X-ray powder diffraction is a technique used to identify unknown crystalline materials by analyzing the scattering pattern produced when a beam of X-rays interacts with a powdered sample. It can provide information on a material's unit cell dimensions and phase identification. A powder diffractometer directs a monochromatic X-ray beam at a sample and measures the intensities of the diffracted beams. Common types include Bragg-Brentano and powder camera diffractometers. X-ray powder diffraction is a powerful and rapid technique for mineral identification and characterization of crystalline materials.
The term plasma antenna has been applied to a wide variety of antenna concepts that incorporate some use of an ionized medium. In the vast majority of approaches, the plasma, or ionized volume, simply replaces a solid conductor. A highly ionized plasma is essentially a good conductor, and therefore plasma filaments can serve as transmission line elements for guiding waves, or antenna surfaces for radiation.
The subject of work is to make the soil cement brick with flyash. In this brick, soil cement and flyash will be used. These brick will be economical and consume less thermal energy during production
Raman spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique used to observe vibrational, rotational, and other low-frequency modes in a system. It relies on inelastic scattering, or Raman scattering, of monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range. The laser light interacts with molecular vibrations, phonons or other excitations in the system, resulting in the energy of the laser photons being shifted up or down. The shift in energy gives information about the vibrational modes in the system. Raman spectroscopy provides a fingerprint by which molecules can be identified. It provides information about chemical structure, crystallinity, and molecular interactions.
Simulation of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum for Wireless Communication Syst...ijtsrd
In this work, a simulation model for Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) scheme for wireless communication systems has been proposed. Unlike the case of a single frequency carrier, the modulated signal in DSSS occupies a much wider bandwidth in order to reduce the possible interferences with narrow band communication signals. In telecommunications, DSSS is a spread spectrum modulation technique used to reduce overall signal interference. The spreading of this signal makes the resulting wideband channel more noisy, allowing for greater resistance to unintentional and intentional interference. Y.V.S Durga Prasad | K. Venkateswarlu"Simulation of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum for Wireless Communication Systems using Simulink" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14118.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/14118/simulation-of-direct-sequence-spread-spectrum-for-wireless-communication-systems-using-simulink/yvs-durga-prasad
The Rydberg-Ritz combination principle states that the wavenumber of the unknown spectral lines of any chemical element can be obtained by adding or subtracting the wavenumbers of the nearby spectral lines of the same substance.
Unlike the Balmer equation and the Rydberg equation, one of the vital significance of the Rydberg-Ritz combination principle is that lacking any physical or universal constants. Ritz calculated the spectral energies or frequencies of the unknown spectral lines of the atoms with simple mathematical operations like addition and subtraction.
For more information on this concept, kindly visit our blog article at;
https://jayamchemistrylearners.blogspot.com/2022/05/rydberg-ritz-combination-principle.html
1) Maxwell showed that a changing electric field generates a magnetic field, not just electric currents. This led to the concept of displacement current.
2) Maxwell formulated his equations which showed that changing electric and magnetic fields propagate as electromagnetic waves.
3) The speed of electromagnetic waves predicted by Maxwell's equations matched the measured speed of light, showing that light is an electromagnetic wave. This unified electricity, magnetism, and light.
X-ray powder diffraction is a technique used to identify unknown crystalline materials by analyzing the scattering pattern produced when a beam of X-rays interacts with a powdered sample. It can provide information on a material's unit cell dimensions and phase identification. A powder diffractometer directs a monochromatic X-ray beam at a sample and measures the intensities of the diffracted beams. Common types include Bragg-Brentano and powder camera diffractometers. X-ray powder diffraction is a powerful and rapid technique for mineral identification and characterization of crystalline materials.
The term plasma antenna has been applied to a wide variety of antenna concepts that incorporate some use of an ionized medium. In the vast majority of approaches, the plasma, or ionized volume, simply replaces a solid conductor. A highly ionized plasma is essentially a good conductor, and therefore plasma filaments can serve as transmission line elements for guiding waves, or antenna surfaces for radiation.
The subject of work is to make the soil cement brick with flyash. In this brick, soil cement and flyash will be used. These brick will be economical and consume less thermal energy during production
Raman spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique used to observe vibrational, rotational, and other low-frequency modes in a system. It relies on inelastic scattering, or Raman scattering, of monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range. The laser light interacts with molecular vibrations, phonons or other excitations in the system, resulting in the energy of the laser photons being shifted up or down. The shift in energy gives information about the vibrational modes in the system. Raman spectroscopy provides a fingerprint by which molecules can be identified. It provides information about chemical structure, crystallinity, and molecular interactions.
Simulation of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum for Wireless Communication Syst...ijtsrd
In this work, a simulation model for Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) scheme for wireless communication systems has been proposed. Unlike the case of a single frequency carrier, the modulated signal in DSSS occupies a much wider bandwidth in order to reduce the possible interferences with narrow band communication signals. In telecommunications, DSSS is a spread spectrum modulation technique used to reduce overall signal interference. The spreading of this signal makes the resulting wideband channel more noisy, allowing for greater resistance to unintentional and intentional interference. Y.V.S Durga Prasad | K. Venkateswarlu"Simulation of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum for Wireless Communication Systems using Simulink" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14118.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/14118/simulation-of-direct-sequence-spread-spectrum-for-wireless-communication-systems-using-simulink/yvs-durga-prasad
The Rydberg-Ritz combination principle states that the wavenumber of the unknown spectral lines of any chemical element can be obtained by adding or subtracting the wavenumbers of the nearby spectral lines of the same substance.
Unlike the Balmer equation and the Rydberg equation, one of the vital significance of the Rydberg-Ritz combination principle is that lacking any physical or universal constants. Ritz calculated the spectral energies or frequencies of the unknown spectral lines of the atoms with simple mathematical operations like addition and subtraction.
