Dear Ilustrados,
It is with deepest gratitude that I write to you today to express my sincere appreciation for your contributions to our nation and its literature during the Period of Enlightenment. Through your brave writings that exposed the injustices of colonial rule, you reawakened the Filipino spirit and inspired the Propaganda Movement that helped pave the way for our independence.
Your works, including Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo and other essays, addressed the corruption and abuse that our people suffered under Spanish colonialism. You gave a voice to the voiceless and ignited in our hearts a longing for freedom. Though the road was difficult and the consequences severe, you remained committed to advancing our rights and dignity through
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
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Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
1. Introduction
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the
World Module aims to engage students in
appreciation and critical study of 21st Century
Literature from the Philippines and the World,
encompassing their various dimensions, genres,
elements, structures, contexts, and traditions.
3. Lesson Objectives
Identify various dimensions of Philippine
literary history from pre- colonial to
contemporary;
Enumerate differences between and among
periods of Philippine literature as presented
by geographic, linguistic, and ethnic
dimensions;
Show appreciation of the early and
contemporary forms of Philippine literature.
4. Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Jose Rizal’s works such as Noli Me Tangere and
El Filibusterismo were written to awake the mind
of our countrymen.
a)Spanish Period
b)American Period
c)Pre-Spanish Period
d)Period of Enlightenment
5. 2. The Philippines had literature such as
legends, folktales, folksongs, and the like.
a)Spanish Period
b)Japanese Period
c)Pre-Spanish Period
d)Period of Enlightenment
6. 3. In this period, religious books were
written such as Doctrina Cristiana and
Urbana and Felisa to support or contradict
the Catholic Church.
a)Spanish Period
b)American Period
c)21st Century Period
d)Period of Enlightenment
7. 4. Filipino writers went into all forms of literature
like news, reporting, poetry, stories plays, essays,
and novels which clearly depicted their love of
country and their longings for independence.
a) EDSA 1 Period
b) American Period
c) Pre-Spanish Period
d) 3rd Republic Period
8. 5. Filipino literature was given a break during
this period for the Filipino literature was
prohibited to use. Many wrote plays, poems
short stories, etc. Topics and themes were often
about life in the provinces.
a)Japanese Period
b)American Period
c)Pre-Spanish Period
d)3rd Republic Period
9. Philippine Culture
Our forefathers already had their own literature
which was reflected in their customs and traditions.
They had their own alphabet even before they were
colonized.
Their alphabet was burned by the Spanish friars
in the belief that they were works of the devil or were
written on materials that easily perished, like the
barks of trees, dried leaves and bamboo cylinders
which could not have remained undestroyed even if
efforts were made to preserve them.
10. Identitify the following (Pre-colonial, Japanese
& American Period, and Spanish and Period of
Enlightenment)
1. Kahapon, ngayon, at bukas – Kapangpangan
2. Lullabyes or ili-ili- Ilongo
3. Ambahan- Mangyan
4. Harana- Cebuano
5. Awit and Korido- Tagalog
6. Lagaylay- Sorsogon
7. THE MORO-MORO- Mindanao
8. Ang Mga Tunuksan Isa Ca Bulacalac – Visaya
12. Japanese & American Period
Kahapon, ngayon, at bukas – Kapangpangan
Ang Mga Tunuksan Isa Ca Bulacalac - Visaya
13. Spanish and Period of Enlightenment
Awit and Korido- Tagalog
Lagaylay- Sorsogon
THE MORO-MORO- Mindanao
14. Pre-Spanish Literature
Legends
are a form of prose the common
theme of which is about the origin of
a thing, place, location or name. The
events are imaginary, devoid of truth
and unbelievable.
16. Pre-Spanish Literature
Epics
are long narrative poems in
which a series of heroic
achievements or events, usually of
a hero, are dealt with at length.
17. Pre-Spanish Literature
Folk songs are one of the oldest forms
of Philippine literature that emerged
in the pre-Spanish period. These
songs mirrored the early forms of
culture.
18. Pre-Spanish Literature
Other forms of Pre-Spanish Poetry
Epigrams (Salawikain)
Riddles (Bugtong) or Palaisipan, tigmo in Cebuano,
paktaton in Ilongo and patototdon in Bicol
Chant (Bulong)
Maxims
Sayings (Kasabihan)
Sawikain (Sayings)
19. ACTIVITY 1
DIRECTIONS: Given below are sample literary pieces. Explain each by providing real-life scenarios or
situations.
EXAMPLE: “May tainga ang lupa, may pakpak ang balita.” – mabilis magpasa o mapasalin-salin ang mga
balita kapag ito ay nakalabas sa bibigg ng tao, narinig ito sa tenga ng ibang tao. Mabilis malaman ng
publiko
20. THE MOON AND THE SUN
(Tingguian folk tale)
In the olden days, like the moon, the sun had also star children
which were yellowish in color, very
bright and very hot.
He star children of the moon,
however, were reddish and cool. That moon was scared hat his stars would wither and die if they play
with the star children of the sun.
The moon suggested to the sun that they kill their children who were crowding the heavens with their
number.
When the sun had killed her
children, the moon merely hid behind the clouds.
In the evening, when the clouds faded, the moon stars appeared.
This angered the sun so he gave chase to the moon. Thus when he
overtakes the moon, we have the so-called eclipse.
Every morning, the kills the moon stars that he catches.
Until now, this chase continues
and because the moon still continues.
22. Literatureinthis periodmaybeclassifiedasreligiousproseand
poetryandsecularproseandpoetry.
SPANISH INFLUENCES ON PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
The first Filipino alphabet called ALIBATA was replaced by the Roman
alphabet.
The teaching of the Christian Doctrine became the basis of religious
practices.
The Spanish language which became the literary language
During this time lent many of its words to our language.
