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Lingaraja Temple and its Subshrines in Bhubaneswar
- 5. The Bada
- 8. The Gandi
- 9. The Mastaka
- 10. Imagining a Saptha Ratha Deula
- 11. Imagining a Pancha Ratha Deula
- 12. Types of Ratha Deulas
- 14. The Pidha Deula
- 20. BW Picture
- 22. Vahana Sthambha • Monolithic free standing pillar 6.09 mts high • CouchantVrsabha and kneeling Garuda • Artistically no match for the aruna-sthamba of Konark • Erected at a much later date during a period of artistic decline.
- 23. Bhoga Mandapa • It is constructed on a pitha (peetam). The pitha itself has 5 divisions with humans and mithunas. • Bhoga Mandapa rises on the pitha with the usual elements. Lower Jhanga has dikpalas and other gods in Khakhara mundis. It also has Alasa Kanyas and Naga-Nagini Sthambas alternatively. You can also see mithuna figures (Upper Jhanga). Varanda has animal carvings and hunting scenes with bhara rakshasas. • Roof has two potalas each with 4 and 3 pidhas.
- 25. Nata-Mandira • A much later construction to support the devadasis • Bada has the usual 5 parts. Alasa-Kanyas decorate the sides. • Dwarapalakas are present inside the khakhara’s • Central door of the north has standingVishnu and Siva. • Four tiered pidhas in the roof – no crowning elements.
- 26. Jagamohana Height 28.96 m Bada: Lower Jhangha carries bho motif on the central facet. Niches have various figures and divinities. Dikpalas are not there like the Deula. Recess between the niches contain rampantVidalas. Upper Jhanga has Pidha mouldings with 3 pidhas crowned by an amala. 2 balustraded windows. North window can be seen. South is destroyed to make an opening. Ganas and marriage of parvathi is depicted Gandi:Two tiered gandi – Six panels in south side representing Ramanyana and Mahabharatha
- 28. Deula (Bada) Pabhaga: 5 Mouldings: Khura, Khumha, Patta, Kani and Basantha Female figures, Champaka leaf design, Scroll work, plain and foliated leaf. Vertical bands join them with female figures or mithunas couples. Lower Jhanga: Khakhara design with Chaithya widow. Ashtadikpalas. Sarawathi or Ganesha in Lintel Bandana: Mithuna or chaithya windows Upper Jhanga: Pida design with Siva, Ardhanari, Parvati, Ganesha, etc Varanda: Ten mouldings with ornamental scroll work and leaf patterns Raha: Ganesha (South), Karthikeya (West ), Parvati (North)
- 29. Deula (Gandi) Curvilinear Gandi Pancharatha Plan 10 bhumis with amalakas 4 diminishing rekha shikaras Above the varandha is the Bho orVajra Mastaka Bho has Ganesha, Karthikeya and Parvati in the center Bho doesn’t have Kirtimukha, but has a lotus on top Eastern side has a large Angashikara below the Bho
- 30. Deula (Mastka) Let’s leave it in choice. We can’t see it any way.
- 36. Introducing Lord Lingaraja Sanatana Linga (or) the Linga Eternal The Lord of theTwelve Jyotirlingas Embodiment of One Crore Lingas (Sadasiva) Tribuvaneswara (or) Bhuvanesa
- 37. Legend or Puranas • Demons Kirtti andVasa • Born to demon King Drimila • No male can kill them • Kirtti andVasa kill their brothers and gets banished from Kingdom • They come to Ekambra Kshetra and fall in love with Gopalini (Parvati) • Parvati crushes them and kills them Ekamra Purana – Ekamra Chandrika – Svarnadri Mahodaya (all later than 10th century ce)
- 38. Ekamra Ksetra (Bhubhaneswar) Legends trace the sanctity of the place when there was a single mango tree with a Sivalinga below it. A religious center developed around it. With the construction of Lingaraja in 11th century ce, Ekamra Ksetra rose to splendour and was a major center for Saivism.
- 40. Asoka Period (3rd century BC) • Asoka conquered Kalinga in 261 BC (13th Rock Edict) • Tosali was the capital (Dhauli or Sisupalgarh) • Excavations at Sisupalgarh shows excellent layout, watch towers, gateways, roman pottery and kushana gold coins
- 42. Kharavela Period (1st century ce) Kalinganagara was the capital of Kharavela The Chedi dynasty king from Maghameghavahana family ruled Kalinga after the Mauryas. Kharavela defeatedAnga and Magadha kings, came to the south and went west as well.
- 43. Gupta Period Earliest epigraphical evidence for Ekamra is found in Gupta year 280 (600 AD) in an inscription belonging toVigraha dynasty mentioning one Maninagesvara bhattaraka of Ekambaka, suggesting that Ekamra is the ancient name of Bhubhaneswar.