For more information on this concept, kindly visit our blog article at;
https://jayamchemistrylearners.blogspot.com/2022/05/rydberg-ritz-combination-principle.html
1) Maxwell showed that a changing electric field generates a magnetic field, not just electric currents. This led to the concept of displacement current.
2) Maxwell formulated his equations which showed that changing electric and magnetic fields propagate as electromagnetic waves.
3) The speed of electromagnetic waves predicted by Maxwell's equations matched the measured speed of light, showing that light is an electromagnetic wave. This unified electricity, magnetism, and light.
This Presentation include
-Introduction to Plasma Physics.
-Plasma: Fourth State of Matter.
-Comparison of Plasma and Gas Phase.
-Fusion Energy
-Future of Plasma Physics.
-Applications.
-Btech Science Fair, RKGIT Ghaziabad
This document discusses plasma physics and its applications. It provides an introduction to plasma physics, noting that plasma is the fourth state of matter and is present in stars and fusion reactors. It then covers several topics in more depth, including the occurrence of plasma in the early universe and various locations today. It also discusses several applications of plasma physics, such as magnetohydrodynamic power generation, thermonuclear fusion reactors, and various technologies. The document concludes by mentioning some ways plasma is produced in laboratories and considerations for plasma as a career path in research.
Could you really pop a house-sized batch of popcorn with a laser beam like a fiendish band of tech geeks did in the movie Real Genius? Will we ever have lightsabers like Luke Skywalker? Who will fulfill Dr. Evil’s simple request to have sharks with frickin’ laser beams attached to their heads? Real-life laser weapons are slowly making their way from the laboratory to the battlefield, whether underwater, in space, on the ground, or shooting down missiles from the air. Still, they are far from being agile or easy to handle. A laser weapons engineer sheds light, so to speak, on the sober life of military laser weapons research and why the ultimate laser weapon remains a Hollywood and military fantasy…for now.
This document discusses the history and technology of free space optics (FSO) communication systems. It begins by explaining that FSO systems transmit modulated visible or infrared beams through the atmosphere for optical communication over distances of several kilometers without the need for fiber optic cables. The document then provides a brief history of optical communication technologies leading up to the development of FSO. This includes early experiments using fire and smoke signals, the optical telegraph system developed by Claude Chappe in 1792, and Alexander Graham Bell's photophone experiments in the late 1800s. The document discusses how the invention of the laser in 1960 opened up new possibilities for long-distance atmospheric optical transmission and experiments with early FSO systems in the 1960s-1970s.
This document discusses laser beam characteristics including:
1. Lasers produce monochromatic, coherent beams with high directionality and low divergence.
2. Coherence refers to the correlation between the phases of waves and is measured both temporally and spatially.
3. An example calculates the coherence length and time for a laser beam filtered to have a bandwidth of 10 nm and wavelength of 532 nm.
Raman spectroscopy is a technique that analyzes the scattering of monochromatic light, such as from a laser, after its interaction with molecular vibrations. Most light is elastically scattered, but a small amount is scattered at optical frequencies that are different from the incident light. This provides a fingerprint by which molecules can be identified. Raman spectroscopy is useful for chemical analysis and is non-destructive. It can identify materials through glass or plastic and does not require complex sample preparation.
The optical fibers are the hair thin fibers made of ultra transparent glass or plastic material. The optical fiber flexible and it is used to transmit the light.
The presentation here mainly focused on the brief explanation of principle, theory, characteristics, losses in fibers and applications.
Nuclear Isomerism
A nuclear isomer is a metastable state of an atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its nucleons (protons or neutrons). "
"Metastable" refers to the property of these nuclei whose excited states have half-lives longer than 100 to 1000 times the half-lives of the excited nuclear states that decay with a "prompt" half life (ordinarily on the order of 10−12 seconds). As a result, the term "metastable" is usually restricted to isomers with half-lives of 10−9 seconds or longer.
Augar Effect
The transition of a nucleus from an excited to the ground state may occur by the EJECTION OF ORBITAL ELECTRONS
It is an alternative GAMMA emission
IF the energy TRANSFERRED to the electrons in this process exceeds the electron binding energy EB ,The electron is ejected with a kinetic ENERGY
Ee =E - EBThe transition of a nucleus from an excited to the ground state may occur by the EJECTION OF ORBITAL ELECTRONS
It is an alternative GAMMA emission
IF the energy TRANSFERRED to the electrons in this process exceeds the electron binding energy EB ,The electron is ejected with a kinetic ENERGY
Thankyou....
This document provides an overview of plasma physics and its applications. It introduces plasma as the fourth state of matter and discusses its fundamental properties and types. The document outlines various methods for plasma formation, including passive thermal ionization and active generation using external energy sources. Atmospheric and vacuum plasma generation techniques are examined, along with their applications in science, technology, and industry. The document concludes that plasma physics remains an interesting field with opportunities for new discoveries.
The document discusses plasma antennas, which use ionized gas as the conducting element instead of metal. Plasma antennas have several advantages over traditional metal antennas, such as being lightweight, compact, and able to transmit and receive from the same aperture. They can also be dynamically configured and steered electronically without moving parts. Various types of plasma antennas are described, including those using tube structures and explosively formed plasma. Potential applications include military, communications, and radar systems.
Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) involves analyzing the energy distribution of electrons that have undergone inelastic scattering in a transmission electron microscope. The technique provides information about a sample's composition, bonding properties, and local structure from features in the EELS spectrum including peaks corresponding to ionization edges that identify elements and fine structures related to bonding and coordination. However, EELS has limitations in usable sample thickness, especially for heavier elements where thickness must be less than 20 nm.
