Haemophilus influenzae is a gram-negative bacterium that is a major human pathogen. Type b strains cause serious invasive diseases like meningitis in children under 5 years old. H. influenzae requires heme and NAD factors to grow in the laboratory and is susceptible to several antibiotics like ceftriaxone. A vaccine containing the H. influenzae type b capsule prevents disease.
Haemophilus is the name of a group of bacteria. There are several types of Haemophilus. They can cause different types of illnesses involving breathing, bones and joints, and the nervous system. One common type, Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b), causes serious disease. It usually strikes children under 5 years old
Haemophilus is the name of a group of bacteria. There are several types of Haemophilus. They can cause different types of illnesses involving breathing, bones and joints, and the nervous system. One common type, Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b), causes serious disease. It usually strikes children under 5 years old
Pneumococci is a gram positive bacteria causing pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. prevented by vaccination and treated with penicilins and cephalosporins.
I am Tariq Bin Aziz, From Southeast University, Bangladesh. I made this presentation on E.coli. I think you will be benefited by my presentation. Thanks All.
haemophilus -- Bactriology
هذا العرض يتحدث عن احد اخطر انواع البكتريا وهي التي تتغذا على مكونات الدم بالتحديد
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QCMj9d5QBpU&t=22s
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fM_vLqzxLZg&t=4s
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ymegUm0UB7c&t=206s
Pneumococci is a gram positive bacteria causing pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. prevented by vaccination and treated with penicilins and cephalosporins.
I am Tariq Bin Aziz, From Southeast University, Bangladesh. I made this presentation on E.coli. I think you will be benefited by my presentation. Thanks All.
haemophilus -- Bactriology
هذا العرض يتحدث عن احد اخطر انواع البكتريا وهي التي تتغذا على مكونات الدم بالتحديد
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https://t.me/GoldenAlzaidy
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youtube روابط لشرح الموضوع على ال
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QCMj9d5QBpU&t=22s
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fM_vLqzxLZg&t=4s
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ymegUm0UB7c&t=206s
Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs. The air sacs in the lungs (called alveoli) fill up with pus and other fluid, which makes it hard for oxygen to reach the bloodstream.
Someone with pneumonia may have a fever, cough, or trouble breathing.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
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2. • Haemophilus influenzae is a major human
pathogen.
• Haemophilus ducreyi, a sexually transmitted
pathogen, causes chancroid.
• Six other Haemophilus species are among the
normal microbiota of mucous membranes and
only occasionally cause human disease.
HAEMOPHILUS
Haemophilus influenzae
H influenzae is an important cause of upper
respiratory tract infections (otitis media,
sinusitis, conjunctivitis, and epiglottitis) and
sepsis in children.
It also causes pneumonia in adults, particularly
in those with chronic obstructive lung disease.
3. Important Properties
H. influenzae is a small gram-negative
rod (coccobacillus)
with a polysaccharide capsule.
It is one of the three important
encapsulated pyogens, along with the
pneumococcus and the meningococcus.
Serologic typing is based on the
antigenicity of the capsular
polysaccharide.
Of the six serotypes, type b causes
most of the severe, invasive diseases,
such as meningitis and sepsis.
H. influenzae
4.
5. The type b capsule is composed of polyribitol ribose phosphate.
Unencapsulated strains can also cause disease, especially diseases of
the upper respiratory tract such as sinusitis and otitis media, but
are usually noninvasive.
Growth of the organism on laboratory media requires the addition of
two components, heme (factor X) and NAD nicotinamide-adenine-
dinucleotide (factor V), for adequate energy production.
H. influenzae
6. Pathogenesis
H. influenzae infects only humans; there is no animal reservoir.
The polyribitol ribose phosphate (PRP) capsule of type b
H influenzae is the major virulence factor.
It enters the body by the inhalation of airborne droplets into the
respiratory tract, resulting in either asymptomatic colonization or
infections such as otitis media, sinusitis, or pneumonia.
The organism produces an IgA protease that degrades secretory
IgA, thus facilitating attachment to the respiratory mucosa.
After becoming established in the upper respiratory tract, the
organism can enter the bloodstream (bacteremia) and spread to
the meninges.
H. influenzae
7. Most H influenzae organisms in the normal microbiota of the upper
respiratory tract are not encapsulated and are referred to as
nontypeable (NTHi).
H. influenzae
Most infections occur in children between the ages of 6 months
and 6 years, with a peak in the age group from 6 months to 1 year.
This age distribution is attributed to a decline in maternal IgG in
the child with the inability of the child to generate sufficient
antibody against the polysaccharide capsular antigen until the age
of approximately 2 years.
8. Clinical Findings
Meningitis the bacilli reach the meninges from the nasopharynx,
apparently through the blood stream. The disease is more common
in children between two ‘months and three years of age.
Meningitis caused by H. influenzae cannot be distinguished on
clinical grounds from that caused by other bacterial pathogens
(e.g., pneumococci or meningococci).
The rapid onset of fever, headache, and stiff neck, along with
drowsiness, is typical.
Sinusitis and otitis media cause pain in the affected area, and
redness with bulging of the tympanic membrane.
Other serious infections caused by this organism include:
septic arthritis, cellulitis, and sepsis, the latter occurring
especially in splenectomized patients.
H. influenzae
9. Epiglottitis, which can obstruct the airway, occurs.
A swollen “cherry-red” epiglottis is seen.
This life-threatening disease of young children is caused almost
exclusively by H. influenzae.
Pneumonia in elderly adults,
especially those with chronic
respiratory disease, can be caused
by untypeable strains of
H. influenzae.
H. influenzae
10. Laboratory Diagnosis
1. Culture
Laboratory diagnosis depends on isolation of the organism on
chocolate agar enriched with two growth factors required for
bacterial respiration, namely, factor X (a heme compound) and
factor V (NAD nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide).
The blood used in chocolate agar is heated to inactivate nonspecific
inhibitors of H. influenzae growth.
H. influenzae
11. An organism that grows only in the presence of both growth
factors is identified as H. influenzae; other species of
Haemophilus, such as Haemophilus parainfluenzae, do not require
both factors.
2. Immunofluorescence and capsular swelling (quellung) reaction.
3. Antigen Detection
a. Latex agglutination: which detect capsular polysuccharid
b. Coagglutination (COA): S. aureus is coated with antibody to type
b antigen and mixed with specimen. Agglutination occurs if positive.
c. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE)
H. influenzae
13. H. influenzae is susceptible to sulphonamides, trimethoprim,
chloramphenicol, tetracycline, coamoxiclav, ciprofloxacin,
cefuroxime, cefotaxime and ceftazidime.
The treatment of choice for meningitis or other serious systemic
infections caused by H. influenzae is ceftriaxone.
From 20% to 30% of H. influenzae type b isolates produce
a β-lactamase that degrades penicillinase-sensitive β-lactams such
as ampicillin but not ceftriaxone.
Untreated H. influenzae meningitis has a fatality rate of
approximately 90%.
H. influenzae upper respiratory tract infections, such as otitis
media and sinusitis, are treated with amoxicillin-clavulanate.
H. influenzae
Treatment
14. Prevention
The vaccine contains the capsular polysaccharide of H. influenzae
type b conjugated to diphtheria toxoid or other carrier protein.
Meningitis in close contacts of the patient can be prevented by
rifampin.
Rifampin is used because it is secreted in the saliva to a greater
extent than ampicillin. Rifampin decreases respiratory carriage of
the organism, thereby reducing transmission.
H. influenzae