- 44. Somavamsis Period (9th century ce) According to Madala Panji, the Lingaraja temple was built by Lalatendu Kesari or Lalata Kesari. Somavamsis rule Orissa with Suvarnapura (Sonepur) as their capital from 880 AD onwards. The temple bears many inscriptions of Eastern Ganga king Anantavarman Codagangadeva (1078- 1147 AD)
- 45. Back then…. Originally, it was a Siva temple (Krittivasa). Saivite Dwarapalakas and host of images likeArdhanari, Ganesha, Parvati, etc. Later it was transformed into Hari-HaraTemple Vrasabha was moved to the Northern side Vahana Stambha has Garuda and Nandi Temple emblem is Chakra and Pinaka
- 46. Sakta Pitha Bhuvaneswar was also a notable Sakta Pitha. Several tantrik texts like BrhannilaTantra, Tantrasara mention that Ekambra was a leading Sakta Pitha. The godesss is called Kirtimati or Bhagavaha in the above mentioned texts.
- 47. Visiting Lingaraja Bath in Bindusara Visit Ananta Basudeva Go to Devi Padahara Then toTirtesvara Enter through Simhadwara Ganesha – Gopalini – Kumara –Vrishabha – Ganachanda – Kalpataru – Savitri and Tribhuvaneswara
- 48. Subshrines
- 49. Temple Complex • Contains close to 50 shrines (mini temples). Some of it are in ruins and some in excellent condition. • 7 Mandapas (Somabara, Kalpataru, etc!) • 3Wells (CookingWell,ThrowingWell, Empty) Almost impossible to see everything in one visit.
- 50. List of Subshrines Ganesha Varahi Siva-Kali Gopalini (Bhuvanesvari) Dakshina-Kali Lakulisa Sasthi Karthikeya Minor Karthikeya Kapilesvara Malayagiri (2) Savitri KasiVisvanatha Ekambareswara Citresvara Baidyanatha ParvatiTemple Bhairaveswara Gupteswara Ramalingesvara Candesvara Mangala Many Ruined Laksmi Nrisimha Visvakarama Gauri Sankara Vrsabha Temples with Anantesvara Lavanesvara Satyanarayana Isanesvara Sivalingas inside Mahishasura- mardini Ladukesvara Tarakesvara Saksi-Sankara Ekadashi Mahadeva Rama-Sita Ugresvara Pasana-Durga
- 51. A Map
- 53. Ganesha • North facing deula and jagamohana • Saptha Ratha temple • Images of Ganesha niches as parva-devatas • Only a standing Ganesha in the west niche is surviving today. • Navagrahas on the lintel (kethu with upraised hands) • Seated Ganesha with two hands presides here • Vahanasthambha has a Rat. • Jagamohana has carvings of AnantasayiVishnu, Parvathi Parinaya (Wedding), procession of infantry and elephants near the ceiling
- 55. Lakulisa • Very small Pidha temple • Seated Lakulisa • Dharma-chakra-pravardhana-mudra • Lakuta is in the left hand • Two devotees on either side
- 56. MalayagiriTemples HariTemple Pancha Ratha South Niche :Varahi West Niche : Narasimha Empty Sanctum HaraTemple Pancha Ratha North Niche: Seated Parvathi Ardhanari in Bhoga Mandapa belongs to this
- 59. MalyagiriTemples
- 60. Ekambareswara Linga under a mango tree -- presented as an excellent jyotir linga Pancha ratha temple South Niche: 8 armed dancing Ganesha Note the Angashikaras (Seven of them) Large miniature temple on the front facade
- 61. Ekambareswara
- 62. SavitriTemple • KhakharaTemple • Semi cylindrical roof • Gandi has four chaitya windows on four sides • Seated figure of Savitri in the Sanctum • Three godesses as parsva-devatas on 3 niches.
- 63. Lavanesvara and Ladukesvara Lavanesvara Four armed standing Ganesha in the south Ladukesvara Linga is in the shape of a laddu
- 64. ParvathiTemple • A magnificent temple • Deula, Jagamohana, Natamandira, Bhoga • God: Uma Devi or Bhaghavati • Two armed, lotus in right hand and pot of gems in left hand, sitting in lalitasana, wears a bejeweled kirita-makuta. Lion is on the right side. • Iconography corresponds to Saubhagya Bhubaneswari (HK Shastri) (Contd.)
- 65. ParvathiTemple (Contd.) • Pancha RathaTemple • Northern niche: Four armed Parvati withTrisula and Water Jar (2 arms broken) • Souther Niche: Samabhanga Parvati holding aTrisula • Raha has an elobarate Bho • Interiors plain – Navagrahas on lintel • Jagamohana had dikpalas in niches, but only Isana is there now • Bhoga-Mandapa has a Karthikeya and female deity
- 68. Gopalini (Bhuvaneswari) • Gopalini or Bhuvaneswari • Khakhara Deula and Pidha Jagamohana • Oblong deula with semi cylindrical roof • Front Raha has three miniature Rekha temples. • Standing figures of Parvati on niches
- 70. Many Ruins
- 71. Sculptures and Images Elegantly carved from top to bottom Scuptures are found in exterior wall only Interiors are plain except for dwarasakhas, navagrahas architrave and pillars Ceiling is NOT carved Chlorite stone is used for carving parsva devatas Sculptures are similar to Brahmeswara
- 77. ThankYou