gravity, particle size distribution, Atterberg limits, and direct shear tests conducted. Advantages of soil stabilization include increased strength and reduced cracking, consolidation, and swelling.
This document describes an experimental study that investigated the effect of random fiber reinforcement on seepage velocity and seepage force in silty soil. Laboratory tests were conducted on soil samples reinforced with two types of fibers at different lengths and percentages. Regression models were developed based on the test results to predict seepage velocity and force according to fiber length, fiber content, and hydraulic gradient. The models showed that velocity increases with hydraulic gradient but decreases with more fibers, while force increases with longer/more fibers.
This document provides a review of published and unpublished data on the field performance of stone columns used to improve soft cohesive soils like clays and silts. It develops a new database of settlement improvement factors from case studies and analyzes aspects of stone column performance where sufficient data is available. Key findings relate to pore pressure changes and total stresses resulting from column installation and loading. The review aims to provide practitioners with a useful reference when designing stone column ground improvement schemes in soft soils.
This document summarizes a student report on soil stabilization using fly ash. The report acknowledges the assistance of the student's supervisor and others. It includes an abstract stating that the investigation evaluated the compaction and strength of black cotton soil stabilized with mixtures of fine and coarse fly ash. The report findings show that addition of fly ash improves the strength and compaction properties of the stabilized soil, with fine fly ash mixtures providing up to 25% higher peak strength than coarse fly ash mixtures.
This document presents a case study on estimating the modulus of subgrade reaction (k-value) for designing raft foundations of multi-story buildings constructed on sandy soil in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Site investigations including boreholes and plate load tests were conducted. Plate load tests were back analyzed using numerical modeling to validate the soil properties. Different sized foundations were then modeled to estimate k-values. The k-values decreased with increasing foundation size and sometimes differed from values estimated using Terzaghi's equation, highlighting that k-value depends on foundation properties and soil conditions.
Juscélia testing soil encasing materials for measuring hydraulic conductivit...Juscélia Ferreira
This document discusses different materials that can be used to encase soil samples for measuring hydraulic conductivity using the cube method. It tests the suitability of molten wax and expandable polyurethane foam for encasing soil cubes of a sandy-loam soil, compared to untreated soil cores. Wax was found to obstruct pores and yield conductivity results up to 3.7 times lower than untreated samples. Expandable polyurethane foam showed promise as an encasing material if used to fill the gap around a soil cube 60% full, as it minimally compacted the soil, allowed removal of intruded foam, and yielded conductivity results in the expected range for the soil type. The document concludes wax should not be used
soil stabilization using waste finber by RAJ S PYARArajkumar pyara
The document summarizes an experimental study on using waste plastic to stabilize soil. Key points:
- Tests were conducted on soil and plastic samples to determine properties like specific gravity, particle size distribution, Atterberg limits, and CBR value.
- Samples with varying percentages of mixed plastic (0-2%) were tested to find the optimum mix.
- Results showed that a 1.5% plastic mix achieved the highest CBR value of 5.98, improving strength over the natural soil CBR of 2.87.
- The study concluded that plastic can enhance soil stability up to a certain content but adding more plastic past the optimum amount has detrimental effects.
This document discusses a study on stabilizing red soil in the Tirupur district of Tamil Nadu, India using fly ash. Laboratory tests were conducted on soil samples with varying percentages of fly ash addition (0-9%). Test results showed that 6% fly ash addition produced the highest improvements in engineering properties like CBR, UCS and bearing capacity. Specifically, CBR increased from 3.1 to 4.82 and bearing capacity increased from 10 kg/mm2 to 35 kg/mm2 with 6% fly ash. This allows for a reduction in required pavement thickness from 12 inches to 8.5 inches for an 'A' type traffic classification, saving on construction costs. The study concludes that fly ash is effective
Study on Geotechnical Properties of Stabilized Expansive SoilQuarry Dust Mixesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The document summarizes a study on the geotechnical properties of expansive soil stabilized with quarry dust. Laboratory tests were conducted on expansive soil mixed with 0-15% quarry dust. The tests showed that 10% quarry dust improved the soil's properties the most by reducing differential free swell by 28%, increasing soaked CBR from 1.2 to 6.7, reducing cohesion from 16kN/m2 to 1kN/m2 and increasing the angle of internal friction from 19° to 30°. Cyclic plate load tests also indicated 10% quarry dust improved the load bearing capacity of model flexible pavements made with the treated soil.
