This document provides information on 24 Jain Tirthankaras depicted in miniature paintings from Jaipur circa 1850. It lists each Tirthankara's name in Sanskrit and their associated animal symbol. Additionally, it discusses the antiquity of Jain images dating back to the Indus Valley civilization and various periods of Indian history. Iconographic details and symbols commonly shown with the Tirthankaras are also outlined. The document shares images of historical Jain sculptures and paintings showcasing the Tirthankaras from various regions and time periods in India.

1. 24 Jaina Tirthankara
Sachin Kr.
Tiwary
Jain Miniature Painting of 24 Jain Tirthankaras from Jaipur circa 1850

2. 1. श्री ऋषभनाथ- बैल,
2. श्री अजितनाथ- हाथी,
3. श्री संभवनाथ- अश्व,
4. श्री अभभनंदननाथ- - बंदर,
5. श्री सुमततनाथ- चकवा,
6. श्री पद्मप्रभ- कमल,
7. श्री सुपाश्ववनाथ- स्वजस्तक,
8. श्री चन्द्रप्रभ- - चन्द्रमा,
9. श्री पुष्पदंत- मगर, Dolphine
10. श्री शीतलनाथ- कल्पवृक्ष,
11. श्री श्रेयांसनाथ- गैंडा, Garun
12. श्री वासुपूज्य- भैंसा,
13. श्री ववमलनाथ- शूकर,
14. श्री अनंतनाथ- सेही, Bear
15. श्री धमवनाथ- वज्रदंड,
16. श्री शांततनाथ- मृग,
17. श्री कुं थुनाथ- बकरा,
18. श्री अरहनाथ- मछली,
19. श्री मजल्लनाथ- कलश,
20. श्री मुतनस्रुव्रतनाथ- कच्छप,
21. श्री नभमनाथ- नीलकमल,
22. श्री नेभमनाथ- शंख,
23. श्री पाश्ववनाथ- - सपव
24. श्री महावीर- भसंह

3. Antiquity of Jaina Images:
•On various seals from the Indus Valley Civilisation in nude and in a meditative
posture.
•The earliest known jaina image made of Chunar sandstone is in the Patna
museum dated to the 3rd century BCE.
•Bronze images of the tirthankara can be seen in the Prince of Wales Museum,
Mumbai, and in the Patna museum; these are dated to the 2nd century BCE.
The Chausa Hoard and Akota Bronzes are excavated groups of bronze Jain figures.
• A sandalwood sculpture of Mahāvīra was carved during his lifetime, according
to tradition.
•Jaina temples and cave temples can be found all around India: Jain caves
at Udayagiri Hills near Bhilsa in Madhya Pradesh and Ellora in Maharashtra,
Udayagiri, Odisha ; Jain temples at Dilwara near Mount Abu, Rajasthan. The Jaina
tower in Chittor, Rajasthan is a good example of Jain architecture.[
•Decorated manuscripts are preserved in jaina libraries, most of the paintings
and illustrations depict historical events.
•Sittanavasal Cave (First century BC to 900 AD) Jaina complex of caves
in Sittanavasal village in Pudokottai district of Tamilnadu. The monument is a
rock-cut monastery or temple. Created by jains, it is called the Arivar Koil, and is a
rock cut cave temple of the Arihants.
•King Khāravela of Kaliṅga (Second-first century BCE), who was a devout Jaina,
styles himsef as Bhikṣu-rāja, ‘the monk king’ in his Hātigumphā inscription.

4. Indus Valley Civilization…..

5. Mauryan Period….

6. Sources about Tirthankara:
• Rupamandana by sutradhara Mandana, devotes its sixth
chapter (VI, 33-39) to Jaina iconography.
• Varahamihira’s Brihatsamhita (58 adhyaya, 45 sloka),
• Tiloyapannati,
• Kahavaali ,
• Pravacanasaarodhara,
• Vasunandi’s Pratishthasarasamgraha,
• Kalpasutra
Mahavira's Nirvana.
Folio 53r from Kalpasutra series,
loose leaf manuscript,
Patan, Gujarat. c. 1472.

7. Four Fold Jain Image with Suparshvanath and Three
Other Tirthankaras - Circa 1st Century CE Mathura
Shrine with Four Jinas (Rishabhanatha (Adinatha)), Parshvanatha,
Neminatha, and Mahavira) Los Angeles County Museum of Art
General Iconography: Two postures: seated in dhyana-mudra or standing in kayotsarga pose….