Plasma is one of the advanced technology in semi conducting materials. Scientists states that 99% of the universe is covered with plasma. Plasma Antenna is a special type of antenna in which metal conducting elements of conventional antenna are replaced by plasma. Its 4th state of matter similar to gas. It employs ionized gas enclosed in a tube as conducting element of an antenna. When the gas is electrically charged or ionized to plasma, it becomes conductive & allowing radio frequency signals to be transmitted or received. When gas is not ionized, the antenna elements ceases to exit. When voltage is applied to an antenna, electric field is produced which causes current to flow in antenna. Due to current flow, magnetic field is produced. It is more advantageous than other antenna due to ionized gas. It has higher effiency & enhanced bandwidth. The fact that the emitting element is formed over the interval needed for the emission of an electromagnetic pulse is an important advantage of plasma antennas . In the passive state (in the absence of plasma in the discharge tube),such a device does not exhibit electric conductivity. A plasma stream flowing from a jet into the ambient space , the plasma trace of a body moving at an ultrasonic velocity in the atmosphere , and alternative plasma objects have been studied as possible antenna elements.
Metal antennas currently in implementation use metallic conductor as guiding medium for electromagnetic radiations. Plasma antennas uses ionized medium. The plasma antenna is a radiofrequency antenna formed by a plasma columns, filaments or sheets, which are excited by a surface wave. The relevance of this device is how rapidly it can be turned on and off only applying an electrical pulse. Unlike traditional metal antenna, plasma antenna is based on partially or fully ionized gas used as a conducting material
Plasma antennas find its applications in variety of fields due its unique properties, characteristics and advantages over traditional metallic antennas.
i) Faster internet
ii) Public safety networks
iii) Radio and television broadcasting
iv) Space communication
About NMR, Fundamental Principle and Theory, Instrumentation, Solvent, Chemical Shift, Factor Affecting Chemical Shift, Spin-spin Coupling, Application of NMR, Reference, Acknowledgment
The document summarizes a dissertation presentation on studying the mechanical properties of concrete with the addition of crumb rubber and nylon fibers. It includes the introduction, aim, objectives, literature review summary, mix designs tested, and results from compression, flexural, and rapid chloride permeability tests. The main findings are that compressive strength generally decreases with higher crumb rubber content but can be increased by adding nylon fibers, and flexural strength increases with crumb rubber addition up to an optimal amount. There is potential for further research on different size rubber particles and fiber combinations.
Rudolf Mössbauer discovered the Mössbauer effect in 1958 for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1961. Mössbauer spectrometry provides unique measurements of electronic, magnetic, and structural properties within materials based on the quantum mechanical Mössbauer effect. A Mössbauer spectrum shows the intensity of gamma ray absorption versus energy for resonant nuclei like 57Fe or 119Sn, giving quantitative information on hyperfine interactions between the nucleus and its electrons. Mössbauer spectrometry has extremely high resolution and sensitivity due to the narrow natural linewidth of nuclear excited states.
This document outlines the course structure and content for an introduction to laser theory class. The course will include 12 lectures, 4 homework assignments, a midterm exam, final exam, and individual reports. Key topics that will be covered include laser fundamentals, energy levels, rate equations, cavity design, gas lasers, solid state lasers, semiconductor lasers, and other laser types. Lasers can be classified based on their operation mode, population inversion mechanism, or active medium used. The goal is for students to understand the basic scientific principles that enable laser operation.
1. Raman spectroscopy can be used to analyze nanomaterials but has low sensitivity for nanoparticles due to inefficient scattering. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) overcomes this by using rough metal surfaces or nanoparticles to greatly enhance the Raman signal.
2. There are two main enhancement mechanisms in SERS - electromagnetic enhancement from localized surface plasmons and chemical enhancement from charge transfer. Optimizing substrates, laser wavelength, and adsorbate molecules is important for strong SERS signals.
3. Tip enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) uses a metal tip to confine light and further increase the electric field, allowing nanoscale spatial resolution beyond the diffraction limit.
Plasma silicon antennas (PSiAn) are a new type of compact radio antenna that uses plasma generated by an array of PIN diodes on a silicon wafer instead of metal elements. PSiAns allow for operation at much higher frequencies than traditional antennas, between 1-300 GHz. They work by selectively activating diodes to shape the reflecting cloud of electrons and steer radio beams. Potential applications include ultra-fast wireless communication and miniature radar systems.
Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion in power plants. It consists of fine particles that rise with the flue gases and is one of the major air pollutants from combustion. Fly ash composition varies according to the parent coal but generally contains silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, and iron oxide as major constituents. It is classified into Class C and Class F ash based on lime content. Fly ash has various applications including use in cement, soil stabilization, bricks, asphalt concrete, and embankments due to its pozzolanic properties. However, issues include potential groundwater contamination and difficulty using in winter due to slow setting times. Current fly ash utilization in India is around 25% but there is significant potential for
This document provides information and procedures for conducting a Ground Controlled Approach (GCA) at sample airport RKJJ – Gwangju AB. It outlines cockpit setup, communication procedures with approach control and the GCA controller, expected GCA commands, and contingencies for a GCA failure. Pilots are instructed to review approach plates for minimums, missed approach procedures, descent angle, visual aids, and runway information before initial contact with approach control for handoff to the GCA final approach controller.
The document discusses several key basics of marriage:
1) Communication is fundamental, including talking, touching, and listening to each other daily.
2) Roles and responsibilities naturally fall along gender lines, with men as providers/protectors and women nurturing the home, though modern marriages vary.
3) Mutual respect is important, including respecting alone time and not criticizing or attacking one's spouse.
4) Keeping the love alive requires prioritizing each other, surprising each other, and maintaining a happy atmosphere through understanding and humor.
This Presentation include
-Introduction to Plasma Physics.
-Plasma: Fourth State of Matter.
-Comparison of Plasma and Gas Phase.
-Fusion Energy
-Future of Plasma Physics.
-Applications.