Soil Stabilization using Natural Fiber CoirIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on using coir fiber to stabilize soils. Two soil samples were collected and tested to determine their engineering properties before and after stabilization. Proctor compaction tests were conducted to determine optimum moisture content and maximum dry density for the soils with different percentages of added coir fiber. Direct shear tests and unconfined compression tests were performed to evaluate the effect of coir fiber on shear strength parameters. The results showed that coir fiber significantly improved the shear strength and unconfined compressive strength of the weaker soil sample, indicating coir fiber reinforcement is an effective stabilization method for that type of soil.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Infrastructure Challenges in Scaling RAG with Custom AI modelsZilliz
Building Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems with open-source and custom AI models is a complex task. This talk explores the challenges in productionizing RAG systems, including retrieval performance, response synthesis, and evaluation. We’ll discuss how to leverage open-source models like text embeddings, language models, and custom fine-tuned models to enhance RAG performance. Additionally, we’ll cover how BentoML can help orchestrate and scale these AI components efficiently, ensuring seamless deployment and management of RAG systems in the cloud.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
AI-Powered Food Delivery Transforming App Development in Saudi Arabia.pdfTechgropse Pvt.Ltd.
In this blog post, we'll delve into the intersection of AI and app development in Saudi Arabia, focusing on the food delivery sector. We'll explore how AI is revolutionizing the way Saudi consumers order food, how restaurants manage their operations, and how delivery partners navigate the bustling streets of cities like Riyadh, Jeddah, and Dammam. Through real-world case studies, we'll showcase how leading Saudi food delivery apps are leveraging AI to redefine convenience, personalization, and efficiency.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
OpenID AuthZEN Interop Read Out - AuthorizationDavid Brossard
During Identiverse 2024 and EIC 2024, members of the OpenID AuthZEN WG got together and demoed their authorization endpoints conforming to the AuthZEN API
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
Presentation of the OECD Artificial Intelligence Review of Germany
Eu24916923
1. Durga Prashanth L, Santosh G / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA)
ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue 4, June-July 2012, pp.916-923
Accelerated Consolidation of Coir Reinforced Lateritic Soils with Vertical
Sand Drains for Pavement Foundations
Durga Prashanth L*, Santosh G**
* Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, RV College of Engineering, Bangalore- 59
** Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, JNNCE, Shimoga,
Abstract:
It is found that sub-grade soils of lateritic origin coconuts can be used effectively in the improvement of sub
encountered in the construction of highway embankments in grade strength mainly due to enhanced consolidation as a
various regions of India, often comprise intrusions of clayey result of accelerated drainage of moisture due to presence of
soils that result in large settlements during constructions, and coir fibers.
differential settlements at later stages. This necessitates the use The use of natural fibers such as coir, in providing
of appropriate soil improvement techniques to improve the vertical sand drains and in providing soil-reinforcement, is
load-carrying capacity of pavements. This work deals with the expected to accelerate the process of consolidation by
accelerated consolidation of un-reinforced and coir-reinforced permitting pore-water pressures to dissipate easily when
lateritic soils, provided with three vertical sand drains. The subjected to overburden pressures.
load-settlement characteristics were studied for various
preloads ranging from 50kg (0.0013 N/mm2) to 500kg Francis Buchanan
(0.013N/mm2). Studies were performed using circular ferro- First gave the name laterite, to describe “ferruginous,
cement moulds. It was observed that at lower preloads up to vesicular, un-stratified, and porous soil with yellow ochre’s
300kg, the relative increase in consolidation (Cr) for randomly due to high iron content, occurring in Malabar, India”. Laterite
reinforced soil with vertical drains was significantly higher soil can be found to occur above underlying shedi soil (or fine
than that of un-reinforced soil without vertical drains. Also, silty soil) in almost all parts of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi
the Cr for un-reinforced soil with vertical drains was quite districts. Laterite soil is comparatively stronger than shedi soil.