8. Ayagpatta
with
Ashtamangalik

9. Jaina ashtamangala symbols:
svastika,
sri-vatsa,
nandyavarta,
varddhamanaka (powder-flask),
bhadrasana (a particular type of seat),
kalasa (the full vase),
darpana (mirror), and
matsya-yugma (pair of fishes) around the main figure.

10. Ayagapatta
Showing the Jaina Stupa at
Mathura

11. Jain votive
plaque,
Ayagapata,
Kushan, 2nd
cen. CE
Kankali Tila,
Mathura,

12. Chakra
Mathura, UP

13. The Akota Bronzes represent a rare and important set of 68 Jain images,
dating to between the 6th and 12th centuries CE, which were found in the
vicinity of Akota near Baroda in the Indian state of Gujarat.
Parsvanatha and others, 9th Cen.
CE, National Museum
7th Cen. CE ,Honolulu
Museum of Art is an art
museum in Honolulu,
Hawai, USA
Neminath, 7th Cen. CE,
Metropolitan Museum of Art,
New York

14. The Chausa hoard, thus named after the place of discovery: Chausa is located in
the Buxar district of Bihar state, India. The first known bronze hoard
discovered in the Gangetic valley and consists of a set of 18 Jain bronzes
dated them between the Shunga and the Gupta period, (from 2nd BCE to
the 6th Century CE).
Rishabhadeva, Bronze
from Chausa, Bihar,
dating from 7th
century A.D.

15. Jaina pillar, Kahaum, Deoria, UP- Skandagupta 460 CE
At the top:
Adinath, Shantinath,
Neminath and
Mahavira
At the bottom:
Parsvanath

16. Shantinatha Basti, Halebid, Karnataka

17. Rishabhadeva, Gupta Pd., MathuraNeminath Flanked by Lord Krishna and Balaram, Gupta Pd., Mathura

19. Swetambhara
Tirthankara
Risabhanatha

20. 1. Rishabhanatha/ Ādinātha 6th and 9th cen. CE

22. 2. Ajitnatha,
11th cen. CE

23. 3. Sambhavanatha, Gwalior Fort Museum

25. 4. Abhinandan-Nath

26. 5. Sumatinatha

27. 6. Padmaprabha

28. 7. Suparśvanātha
Suparsvanatha' from Karnataka, c.
900, schist, Norton Simon Museum
Suparsvanatha is 5
hooded snake
canopy..and very
rarely found,
However
Parsvanatha with 7
and 9 hooded snake
canopy..and
popularly found

29. 8. Chandraprabha

30. 9. Puṣpadanta

31. 10. Shitalanatha

32. 11.Shreyansanath

33. 12. Vasupujya Swami

34. 13. Vimalanatha

35. 14. Anantanatha

36. 15. Dharmanatha

37. 16.Shantinatha

38. 17. Kunthunath

39. 18. Aranath

40. 19. Mallinath

41. 20. Munisuvrata

43. 21. Naminath
16 meters high Neminatha statue at Tirumalai,
the tallest Jain image in Tamil Nadu.
Tirumalai, near Polur, Tamil Nadu, India

45. 22. Neminath

47. Neminath (Shwetamber)

48. 23. Parshvanath
600-700 CE
200 CE
500 CE

49. 600 CE

50. 24. Mahavira (Vardhamana)

51. Mahavira (Vardhamana)

52. Bahubali
The son of Rishabhnath
The 57 ft high Gommateshwara at Shravanbelagola,
Karnataka, was built in 981 CE
Ādi purāṇa, a 9th-
century Sanskrit poem, deals
with the ten lives of the
first tirthankara, Rishabhanatha
and his two sons Bharata and
Bahubali. It was composed
by Jinasena, a Digambara monk.

53. 600 CE6-700 CE

54. Naigamesha
According to the Kalpa Sutra,
Naigamesha, on the orders of the
king of the gods Indra, transferred
the embryo of
the Tirthankar Mahavira from the
womb of the Brahmin (priest class)
woman Devananda to
the Kshatriya (ruling caste) Trishala,
who finally delivers Mahavira.
Hiranegameshi
Mathura Museum,
2nd century BCE

55. Jeewantswami
Image of Mahavir in swetambara context

56. Ambika

57. Saraswati,KushanaPd.,MedievalPd.

60. Mallinātha
Śvetāmbara
Lucknow Museum
8th -9th century
Triṣaṣṭiśalākāpuruṣacarita, vol. VI: 6; Uttarapurāṇa Parva 66; Nāyādhammakahāo 8
Front ---- Back

61. Acknowledgment: Dr. SHUBHA MAJUMDER, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi
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