-Btech Science Fair, RKGIT Ghaziabad
This document discusses plasma physics and its applications. It provides an introduction to plasma physics, noting that plasma is the fourth state of matter and is present in stars and fusion reactors. It then covers several topics in more depth, including the occurrence of plasma in the early universe and various locations today. It also discusses several applications of plasma physics, such as magnetohydrodynamic power generation, thermonuclear fusion reactors, and various technologies. The document concludes by mentioning some ways plasma is produced in laboratories and considerations for plasma as a career path in research.
Could you really pop a house-sized batch of popcorn with a laser beam like a fiendish band of tech geeks did in the movie Real Genius? Will we ever have lightsabers like Luke Skywalker? Who will fulfill Dr. Evil’s simple request to have sharks with frickin’ laser beams attached to their heads? Real-life laser weapons are slowly making their way from the laboratory to the battlefield, whether underwater, in space, on the ground, or shooting down missiles from the air. Still, they are far from being agile or easy to handle. A laser weapons engineer sheds light, so to speak, on the sober life of military laser weapons research and why the ultimate laser weapon remains a Hollywood and military fantasy…for now.
This document discusses the history and technology of free space optics (FSO) communication systems. It begins by explaining that FSO systems transmit modulated visible or infrared beams through the atmosphere for optical communication over distances of several kilometers without the need for fiber optic cables. The document then provides a brief history of optical communication technologies leading up to the development of FSO. This includes early experiments using fire and smoke signals, the optical telegraph system developed by Claude Chappe in 1792, and Alexander Graham Bell's photophone experiments in the late 1800s. The document discusses how the invention of the laser in 1960 opened up new possibilities for long-distance atmospheric optical transmission and experiments with early FSO systems in the 1960s-1970s.
This document discusses laser beam characteristics including:
1. Lasers produce monochromatic, coherent beams with high directionality and low divergence.
2. Coherence refers to the correlation between the phases of waves and is measured both temporally and spatially.
3. An example calculates the coherence length and time for a laser beam filtered to have a bandwidth of 10 nm and wavelength of 532 nm.
Raman spectroscopy is a technique that analyzes the scattering of monochromatic light, such as from a laser, after its interaction with molecular vibrations. Most light is elastically scattered, but a small amount is scattered at optical frequencies that are different from the incident light. This provides a fingerprint by which molecules can be identified. Raman spectroscopy is useful for chemical analysis and is non-destructive. It can identify materials through glass or plastic and does not require complex sample preparation.
The optical fibers are the hair thin fibers made of ultra transparent glass or plastic material. The optical fiber flexible and it is used to transmit the light.
The presentation here mainly focused on the brief explanation of principle, theory, characteristics, losses in fibers and applications.
Nuclear Isomerism
A nuclear isomer is a metastable state of an atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its nucleons (protons or neutrons). "
"Metastable" refers to the property of these nuclei whose excited states have half-lives longer than 100 to 1000 times the half-lives of the excited nuclear states that decay with a "prompt" half life (ordinarily on the order of 10−12 seconds). As a result, the term "metastable" is usually restricted to isomers with half-lives of 10−9 seconds or longer.
Augar Effect
The transition of a nucleus from an excited to the ground state may occur by the EJECTION OF ORBITAL ELECTRONS
It is an alternative GAMMA emission
IF the energy TRANSFERRED to the electrons in this process exceeds the electron binding energy EB ,The electron is ejected with a kinetic ENERGY
Ee =E - EBThe transition of a nucleus from an excited to the ground state may occur by the EJECTION OF ORBITAL ELECTRONS
It is an alternative GAMMA emission
IF the energy TRANSFERRED to the electrons in this process exceeds the electron binding energy EB ,The electron is ejected with a kinetic ENERGY
Thankyou....
This document provides an overview of plasma physics and its applications. It introduces plasma as the fourth state of matter and discusses its fundamental properties and types. The document outlines various methods for plasma formation, including passive thermal ionization and active generation using external energy sources. Atmospheric and vacuum plasma generation techniques are examined, along with their applications in science, technology, and industry. The document concludes that plasma physics remains an interesting field with opportunities for new discoveries.
The document discusses plasma antennas, which use ionized gas as the conducting element instead of metal. Plasma antennas have several advantages over traditional metal antennas, such as being lightweight, compact, and able to transmit and receive from the same aperture. They can also be dynamically configured and steered electronically without moving parts. Various types of plasma antennas are described, including those using tube structures and explosively formed plasma. Potential applications include military, communications, and radar systems.
Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) involves analyzing the energy distribution of electrons that have undergone inelastic scattering in a transmission electron microscope. The technique provides information about a sample's composition, bonding properties, and local structure from features in the EELS spectrum including peaks corresponding to ionization edges that identify elements and fine structures related to bonding and coordination. However, EELS has limitations in usable sample thickness, especially for heavier elements where thickness must be less than 20 nm.
Plasma is one of the advanced technology in semi conducting materials. Scientists states that 99% of the universe is covered with plasma. Plasma Antenna is a special type of antenna in which metal conducting elements of conventional antenna are replaced by plasma. Its 4th state of matter similar to gas. It employs ionized gas enclosed in a tube as conducting element of an antenna. When the gas is electrically charged or ionized to plasma, it becomes conductive & allowing radio frequency signals to be transmitted or received. When gas is not ionized, the antenna elements ceases to exit. When voltage is applied to an antenna, electric field is produced which causes current to flow in antenna. Due to current flow, magnetic field is produced. It is more advantageous than other antenna due to ionized gas. It has higher effiency & enhanced bandwidth. The fact that the emitting element is formed over the interval needed for the emission of an electromagnetic pulse is an important advantage of plasma antennas . In the passive state (in the absence of plasma in the discharge tube),such a device does not exhibit electric conductivity. A plasma stream flowing from a jet into the ambient space , the plasma trace of a body moving at an ultrasonic velocity in the atmosphere , and alternative plasma objects have been studied as possible antenna elements.