higher than that of un-reinforced soil without vertical drains,
with values above 40.61%. 2.0 Scope and objectives of the present study
However, in the case of higher preloads of 450kg and In well drained soils, a large amount of consolidation
500kg, the Cr for randomly reinforced soil with vertical drains takes place during the construction stage. However, soft soils
was insignificant, and the Cr for un-reinforced soil with must be further strengthened by applying loads in stages such
vertical drains remained slightly higher at around 6.23% for that the bearing capacity of the soil improves. In the case of
similar comparisons. The aspect-ratio of coir fibers used was consolidation of weak soils especially as in the construction of
1: 275. embankments for highways, pore-water pressure builds up
under the overburden pressure and surcharge loads.
Keywords: vertical sand drains, accelerated consolidation, The use of vertical drains will shorten the length of
coir reinforcement, laterite. the horizontal drainage paths. When the water particles come
under the influence of vertical drains accelerates the
Introduction consolidation process. The enhanced dissipation of pore-water
It is a challenging task to design pavement structures due to the presence of natural fiber reinforcements and the
for various types of soil conditions. Clayey and silty soils have overburden pressures imposed by road construction machinery
lower permeability, and due to this reason, the settlement and will result in further acceleration of the consolidation process
consolidation take longer durations to occur. The time taken in soil sub-grades of embankments. The subsequent decay of
for settlement is thus a crucial factor that can influence the natural fibers after two to three years will not affect the
construction of embankments and sub-grades for roadways strength and stability of soil sub-grades of highway
and rail-tracks. embankments, since consolidation of the soil layers has
In this connection, the use of natural fibers in soil already been achieved.
stabilization, and in providing vertical sand drains is expected From a literature review, it is found that most of the
to play a vital role in highway embankment constructions. previous investigations concentrated on the study of the
Additionally, it is observed that vast tracts of areas in coastal strength and the stiffness of soils reinforced with coir, under
regions are either water-logged, or exhibit the prevalence of the influence of surcharge loads, while a few studies examined
soft-clay or silty sub-grades. the effect of the use of vertical drains.
Natural geo-textiles are made of natural fibers of coir, The objectives of the present study include the following:
jute, and of similar materials, while synthetic geo-textiles are To perform basic laboratory investigations such as
made of polymers and petrochemical derivatives. It is found grain size analysis, consistency limits, CBR tests,
that natural fibers of coir made from processed husk of tests for standard and modified compaction tests for
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2. Durga Prashanth L, Santosh G / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA)
ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue 4, June-July 2012, pp.916-923
lateritic soil samples as specified by Indian Standard
(IS) codes. Surcharge
To measure the load-settlement properties and
consolidation of fully saturated confined and un- Preload
reinforced lateritic soil without the use of vertical
drains for soil samples drained at the top and bottom.
To measure the load-settlement properties and
consolidation of fully saturated confined and un-
reinforced lateritic soil with the use of 3 vertical
drains.
To measure the load-settlement properties and
consolidation of fully saturated confined randomly
reinforced lateritic soil provided with 3 vertical
drains
Further analysis, interpretation, and comparison of Fig.2 Preloading with Vertical Drains
results.
