2.3 Understanding thermal energy
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The document discusses different methods of heat transfer: 1. Conduction involves the transfer of thermal energy between objects in direct contact, such as a metal spoon heating up from a warm saucepan. 2. Convection involves the transfer of heat by fluid motion, such as a pan of soup heating up evenly as the hot liquid rises and cooler liquid sinks. 3. Radiation transfers heat through electromagnetic waves, such as infrared radiation, and does not require direct contact or a medium, allowing one object to heat another from a distance.
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This document summarizes the three main methods of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation.
1. Conduction involves the transfer of heat between particles in direct contact, such as through solids. Good conductors like copper transfer heat faster than poor conductors like wood.
2. Convection involves the transfer of heat by the circulation of fluids (liquids or gases). Hot fluids expand and rise, while cold fluids sink, creating convection currents.
3. Radiation transfers heat through electromagnetic waves and does not require a medium, allowing heat to travel through a vacuum. All objects radiate, absorb, and reflect heat according to their temperature and surface properties.
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2. Thermal convection, which is the movement of heat by the circulation of fluids like liquids and gases caused by differences in density due to temperature variations.
3. Radiation, which is the transmission of heat energy through electromagnetic waves that can travel through a vacuum.
Convection Lab PPT
1. The document explains convection and how it causes air movement. Convection is the movement of heat through air or water.
2. An experiment is described to show how convection moves air. Warm air from a candle rises and exits through the top hole, while cooler air enters through the bottom hole near an ice pack.
3. The discussion questions ask how convection causes evening breezes and cloud formation. Warm air rises and cooler air sinks, setting up convection currents that move air and can lead to cloud formation.
Effects of heat by harshit dhundale
Heat is a form of energy that is measured in joules and can be transferred between objects through conduction, convection or radiation. Conduction involves the transfer of heat through direct contact of particles. Convection is the transfer of heat by the movement of fluids like gases and liquids. Radiation involves the emission and absorption of electromagnetic waves and can transfer heat across empty space. Materials that easily transfer heat through conduction are called conductors, while poor conductors that inhibit the transfer of heat are called insulators.
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7La/1
The document summarizes key facts about the Earth:
1) The planet we live on is called Earth. It gets its heat and light from the Sun. The Moon is Earth's natural satellite and orbits Earth once every 28 days.
2) A diagram labels that one side of Earth experiences nighttime while the other experiences daytime due to its rotation on its axis.
3) Additional facts provided are that Earth's year has 365 days, a leap year occurs every 4 years, Earth orbits the Sun in 365.25 days, and Earth completes one spin every 24 hours.
7 l1 the earth in space
A day is the time it takes for the Earth to spin on its axis. A month is the time it takes for the Moon to orbit the Earth. A year is the time it takes for the Earth to orbit once around the Sun. The document contains information about the definitions of a day, month, and year according to the movement and positions of the Earth, Moon, and Sun in space. It also lists learning objectives about describing and explaining the motions that cause days, months, years, and seasons.
7 l target sheet
This document outlines learning objectives related to understanding the motion of objects in space, including: how the Earth revolves around the sun and rotates on its axis, causing day/night and seasons; how the tilt of the Earth's axis causes seasons; why we see phases of the Moon and solar/lunar eclipses occur; how to distinguish between stars and planets based on their motion; and how our understanding of the universe has developed over time through scientific observation.
Making a loudspeaker
Sounds are produced by vibrations that travel through a medium such as air. The document discusses how to construct and test a loudspeaker. It instructs the reader to plug in the speaker, turn on the voltage, switch it on at the mains, and listen as they move their ear closer to identify how the sound changes and what causes this. The learning objectives are to describe how sounds are produced, construct a loudspeaker, and explain how a loudspeaker works.
Sound homework
Pupils conducted a sound experiment in a playground to investigate how walls cast sound shadows. They took sound level measurements at various points around the playground using a sound meter after making a standard sound. The measurements showed lower sound levels in positions located behind walls and structures relative to the sound source, demonstrating the shadowing effect of walls on sound propagation.
May the forces be with you
This document discusses forces, mass, and acceleration. It provides examples of calculating acceleration using the equation F=ma. It includes sample problems such as determining the force needed to accelerate a space shuttle or the acceleration of a cyclist pedaling with a given force. Practice problems are provided for students to calculate acceleration, force, or mass given two of the three variables.
Forces making a force meter
A force meter measures force in Newtons. It works by using a rubber band of known length that stretches when a force is applied. The amount the rubber band stretches corresponds to the amount of force applied, allowing the force to be measured in Newtons on a scale.
6.3 food glorious food
Food contains chemical energy that originally comes from the Sun. The amount of energy a person needs each day can vary depending on factors like their body size, age, gender, activity levels, and environmental conditions like temperature. While two people may consume the same amount of energy, one may still gain weight due to differences in their metabolism or physical activity levels.
Assignment 6.1
This document contains instructions and questions for Assignment 6.1. Students are instructed to show all working and include relevant units. The questions involve calculating quantities using given values and units, including multiplying and dividing measurements in m, m3, ml, and kg/m3. Conversions between standard and scientific notation are also required.