Metal antennas currently in implementation use metallic conductor as guiding medium for electromagnetic radiations. Plasma antennas uses ionized medium. The plasma antenna is a radiofrequency antenna formed by a plasma columns, filaments or sheets, which are excited by a surface wave. The relevance of this device is how rapidly it can be turned on and off only applying an electrical pulse. Unlike traditional metal antenna, plasma antenna is based on partially or fully ionized gas used as a conducting material
Plasma antennas find its applications in variety of fields due its unique properties, characteristics and advantages over traditional metallic antennas.
i) Faster internet
ii) Public safety networks
iii) Radio and television broadcasting
iv) Space communication
About NMR, Fundamental Principle and Theory, Instrumentation, Solvent, Chemical Shift, Factor Affecting Chemical Shift, Spin-spin Coupling, Application of NMR, Reference, Acknowledgment
The document summarizes a dissertation presentation on studying the mechanical properties of concrete with the addition of crumb rubber and nylon fibers. It includes the introduction, aim, objectives, literature review summary, mix designs tested, and results from compression, flexural, and rapid chloride permeability tests. The main findings are that compressive strength generally decreases with higher crumb rubber content but can be increased by adding nylon fibers, and flexural strength increases with crumb rubber addition up to an optimal amount. There is potential for further research on different size rubber particles and fiber combinations.
Rudolf Mössbauer discovered the Mössbauer effect in 1958 for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1961. Mössbauer spectrometry provides unique measurements of electronic, magnetic, and structural properties within materials based on the quantum mechanical Mössbauer effect. A Mössbauer spectrum shows the intensity of gamma ray absorption versus energy for resonant nuclei like 57Fe or 119Sn, giving quantitative information on hyperfine interactions between the nucleus and its electrons. Mössbauer spectrometry has extremely high resolution and sensitivity due to the narrow natural linewidth of nuclear excited states.
This document outlines the course structure and content for an introduction to laser theory class. The course will include 12 lectures, 4 homework assignments, a midterm exam, final exam, and individual reports. Key topics that will be covered include laser fundamentals, energy levels, rate equations, cavity design, gas lasers, solid state lasers, semiconductor lasers, and other laser types. Lasers can be classified based on their operation mode, population inversion mechanism, or active medium used. The goal is for students to understand the basic scientific principles that enable laser operation.
1. Raman spectroscopy can be used to analyze nanomaterials but has low sensitivity for nanoparticles due to inefficient scattering. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) overcomes this by using rough metal surfaces or nanoparticles to greatly enhance the Raman signal.
2. There are two main enhancement mechanisms in SERS - electromagnetic enhancement from localized surface plasmons and chemical enhancement from charge transfer. Optimizing substrates, laser wavelength, and adsorbate molecules is important for strong SERS signals.
3. Tip enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) uses a metal tip to confine light and further increase the electric field, allowing nanoscale spatial resolution beyond the diffraction limit.
Plasma silicon antennas (PSiAn) are a new type of compact radio antenna that uses plasma generated by an array of PIN diodes on a silicon wafer instead of metal elements. PSiAns allow for operation at much higher frequencies than traditional antennas, between 1-300 GHz. They work by selectively activating diodes to shape the reflecting cloud of electrons and steer radio beams. Potential applications include ultra-fast wireless communication and miniature radar systems.
Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion in power plants. It consists of fine particles that rise with the flue gases and is one of the major air pollutants from combustion. Fly ash composition varies according to the parent coal but generally contains silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, and iron oxide as major constituents. It is classified into Class C and Class F ash based on lime content. Fly ash has various applications including use in cement, soil stabilization, bricks, asphalt concrete, and embankments due to its pozzolanic properties. However, issues include potential groundwater contamination and difficulty using in winter due to slow setting times. Current fly ash utilization in India is around 25% but there is significant potential for
This document provides information and procedures for conducting a Ground Controlled Approach (GCA) at sample airport RKJJ – Gwangju AB. It outlines cockpit setup, communication procedures with approach control and the GCA controller, expected GCA commands, and contingencies for a GCA failure. Pilots are instructed to review approach plates for minimums, missed approach procedures, descent angle, visual aids, and runway information before initial contact with approach control for handoff to the GCA final approach controller.
The document discusses several key basics of marriage:
1) Communication is fundamental, including talking, touching, and listening to each other daily.
2) Roles and responsibilities naturally fall along gender lines, with men as providers/protectors and women nurturing the home, though modern marriages vary.
3) Mutual respect is important, including respecting alone time and not criticizing or attacking one's spouse.
4) Keeping the love alive requires prioritizing each other, surprising each other, and maintaining a happy atmosphere through understanding and humor.
Stores have used bar codes to 'check out' items for purchase for years. This presentation focuses on ways to use QR codes in the classroom in innovative ways.
Edureka is a global education provider registered with the Project Management Institute. It offers PMP certification training taught by an instructor with over 23 years of industry experience. The presentation discusses the eligibility criteria for PMP certification, the application and examination process, and common myths about the exam. It emphasizes Edureka's online training program which provides flexible scheduling, lifetime access to recordings, mock exams, and post-course support to help students earn the PMP credential.
Teks tersebut membahas tentang fraktal, yaitu benda geometris yang memiliki struktur yang kompleks dan serupa pada berbagai tingkat perbesaran. Fraktal dapat dipecah menjadi bagian-bagian yang mirip dengan keseluruhan, dan memiliki detail yang tak terhingga akibat sifat repetitif dan rekursifnya. Geometri fraktal mempelajari sifat-sifat fraktal yang bermanfaat dalam menjelaskan berbagai fenomena alam.
Path to PMP II - Project Integration ManagementEdureka!
This document provides information about a training course on Project Integration Management from Edureka. Edureka is a global registered education provider with the Project Management Institute. The course aims to help participants understand the logical flow of processes in project integration management, including developing the project charter and project management plan, directing and managing project work, monitoring and controlling project work, and closing projects. The course will be delivered online with live and interactive classes, lifetime access to recordings, mock tests, and post-course support.