Terzaghi (1923) provides the basic theory for such
3.0 Literature Review one-dimensional consolidation for saturated conditions and
Lee et al (1989) conducted tests using vertical drains also provides the strain formulation. The relationship between
made of natural fiber such as jute and coir for soil the final settlement (Sf) and the settlement (St) at time t was be
improvement simulating field conditions, where it was expressed as (Terzaghi, 1923)
observed that the axial and filter permeability of fiber drains S t = Uv . S f (Eq. 1)
was higher than 10-5 m/sec for consolidation pressures upto The expression for Uv, the average degree of
400 kN/m2. consolidation at depth z at any instant t was given by Terzaghi
Some of the investigations in the field of application (1943) as,
of coir-fibers (Mandal et al, 1989; Charan et al, 1995) Uv = 1 - ∑ m=0∞ (2/M2) exp (-M2Tv) (Eq.2)
highlighted the significant impact that natural fibers could where Tv = time factor (non dimensional) = (Cvt)/H2; Cv =
make in providing temporary stabilization for embankments coefficient of vertical consolidation (m2/s) = k/ (γwmv); k =
for highways and railways through the use of fiber-reinforced permeability coefficient; mv = coefficient of volume
vertical drains. compressibility = av/(1+e0); eo = initial void ratio; av =
Stapelfeldt (2006) observed that preloading, and the coefficient of compressibility = ∆e/∆p; t = time in seconds; H =
use of vertical drains, increased the shear strength of the soil, total distance of drainage path which is equal to the thickness
reduced the soil compressibility, reduced the permeability of of the layer (in m.) for soil subjected to top drainage, and is
the soil prior to construction, and prevented large-scale equal to half the thickness of the layer (in m.) for soils drained
differential settlements. See Fig.1, and Fig.2. at the top and the bottom; and M = π (2m+1)/2 for m = 0, 1,
2…α.
From the above formulation, it is evident that
consolidation is dependent on the permeability of the medium.
Surcharge Therefore, it is expected that the use of vertical drains will
have a profound effect on accelerating the consolidation
process.
Preload
4.0 Materials Used & Tests Conducted
The materials used for the tests include the lateritic
soil, sand and coir. The lateritic soil obtained from the field
was tested in the laboratory for the basic properties like
specific gravity, grain size distribution, consistency limits, and
compaction, CBR and permeability tests. The results are
tabulated in the table 1. The sand used for the present study
was the locally available river-sand passing through 4.75 mm
IS sieve with a coefficient of curvature (Cc) of 0.82, and a
uniformity coefficient (Cu) of 1.7, was used for the preparation
Downward Drainage Path of vertical drains. The sand selected satisfies the general
requirements of permeability and piping.The properties of
sand are shown in table 2. All the tests were performed as per
Fig.1 Preloading without vertical drains IS specifications.
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3. Durga Prashanth L, Santosh G / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA)
ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue 4, June-July 2012, pp.916-923
Table: 1 Geotechnical properties of lateritic soil values were determined for the soil sample, and the optimum
Sl fiber contents are reported as in Table 3
Property Values
No. Table 3 Optimum fiber contents (OFC)
1 Specific gravity 2.68
2 Grain size distribution Sl. no Soil OMC (%) OFC (%)
a) Gravel % 32.66
1 Laterite 15.94 1.00
b) Sand % 48.82
c) Silt % 16.52
6.0 Tests for Consolidation
d) Clay % 2.00 % The test for accelerated consolidation involves
3 Consistency Limits several stages such as, preparation of the soil sample, soaking
of specimens, loading, and installation of vertical drains and
Liquid limit % 34.80
preloading of soil samples. The soil sample to be tested was
Plastic limit % 26.71 prepared as mentioned above, and the water contents required
Plasticity index % 8.09 to prepare soil beds at 80% MDD were determined from the
Shrinkage Limit % 22.55 compaction curves. It was decided to perform tests at moisture
content lesser than the OMC in order to study the load-
4 Engineering Properties settlement characteristics effectively.
I.S Light Compaction
a) Max dry density, γdmax 7.0 Experimental set up and methodology
1.99
(gm/cc) Investigations were conducted for reinforced and un-
b) O.M.C % 13.20 reinforced soil specimens, with and without installation of
I.S Heavy Compaction vertical drains. These tests were conducted in order to evaluate
the improvement in the bearing capacity due to the accelerated
a) Max dry density, γdmax
2.02 consolidation.