Assignment 6.2
This document contains a possible table of results that shows temperature readings in degrees Celsius taken at 11:00, 12:00, 13:00 and 14:00 hours each day from Monday to Friday. The temperatures generally increase throughout the day, with the highest readings occurring between 13:00 and 14:00 hours each afternoon.
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The document discusses the refraction of light and how it causes optical illusions. It explains that when light travels from one material to another of different density, it changes direction. Specifically, light bends toward the normal when moving to a denser material, and away from the normal when moving to a less dense material. The document provides instructions for an experiment to observe and measure the refraction of light through a glass block at different angles of incidence.
6.4 bending light
Light changes direction when moving between different materials due to refraction. An experiment is described where a glass block is used to refract light rays entering at various angles, and the angles are measured and graphed. The graph shows the relationship between the incident and refracted angles, with the refracted angle increasing as the incident angle increases. This property of refraction is important for applications like lenses and understanding optical illusions.
Assignment 6.1 answers
This document contains 6 math questions requiring calculations with units. Question 1 involves multiplying two lengths. Question 2 gives a length. Question 3 involves (a) multiplying three lengths and (b) multiplying the results of part a. Question 4 involves (a) converting ml to m3 and (b) writing the answer in scientific notation. Question 5 involves (a) calculating length and volume and (b) calculating density. Question 6 involves calculating volume and density. Full working and units are required for all answers.
6.4 bending light
1. Light changes direction when moving between different materials due to refraction. Scientists studying refracting telescopes need accurate information on how light refracts when moving between air and glass.
2. An experiment is described where light passes through a semicircular glass block and the angle of refraction is measured for different angles of incidence.
3. The results are plotted on a graph showing the relationship between incident and refracted angles, helping to understand how optics can correct vision problems.
5.8 current and pd in a circuit
The document discusses a circuit with two components in series, a resistor and a buzzer, that have different resistances. It asks what the potential difference (p.d.) is across each component and what this reveals about their relative resistances. It then provides learning objectives and example calculations for current, potential difference, and resistance in series circuits.
Speed and velocity
The document discusses key concepts related to speed, velocity, distance, and time. It provides definitions of speed, distance, displacement, velocity, and average and instantaneous speed. Examples are given to illustrate the difference between distance and displacement. Graphs showing variations in distance and velocity over time are presented, and the relationships between distance, time, speed, velocity, and their equations are summarized in a table.
Document in windows internet explorer
The document describes an experiment to determine the laws of reflection. [1] Students are instructed to use a mirror, light source, and protractor to measure the angle of incidence and reflection of light rays. [2] They will shine light at a mirror from various angles and measure the corresponding reflected angles to see if the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence. [3] By plotting their results on a graph, students can evaluate whether the evidence supports the statement that the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence.
6.2 energy everywhere
This document discusses different types of energy, including potential energy which is stored or hidden energy that has the ability to do work, and kinetic energy which is energy of motion. It lists learning objectives about forms of energy and energy transfers. The rest of the document appears to contain questions at different levels about energy, asking about heat energy, potential vs kinetic energy, energy transfers, examples of potential energy storage, and drawing energy transfer diagrams.
Mark scheme
This document is a coursework assessment form for a GCE Advanced Subsidiary physics course. It provides criteria for evaluating student coursework in 5 areas: [1] the quality and independence of the student's research briefing, [2] the use and understanding of physics demonstrated, and [3] the selection, summarizing, explanation, and [4] understanding/critical thinking shown in the student's work. Scores from 1-5 are given for each criterion, with 5 being the highest score. The form also includes the student's name and ID number for record keeping purposes.
Booklet
1. The document provides guidance for students on completing a research briefing on a topic of their choosing in physics.
2. Students are instructed to independently research their topic from a variety of sources, consider the social or historical context of the physics, and communicate their findings in a 2000 word written report.
3. The document offers advice on choosing a suitable narrow but exploratory topic, conducting independent research, citing sources, and knowing when to stop research and begin writing their report.
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Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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2.3 Understanding thermal energy
- 1. 10 October 2010 2.3 Understanding thermal energy Order these objects in the lab from coldest to warmest. Go touch them to help you decide. Wooden desk Metal tap Plastic whiteboard Tiled floor Concrete wall
- 2. Metal container Which ice cube melts quicker? Cardboard
- 3. Conduction
- 5. Conduction Atoms vibrate, the higher the temperature the greater the temperature. Metals are the best conductors as they have lots of free electrons.
- 6. Activity A Imagine heating up some baked beans in a metal saucepan. You stir the beans with a metal spoon. Using the idea of conduction, explain why the spoon gets hot.
- 7. Convection
- 9. Convection The atoms in fluids are free to move. When they do so they transfer heat – this is called convection
- 10. Activity B Now imagine heating up some soup. Even if you don’t stir it, the whole pan of soup eventually heats up. Use the principle of convection to explain why.
- 11. Radiation
- 13. Radiation Heat is transferred through infra-red radiation. It doesn’t involve anything. It is mostly absorbed by dark, dull objects and reflected by bright, shiny objects.
- 14. Assessment activity 2.3 Explain why the whole pan of soup gets hot, even if you don’t stir it. P1 Work in groups of 2 or 3. Produce a leaflet showing different ways we use heat transfer in the home and the work place REMEMBER: solids transfer heat energy by conduction and fluids by convection. Radiation is light and doesn’t need a medium to transfer through