Grafico diario del dax perfomance index para el 07 08-2013Experiencia Trading
Este documento presenta un gráfico diario del índice Dax Performance que muestra las medias simples de 1, 2, 5, 13, 34, 89, 233 y 610 períodos. Explica que las tendencias se definen por las medias y son niveles de soporte y resistencia, y que las líneas de error típico representan canales de tendencia. El objetivo es observar cómo las medias simples pueden orientar el comportamiento del mercado basado en el análisis técnico del pasado para intuir el futuro inmediato. Proporciona n
Toss out that old stakeholder review proceess!Jill Christ
A new approach to the stakeholder review process: learn how to revolutionize the traditional design review process, by grounding projects in user-feedback.
This document discusses key concepts related to quality assurance, quality control, validating scope, and controlling scope for the PMP exam. It defines each concept and provides examples. Quality assurance aims to prevent defects through a proactive, process-based approach, while quality control is reactive and product-focused, identifying defects after production. Validating scope involves verifying completed deliverables meet requirements, while controlling scope monitors the project and product scope and manages changes. The document emphasizes the relationships between these processes and provides sample exam questions.
Neuro Quantology is an international, interdisciplinary, open-access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research and review articles on the interface between quantum physics and neuroscience. The journal focuses on the exploration of the neural mechanisms underlying consciousness, cognition, perception, and behavior from a quantum perspective. Neuro Quantology is published monthly.
Neuro Quantology is an international, interdisciplinary, open-access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research and review articles on the interface between quantum physics and neuroscience. The journal focuses on the exploration of the neural mechanisms underlying consciousness, cognition, perception, and behavior from a quantum perspective. Neuro Quantology is published monthly.
Weak Gravitational Lensing and Gauss-Bonnet Theorem discusses using the Gauss-Bonnet theorem to calculate light deflection angles in various spacetime geometries, including:
1. Calculating the deflection angle of light near a Schwarzschild black hole using the optical geometry and Gaussian curvature.
2. Computing the deflection of light by dyonic wormholes in Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton theory and showing the deflection depends on the electric, magnetic, and dilaton charges.
3. Finding the deflection angle of light is inversely proportional to the Rindler acceleration for a Rindler modified Schwarzschild black hole.
Hidden gates in universe: Wormholes UCEN 2017 by Dr. Ali Ovgun
Gravity at UCEN 2017: Black holes and Cosmology, November 22, 23 and 24, 2017
The meeting take place at Universidad Central de Chile.
http://www2.udec.cl/~juoliva/gravatucen2017.html
This document summarizes research on thin-shell wormholes and gravastars. It first provides background on wormholes and motivations for studying thin-shell constructions. It then describes the thin-shell method using Israel junction conditions to minimize exotic matter at the wormhole throat. Specific thin-shell wormhole models are constructed using the Hayward, linear gas, Chaplygin gas, generalized Chaplygin gas, and modified generalized Chaplygin gas equations of state. Stability analyses of these thin-shell wormholes under perturbations are presented through plots of the parameter spaces allowing for stable configurations.
This document summarizes Ali Övgün's PhD thesis defense on studies of thin-shell wormholes and thin-shell theories. The defense covered 4 of Övgün's 19 publications on the topic. Key points included:
1) Hawking radiation of traversable wormholes was calculated, finding that wormhole throats radiate "phantom energy" or dark energy, reducing the throat size and entropy over time.
2) Thin-shell wormhole construction was discussed, using the Darmois-Israel formalism to match interior and exterior spacetimes across a thin shell or throat, and calculate the surface energy and pressure from extrinsic curvature.
3) One publication presented a particular thin-shell
1) The document analyzes particle collisions near the horizon of 1+1 dimensional Hořava-Lifshitz black holes.
2) It finds that for particles moving in opposite directions, the center-of-mass energy becomes arbitrarily high as one particle approaches the horizon, similar to the Banados-Silk-West effect found in higher dimensions.
3) Several examples are examined, including Schwarzschild-like and Reissner-Nordström-like black hole solutions, and all are found to produce infinite center-of-mass energy near the horizon.
Abstract: The unbounded center-of-mass (CM) energy of colliding particles near horizon of a
black hole emerges even in 1+ 1-dimensional Horava-Lifshitz gravity. The latter has imprints
of renormalizable quantum gravity characteristics in accordance with simple power counting.
The result obtained is valid also for a 1-dimensional Compton process between a
massive/massless Hawking photon emaneting from the black hole and an in falling
massless/massive particle.
The document discusses thin-shell wormholes constructed from the Hayward regular black hole spacetime. It first introduces wormholes and describes the Hayward metric, which removes the singularity at the center of the black hole. It then constructs a thin-shell wormhole by cutting and pasting two Hayward spacetimes, with the shell supported by various exotic matter models. Stability analyses are performed for different exotic matter equations of state.
EMU M.Sc. Thesis Presentation
Thesis Title: "Dark Matter; Modification of f(R) or WIMPS Miracle"
Student: Ali Övgün
Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Mustafa Halilsoy
The document discusses dark matter and provides evidence for its existence from various astronomical observations. It notes that while ordinary matter makes up only about 4% of the universe, dark matter accounts for about 23%. Various properties of dark matter are described, including that it interacts gravitationally but does not emit or absorb light. Possible candidates for dark matter are discussed, including WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles), which are favored from both astronomical data and particle physics models. The document outlines how WIMPs could have been thermally produced in the early universe to account for the observed dark matter abundance.
1. 21.yy Fiziği Sicim Teorisi;
ve Maddenin Gizemi
Ali ÖVGÜN
İzmir Yüksek Teknoloji Enstitüsü
2. Madde Nedir?
Democritus maddeyi oluşturan daha küçük temel parçacıklar olduğunu
düşünüyordu.
Doğa saklanmayı sever...
Madde nerden oluşur?