(gm/cc)
b) O.M.C % 12.99
7.1 Tests for consolidation of Un-Reinforced soil
5 CBR % without using Vertical Drains
In order to study the compressibility and
I.S Light Compaction consolidation of soil sample, a ferro-cement cylindrical test
a) OMC condition % 39.0 mould was used, as shown in Fig. 3, of 740 mm internal
b) Soaked condition % 6.0 diameter, 850 mm height, and 30 mm wall thickness. The test
mould was provided with an inlet pipe at the top and an outlet
pipe at the bottom, both of 20mm diameters, to permit soaking
I.S Heavy Compaction
of the soil sample, and drainage of water. The test mould was
a) OMC condition % 17.0
placed on leveled ground.
b) Soaked condition % 14.0
6 Un confined compression test
I.S Light Compaction (MPa) 0.034
I.S Heavy Compaction (MPa) 0.036
7 Co-efficient of permeability
I.S Heavy Compaction
1.55x10-7
(cm/sec)
Table 2 Properties of sand used in this study
Property Result
Coefficient of curvature, Cc 0.82
Coefficient of uniformity, Cu 1.97
D 15,mm 0.35
5.0 Determination of Optimal Fiber Content for Soil Fig 3 Ferro-cement cylindrical test mould
Samples Using CBR Tests
CBR tests were conducted as per IS 2720: Part VII A sand layer of 100 mm thickness was provided at
(1983) with various percentages of coir fiber content randomly the bottom of the Ferro-cement tank to act as a permeable
reinforced with 0.25 %,0.5 %, 0.75 %, 1.0 %, and 1.25 % of layer, and was compacted to a density of 1.53 g/cc. Above
coir, and the CBR values at 2.5 mm and 5 mm penetrations this layer, a jute textile was provided to act as a separator.
were noted for soaked and un-soaked soil samples. The CBR Over this, three layers of the soil sample, each of 200 mm
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4. Durga Prashanth L, Santosh G / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA)
ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue 4, June-July 2012, pp.916-923
thickness, were placed and compacted to 80% of the MDD. vertical drains of 100 mm diameter and 600 mm height are
The soil and the sand layers were compacted to the desired installed in a triangular pattern such that the center to center
thickness, and respective densities using a steel rammer (of distance between the adjacent drains is 350 mm. This
885 mm height, 140 mm diameter, and 11.5 kg weight) and a arrangement is considered to be more effective as it is
wooden rammer (of 870 mm height, 40 mm diameter, and expected to result in uniform consolidation between the drains
1.17 kg weight). On top of the three layers of compacted soil due to uniform center to center distances, when compared to
sample, a layer of jute textile was placed. A layer of sand of vertical drains installed in a square pattern The radius of
100mm thickness compacted to a density of 1.53 g/cc was influence (R) of a vertical drain depends upon the spacing (S)
provided at the top, to act as level-surface for the application between drains. In the case of cylindrical drains installed in
of preloads. triangular pattern the radius of influence (R) can be computed
The soil sample in the cylindrical test mould from the empirical formula.
possesses the same characteristics as mentioned in the sections R = 0.546 x S (Eq. 4)
above. A flat surface made of treated perforated plywood (of
730 mm diameter, and 12 mm thickness) was provided above
the sand layer. A schematic diagram of the test set up is shown
in Fig 4. The details of the components used in this
S=350 mm
experiment are listed below:
1. Cylindrical Ferro-cement mould
2. Bottom layer of sand of 100 mm thickness
3. Bottom layer of jute-textile as a separator
4. Three layers of soil, each of 200 mm thickness R=190 mm
5. Top layer of jute-textile as a separator
6. Top layer of sand of 100 mm thickness
7. Loading platform of treated plywood
8. Standard steel weights
9. Dial gauges of 0.01 mm least count
10. Water inlet
11. Water outlet 200mm
100 mm
9
9
1
0 Fig. 5 Influence zone for triangular pattern of drains
8
7 Thus for vertical drains of 100 mm diameter and
7 center to center spacing of 350 mm between the drains, the
6 radius of influence can be obtained as 190 mm based on Eq. 4.
5 6 The vertical drains of 600 mm height were installed with the
help of sampling tubes of 100 mm diameter inserted into
1 sleeves made of jute fabric. See Fig. 5. Fig.6a and Fig.6b
provide a clear view of the installation of vertical drains.