1964lere kadar maddenin sadece 3 temel parçacıktan oluştuğu düşünülüyordu;
proton, nötron, elektron
-- J.J.Thomson (1897): Elektronu keşfetti
-- Rutherford ( 1909): Protonu keşfetti
-- Chadwick (1932): Nötronu Keşfetti
--SLAC (1968): Kuarklar Keşfedildi
6. •Proton ve Nötron Kuarklardan OLUŞUR
•Kuarklar ve Elektronlar daha küçük parçacıklardan
OLUŞMAZLAR
• Bunlar kütlelerini
nerden alıyorlar???
•Elektron ve Kuarklar ?
7. Farklı tür temel parçacıkların neden
kendilerine özgü kütleleri var?
Fermiyonlar
Bozonlar3.
nesil
2.
nesil
1.nesil
Kütle ( giga-elektron-volt)
Kütlesiz
Bozonlar
Temel parçacıkların en az 11 farklı kütle çeşiti vardır.
8. Bu parçacıkları bir arada tutan nedir?
-- doğadaki en temel kuvvet nedir? (???)
Doğada bilinen 4 temel kuvvet :
•Kütleçekimsel Kuvvet : İnsanların başına elma
düşmesini , gezegenlerin birbirlerini çekmesini
( ama itmemesini ) sağlayan Newton’un elma
hikayesinden türemiş kuvvet. Tabi Genel Göreliliğe
göre kuvvet falan yok ortada...
•Elektromanyetik Etkileşim: elektronu
çekirdeğin etrafında tutan ve ve kimya biliminin
doğmasını sağlayan kuvvet. Maxwellin 4 var olan
denklemi birarada yazması ve bir terim
eklemesiyle oluştu.
9. •Kuvvetli Etkileşim : kuarkları bir arada tutan ve
sonucunda atomun çekirdeğini oluşturan
•Zayıf Etkileşim : beta rakyoaktivitesinden
sorumlu , bu da bize antimadde konseptini
kazandırıyor.ayrıca uranyum gibi maddelerin
radyoaktif bozunmasından sorumlu kuvvettir.
Neden etkileşim de kuvvet değil?
Kuantum Teorisinden önce kuvvetler , kuvvet alanlarıyla temsil ediliyordu.
Kuantum Teorisine göre, örneğin 2 kuark arasındaki kuvvet taşıyıcı bir parçacık
olmadan yani bozonsuz tasvir edilemez.Bozon ne kadar ağır olursa , o kadar kısa
mesafelere kuvveti yeter
10. Elektromanyetik etkileşimin taşıyıcısı : γ ( foton )
Kuvvetli Etkileşimin taşıyıcısı : gluon
Zayıf Etkileşimin taşıyıcıları: ve Z0±
W
Kütleçekimi kuvveti en zayıf olan kuvvettir, ve teorik olarak graviton denilen
bozon tarafından oluştuğu düşünülür.
12. 4 Kuvvetin Birleştirilmesi
• Elektrik + Manyetik
= Elektromanyetik
• Elektromanyetizma + Zayıf
= ElektroZayıf
• ElektroZayıf + Kuvvetli
= Büyük Birleştirme Teorisi
• BBT + Kütleçekimsel Kuvvet
= Herşeyin Teorisi
(HT)??
13. • Parçacıkların etkileşmesiyle değil; geometriyle
ilgili...
• Kalan diğer güçler gibi kuantum alan kuramı
çerçevesinde bu kuvveti dahil etmek imkansız
Kütleçekimi
14. Kuantum Kütleçekimi Teorisi
• Yer ve zaman bir kuantum şeklinde çok küçük
ölçeklerde mi dalgalanıyor?
• Kuantum Köpüğü ???
• Bu matematiksel olarak
nasıl tanımlarız?
Aday Teoriler:
1.Sicim Teorisi
2.Döngüsel Kuantum Kütleçekim
Teorisi
3.SüperKütleçekim Teorisi
15. Atom içindeki Fizik
Temel Parçacıklar( 10 m )
─17
Sicim Teorisi
Sicimler
m10 35−
Fermiyonlar:
elektron, muyon, tayuon
nötrinolar (3 flavors)
kuarklar - yukarı, aşağı, acayip,
tılsımlı, alt, üst
Bozonlar (Kuvvet Taşıyıcılar):
foton (elektromanyetizma)
gluyon (kuvvetli)
, Z (zayıf)±
W
Higgs parçacığı
Sicim Teorisi
İlk Bozonik Sicim Kuramı
bulundu.Veneziano
1960
Bozonik Sicim Kuramı
Fermiyonlar için çalışmıyor...
!!!
Ayrıca kütlesi negatif olan
takyon ortaya çıkıyor
1971 Ramond , Schwarz ve Neveu nin
çalışmalarıyla süpersimetrinin
eklenmesiyle bu sorun çözüldü.
Süpersimetrinin temeli sicim
teorisindeki bir problemi çözmek için
öne sürülen fermiyon-boson ilişkisine
dayanır.( Wess ve Zumino 1973)
SÜPERSİMETRİ + SİCİM
= SÜPERSİCİM TEORİSİ
16. SÜPERSİCİM TEORİSİ
• Herşeyin Teorisi için en iyi aday...
• Varsayılan tüm temel
parçacıklar aslında noktasal
parçacıklar yerine
sicim ipliği nesneleri gibidir
• Bütün parçacıklar aynı tür sicimlerin
farklı tür titreşim ve dönmelerinde oluşurlar
elektron
foton
Supersicim demek daha
fazla parçacık demek,
daha fazla başa bela....
18. Ekstra Boyutlar?
• Süpersicim Teorisi uzay-zamanın
10 boyutlu oldugunu öngörür.(9 uzay+ 1 zaman)
• Ekstra 6 uzaysal boyutun
Planck uzunluğu kadar
küçük bir uzayda kıvrılmış
olmasını öngörür
19. Süpersicim Teorisi: atomaltı parçacıkların teorisi
,çözünürlükte bütün temel
Parçacıklar tek boyutlu sicimlerdir
m10 35−
=S
Bir sicimin 2 sicime ayrılması ya da 2 sicimin
Birleşip bir sicim oluşturmasının belirleyen :
Sicim eşleşme sabitidir.