4 The sampling tube enclosed in the jute sleeves, were
3 then filled in two layers with sand randomly mixed with 1% of
coir fibers by weight of sand for a height of 200 mm by
compacting with a wooden tamping tool with 15 blows per
3 layer to obtain a compacted density of 1.08 g/cc. The tubes
were gradually withdrawn when each layer of soil sample of
21 11 100 mm was compacted. Smears developed due to the
disturbance to the soil while installing vertical drains, can
Fig. 4 Schematic diagram of the test setup without vertical result in reduced soil permeability around the smear zone,
drains restricting the rate of consolidation. However, in this
investigation, since the vertical drains were installed in a
simultaneous build-up procedure, the smear effects are
7.2 Tests on consolidation of Un-Reinforced soil using
assumed to be negligible.
three vertical drains
The test set up and procedure for test on
consolidation of un-reinforced soil sample is the same as that
explained above. A Ferro-cement cylindrical test mould with
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8.1 Settlement characteristics: UR soils
Fig.7a provides details on the load-settlement
characteristics for un-reinforced lateritic soils. Also, Table 4a
provides details on the coefficient of consolidation (Cv) for
various preloads for the soil sample tested. It can be observed
that during the initial stages of loading using preloads of 50kg,
100kg, 150kg, and 200kg, the compaction of soil is considered
to have taken place. This can be visualized from the
corresponding increase in the rate of compaction in the above
table. Thereafter, the rate of compaction for preloads of 250kg
to 500kg shows a decreasing trend, indicating the
commencement of the consolidation process.
Square- root of time [√(minute)]
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
0.0000
0.1000
Dial Guage readings (mm)
0.2000
Fig.6a Installation of vertical drains
0.3000
0.4000
0.5000
0.6000
50kg 100kg 150kg 200kg 250kg
300kg 350kg 400kg 450kg 500kg
Fig. 7a Load-settlement: UR soils
8.2 Settlement characteristics: UR-VD
Fig.7b provides details on the load-settlement
characteristics for un-reinforced vertically drained lateritic
soils. Table 4b provides details on the coefficient of
consolidation (Cv) for various preloads for the soil sample
tested. In this case, it can be seen that during the initial stages
of loading, as in the case of preloads of 50kg, 100kg, and
150kg, the compaction of soil is considered to have taken
place. Thereafter, the rate of compaction for preloads of 200kg
to 500kg shows a decreasing trend, indicating the
Fig.6b Removal of casing for the third vertical drain commencement of the consolidation process.
Table 4a Cv values: UR soils
7.3 Tests on Consolidation of Randomly Reinforced Co-efficient of consolidation Cv
soil using Three Vertical Drains
In this part of the experiment, the soil used in the test Preload (kg) Cv
mould was randomly reinforced using coir. The optimum fiber 50 1.6190
content of 1% by weight of soil was adopted in these tests. 100 1.9398
The overall experimental set up remains the same as explained 150 2.0165
above. 200 2.0825
250 1.8687
300 1.7408
8.0 Results
The load-settlement details are discussed below for 350 1.4694
un-reinforced soil samples without vertical drains (UR), un- 400 1.4202
reinforced soil samples with vertical drains (UR-VD), and 450 1.3819
reinforced soil samples with vertical drains (RR-VD). 500 1.3527
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Square- root of time [√(minute)] Table 4c Cv values: RR-VD soils
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
0.0000
Co-efficient of consolidation Cv
0.1000 Preload (kg) Cv
Dial Guage Readings (mm)
0.2000
50 1.7287
100 2.0652
0.3000
150 2.2882
0.4000 200 2.2281
0.5000
250 1.9395
300 1.8280
0.6000
50kg 100kg 150kg 200kg 250kg 350 1.6397
300kg 350kg 400kg 450kg 500kg
400 1.5130
Fig.7b Load-Settlement: UR-VD soils 450 1.4528
500 1.4051
Table 4b Cv values: UR-VD soils
9.0 Discussion on comparisons of UR with UR-VD,
Co-efficient of consolidation Cv
Preload (kg) Cv and RR-VD soils
Fig.9 provides details of the load-settlement trends
50 1.7174
for a preload of 50kg for UR, UR-VD, and RR-VD test
100 2.0327 conditions for lateritic soils. Similar figures can be obtained
150 2.2683 and studied for preloads of 100kg, 150kg, 200kg, 250kg,
200 2.1902 300kg, 350kg, 400kg, 450kg, and 500kg.
250 1.9107
300 1.8153 Load Settlement Curve
Sqrt Time *√(minute)+
350 1.6399 0 3 6 9 12 15 18
0.0000
400 1.5132
Dial Gauge Readings (mm)
450 1.4529
0.1000
500 1.4050
0.2000
8.3 Settlement characteristics: RR-VD soil
0.3000
Fig.7c illustrates details on the load-settlement
characteristics for randomly-reinforced vertically drained soils
comprising 100% Laterite. Table 4c gives details on the 0.4000
UR_50kg UR-VD_50kg RR-VD_50kg
coefficient of consolidation (Cv) for various preloads. It can be
observed that in the initial stages of loading, the behavior of Fig.9 Load-Settlement trend for preload of 50kg
the soil is almost the same as observed in the case of UR-VD
soil. The rate of compaction for preloads of 200kg to 500kg On observation of the load-settlement trends for
shows a decreasing trend, indicating the commencement of the various pre-loads, it was found that the 121st minute could be
consolidation process. . taken as a reference for comparison, since the soil was found
Square- root of time [√(minute)]
to attain stability at this instance. In other words, the soil can
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 be assumed to have been consolidated at this point in time.
0.0000 The relative increase in consolidation achieved by
0.1000
un-reinforced soil samples provided with vertical drains, when
compared to un-reinforced soil samples without vertical drains
Dial Guage Readings (mm)
0.2000 is expressed using the percentage of the increase in settlement
0.3000
of the soil sample provided with vertical drains, to the
settlement of the un-reinforced soil without vertical drains.
0.4000 This is denoted as, Cr (UR v/s UR-VD).
Similarly, the relative increase in consolidation
0.5000
achieved by randomly reinforced soil samples provided with
0.6000 vertical drains, when compared to un-reinforced soil samples
50kg 100kg 150kg 200kg 250kg
300kg 350kg 400kg 450kg 500kg
without vertical drains is expressed using the percentage of the
increase in settlement of the randomly reinforced soil sample
Fig.7c Load-Settlement: RR-VD soils
provided with vertical drains, to the settlement of the un-
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ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue 4, June-July 2012, pp.916-923
reinforced soil without vertical drains. This is denoted as, Cr and 85 cm internal height for laterite soil. Tests on drained soil
(UR v/s RR-VD). samples were performed by providing 3 vertical sand drains
Table 5 provides details on the relative increase in reinforced with 1% coir fiber. The following are the
consolidation at different preloads at the 121 st minute of the conclusions drawn from this study.
load settlements for UR v/s UR-VD, and UR v/s RR-VD
observations. In this table, it is observed that at lower preloads From Sections 8.0 and 9.0, and Table 5, it is seen
of 50kg, 100kg, 150kg, 200kg, 250kg and 300kg, the Cr (UR that the soil attained stability at around the 121st minute after
v/s RR-VD) is significantly higher when compared to Cr (UR application of the preloads. Using this as a datum, it was
v/s UR-VD). It is seen that within this range of preloads, the observed that on application of preloads higher than 450 kg,
Cr (UR v/s RR-VD) varies between 29.00% and 28.47%, while the effect of reinforcing soils randomly with fibers was not
the Cr (UR v/s UR-VD) varies from 6.38% to 8.47%. significant. The relative increase in consolidation for UR v/s
RR-VD (denoted as Cr (UR v/s RR-VD)), was found to range
Table 5 Relative increase in consolidation at different between 16.80% and 22.08%, while the Cr (UR v/s UR-VD)
preloads at the 121st minute of L-S values remained constant at around 9.59%. There seems to be
Preload Cr (UR vs Cr (UR vs an additional increase in the rate of consolidation by around
(kg) UR-VD) RR-VD) 10% considering the average values. However, is relative
(%) (%) advantage not significant considering the time and effort
50 06.38 29.00 consumed in preparing randomly reinforced soil-layers?
100 09.36 29.36
150 12.66 28.92 11.0 References
200 08.23 18.68 1. Akinumusura, J.O, and Akinbolade, J.A. (1981),
250 06.38 26.38 “Stability of loaded footings on reinforced soil,”
300 08.47 28.47 Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE,
350 06.38 26.38 Vol. 107, pp. 819 – 827.