Bu basit kuralla standart model parçacıklarının
Özellikleri uyuşur.
S
20. Sicim eşleşme sabiti, g,
Etkileşimin olasılığını
belirler
Zaman
Sicimlerin 2 tür enerjileri vardır.
1.Titreşim Enerjileri =Kinetik Enerji gibi
2.Sarmal Enerjileri = Potansiyel Enerji gibi
1/R (Sicim Yarıçapı) titreşim enerjisi
Sonuç :
Yarıçapa verilen değerin
birbirleriyle ters orantılı olması( 10
ve 1/10 ) gibi özel bir durumda,
mümkün olan enerjiler ve yükler
birbirlerinin aynıdır.
Yani 1/R = 10^-61 ve R=10^ 61 gibi mesafelerde fizik
yasaları aynıdır.... !!!!
21. Kozmoloji: erken evrenin aşırı koşulları küçük ölçeklere
ve yüksek enerjilere bir pencere vermektedir
Sicim Fiziği
Sicim kalıntıları veya
Şimdiki etkileri ?
Bizim elimizdeki mikroskobun
Optiğini anlamamız gerekir.
Şimdi
Geçmiş
Gelecek
Sicimle
Tekillikten
kurtuluş...
22. Atomaltı parçacıklar
Temel Parçacıklar ( 10 m )
--17
Fermiyonlar:
elektron, muyon, tauyon
nötrinolar
kuarklar
Bozonlar (Kuvvet Taşıyıcılar):
foton (e-m)
gluon (kuvvetli)
, Z (zayıf)±
W
Higgs parçacığı
Sicim Teorisi !!!
Eksik olan NE???
Graviton (Kütleçekimi!!)
23. Süpersicim Teorisi: kütleçekim teorisi
m10 35
3
−
=≈
c
G
S
Graviton denen paketlenmiş enerji parçacığı gerektirir!
Çok uzun mesafelerde , den çok daha büyük olması
Koşulunda Einsein’ın Kütleçekim denklemi ;
µνµνµν π TGgR 8R 2
1
=−
Sicimin uzunluk ölçeğini ayarlar
Süpersicim,
Kuantum Alan Teori ile Relativistik Kütleçekim Teorisini
Birleştirmeyi sağlar.
S
Newton sabiti
24. Süpersicim Teorisi: Şeytan detaylarda gizlidir
• 10 boyutlu uzay-zamanda yaşadığımızı öngörür.
Deneysel olarak: Biz 4 boyutlu uzay-zamanda yaşıyoruz!
Belkide biz ekstra boyutları göremiyoruz. (1 zaman and 3 uzay)
Yararları: 4 boyutlu uzay-zamanın zenginliği , ekstra boyuların geometrisinden gelir.
25. Süpersicim Teorisi: Şeytan detaylarda gizlidir
•Belkide biz ekstra boyutları göremiyoruz.
(Süpersimetri: her bir fermiyon için bir tane bozon eşi
Süpereşler çok ağır kütleli....
Çözüm: Belkide daha yüksek enerjilere bakmalıyız.!!!
Yararı: Süpersimetri teorideki kuantum dalgalanmaları
yumuşatır.
• 10 boyutlu uzay-zamanda yaşadığımızı öngörür.
•Deneysel olarak: Biz 4 boyutlu uzay-zamanda yaşıyoruz!
26. Süpersicim Teori: Detay, detay , detay….
• 5 tane sicim teori vardır:
Type I, Type IIA, Type IIB,
Heterotic E8 X E8, Heterotic SO(32)
• Tahmin: Bütün farklı sicim teorileri aslında
bir teorinin çözümleridir.
M-teorisi
Neden 1 tane değil ki???
27. Sicim Teorisi , sicimlerden daha fazlasını
Vaad eder!
• D-branes: sicim teorisi başka nesneleri de içerir;
0, 1, 2, . . . boyutlarında
particles
strings membranes
p-branes
Yüzey-Dünya Senaryosu
28. Süpersicim Teorisi: Herşeyin teorisi
• M-teori Tahmin: Bütün farklı sicim teorileri aslında
bir teorinin çözümleridir.
M-teori aslında 11-boyutlu süperkütleçekimini de kapsar!
29. M-TEORİSİ
Ancak deneme ile kanıtlanması gerek!!!
?? Planck ölçeğinde FİZİK??
Sicim/M-teorisi yeni fikirlerin çok güzel bir kaynağıdır
30. Süpersicim Teorisi: teorinin kanıtlanması çok güzel bir deney gerektirir
hızlandırıcı deneyleri: araştırmak 1012
eV ve
Tevatron ve Büyük Hadron Çarpıştırıcısının ilerisi ….
kozmoloji deneyleri: evrenin aşırı koşullarında sicimlerle ilgil
günümüze gelen bir kalıntı olabilir
31. Süpersicim Teorisi:
Fiziksel evrenimiz için matematiksel bir model
Sicim teorisi çalışmak için çok fazla ve iyi birşekilde modern matematik teorilerini bilmek
Ve geliştirebilmek gerekir.
Halen daha sicim teorisinin matematiksel modelini arıyoruz...
Sicim Teorisinin Özeti:
Benim çok iyi bir fikrim var.
Düşün ki bütün madde ve enerji çok küçük
titreşen sicimlerden yapılmıştır.
Tamam da bu neyi
ifade ediyor ?
BİLMİYORUM
32. Süpersicim Teorisi:
Biz halen daha resmi nasıl tamamlaycağımızı bilmiyoruz...
Fiziksel evrenimiz için matematiksel bir model