400 06.38 21.97 2. Balan, K. (1995) Studies on engineering behavior and
450 09.59 16.80 uses of geo-textiles with natural fibers, PhD Thesis
500 09.58 22.08 submitted to Indian Institute of Technology Delhi,
India.
At medium level preloads of 350kg and 400kg the 3. Balan, K., and Rao, G.V. (1997), “Reinforcing sand
relative advantages of providing vertical drains and random with coir fiber,” Proc. of Conf. on Geo-synthetics Asia,
reinforcements to the soil layer are found to be moderate. The Bangalore, India, November 26-29, Vol. 1, pp. 183-
Cr (UR v/s RR-VD) is found to range between 26.38 and 190.
21.97%, while the Cr (UR v/s UR-VD) remains constant at 4. Bergado, D.T., Enriquez, A.S., Sampaco, C.L., Alfaro,
around 6.38%. M.C., and Balasubramaniam, A.S. (1992), “Inverse
However, at higher preloads of 450kg and 500kg the analysis of geotechnical parameters on improved soft
relative advantages of providing vertical drains and random bangkok clay,” International Journal of Rock
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v/s RR-VD) is found to range between 16.80% and 22.08%, 30, pp. A23.
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9.59%. the countries of Mysore, Canara and Malabar,” East-
Thus it can be concluded from observations on higher India Co. London, Vol. 2, pp. 436-60. (reprint: T.
preloads that for lateritic soils, the effect of reinforcing soils Cadell and W. Davies, London. Asian Educational
randomly with fibers is not effective when compared to the Services,New Delhi, India, ISBN 8120603869)
use of vertical drains. 6. Charan, H.D., Ranjan, G., and Vasan, R.M. (1995),
“Strength characteristics of coir fibers reinforced sand,”
Proc. of IGC-95, Bangalore, December, Vol.1, pp. 339
10.0 CONCLUSIONS – 342.
The above sections focused on examining the rate of
7. Gidigasu, M. D. (1976), “Laterite soi1 engineering,
consolidation for lateritic soil for various test conditions using
pedogenesis and engineering principles,” Elsevier
vertical drains. The observations made as part of this work
Scientiflc Publishing Company, Amsterdam, Oxford,
will have an important bearing on the construction of road and
New York, pp. 1-554.
railway embankments on expansive soil sub-grades.
8. Gosavi, Meenal, Patil, K.A., Mittal, S., and Swamisaran
Also, natural fibers of coir can be effectively used in
(2003), “Improvement of properties of black cotton soil
further accelerating consolidation since the fibers allow pore-
sub-grade through natural reinforcement,” Proc. IGC-
water pressures to dissipate easily when subjected to
2003, Geotechnical Engineering for Infrastructural
overburden pressures. Also, coir being a natural fiber
Development, Roorkee, December 18-20, pp. 379 –
undergoes decomposition once the soil attains sufficient
383.
strength through consolidation.
Laboratory investigations were performed in this
study, for soil compacted in cylindrical moulds of 70cm dia
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8. Durga Prashanth L, Santosh G / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA)
ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue 4, June-July 2012, pp.916-923
9. Indian Jute Industries Research Association (2005), 24. Sinha, A.K., Havanag Vasant, G., and Mathur, Sudhir.
“Application of jute geotextile in civil engineering,” (2007), “Inflection point method for predicting
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and numerical analysis of soft soil stabilisation via 25, pp. 336–345.
prefabricated vertical drains”, University of 25. Stapelfeldt, T. (2006), “Preloading and vertical drains,”
Wollongong, International Workshop on Constitutive Electronic publication,
Modeling, Hong Kong, pp. 155-167. http://www.tkk.fi/Yksikot/Rakennus/Pohja/Preloading_
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Tests for Soils, Part II, Determination of Water 26. Taylor, D.W. (1948), “Research on consolidation of
Content,” Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, pp. clays,” Publ.82, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
1-16. 27. Terzaghi, K. (1925). Erbaumechanik auf
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