European legends and traditionsbrought here became
assimilated in our songs, corridos, and moro-moros.
23. THE FIRST BOOKS
ANG DOCTRINA CRISTIANA (THE CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE).
This was the first book printed in the Philippines in 1593 in
xylography.
Nuestra Señora del Rosario. It contains the biographies of
saints, novenas, and questions and answers on religion.
Libro de los Cuatro Postprimeras de Hombre (in Spanish and
Tagalog). This is the first book printed in typography.
Ang Barlaan at Josephat. This is a Biblical story printed in the
Philippines and translated to Tagalog from Greek by Fr. Antonio
de Borja.
The Pasion. This is the book about the life and sufferings of Jesus
Christ. It is read only during Lent. Urbana at Felisa.
24. FOLK SONGS
Folk songs became widespread in the
Philippines. Each region had its national song
from the lowlands to the mountains of Luzon,
Visayas and Mindanao. They truly manifest the
artistic feelings of the Filipinos. They show the
Filipinos’ innate appreciation for and love of
beauty. The examples are Leron-Leron Sinta,
Pamulinawen, Dandansoy, Sarong Banggi and
Atin Cu Pung Sing- sing.
25. There are many recreational plays per-
formed by Filipinos during the Spanish
times. Almost all of them were in poetic
form.
26. RECREATIONAL PLAYS
Tibag – The word tibag means to excavate. This ritual was brought here by the
Spaniard to remind the people about the search of St. Helena for the Cross on which
Jesus died.
Lagaylay – This is a special occasion for the Pilareños of Sorsogon during Maytime to get
together.
The Cenaculo – This is a dramatic performance to commemorate the passion and death of
Jesus Christ.
Panunuluyan – This is presented before 12:00 on Christmas Eve. This is a
presentation of the search of the Virgin Mary and St. Joseph for an inn wherein to
deliver the baby Jesus.
The Salubong (or Panubong) - The Salubong is an Easter play that dramatizes the
meeting of the Risen Christ and his Mother. It is still presented in many Philippine towns.
Carillo (Shadow Play) – this is a form of dramatic entertainment performed on a
moonless night during a town fiesta or on dark nights after a harvest.
Zarzuela – considered the father of the drama; it is a musical comedy or melodrama three
acts which dealt with man’s passions and emotions like love, hate, revenge, cruelty, avarice
or some social or political problem.
27. RECREATIONAL PLAYS
Sainete – this was a short musical comedy popular during the 18th century. They were
exaggerated comedies shown between acts of long plays and were mostly performed by
characters from the lower classes. Themes were taken from everyday life sce- narios.
MORO-MORO. Like the Cenaculo, the Moro-moro is presented also on a special stage. This
is performed during town fiestas to entertain the people and to remind them of their
Christian religion.
KARAGATAN. This is a poetic vehicle of a socio-religious nature celebrated during the
death of a person.
DUPLO. The Duplo replaced the Karagatan. This is a poetic joust in speaking and
reasoning. The roles are taken from the Bible and from proverbs and saying. It is usually
played during wakes for the dead.
BALAGTASAN. This is a poetic joust or a contest of skills in debate on a particular topic or
issue. This is replaced the DU- PLO and is held to honor Francisco “Balagtas” Baltazar.
THE DUNG-AW. This is a chant in free verse by a bereaved person or his representative
beside the corpse of the dead. No definite meter or rhyming scheme is used.
AWIT and the CORRIDO. Some use these two interchangeably because distinction is not
clear.
28. Activity 2
Write a reflective essay highlighting the message of the excerpt of one of the most
famous literary pieces during Spanish time, Pasyon.
KASAYSAYAN NG PASYONG MAHAL NI HESUKRISTONG PANGINOON NATIN (COPYRIGHT
1949 BY IGNACIO LUNA & SONS)
Panalangin sa Diyos Oh Diyos sa kalangitan Hari ng sangkalupaan
Diyos na walang kapantay, mabait lubhang maalam at puno ng
karunungan.
Ikaw ang Amang tibobos ng nangungulilang lubos amang di matapus-
tapos,maawi't mapagkupkop sa taong lupa't alabok. Iyong itulot sa
amin Diyos Amang maawain mangyaring aming dalitin,
29.
30. Period of Enlightenment
(1972-1898)
• In 19th Century, Filipino intellectuals educated in Europe called ilustrados began to
write about the hitch of colonization.
• The 300 years with Spaniards marked the longest colonial period in the Philippine
history. Due to the need to see new hope in the midst of multitude, the Filipino
spirit reawakened when the 3 priests Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were guillotined
without sufficient evidence of guilt.
• The Propaganda Movement (1872-1896)
• This movement was spearheaded mostly by the intellectual middle-class like Jose
Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar; Graciano Lopez Jaena, Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Jose
Ma. Panganiban, and Pedro Paterno.
31.
32.
33.
34. Activity 3
•DIRECTIONS: Make a gratitude letter addressed
to ilustrados indicating the importance of their
writings in the attainment of nation’s freedom
and in the development of Philippine literature.
Editor's Notes
It requires every learner to demonstrate understanding of transformation in the Philippine literature through times. Through this, each learner will experience how language, ethnic and ge- ographic dimensions contribute and are influenced by changes in the government.
Other records that remained showed folk songs that proved existence of a native culture truly our own. Some of these were passed on by word of mouth till they reached the hands of some publishers or printers who took interest in printing the manuscripts of the ancient Filipinos. Our unique geographic location is the reason or having rich and varied.
Which among the literary pieces are you familiar with?
What do you think were the changes happened in our literature as the time passed by?
Old Filipino customs are reflected in these legends
These are useful to us because they help us appreciate our environment, evaluate our personalities and improve our perspectives in life. An example of this is THE MOON AND THE SUN.
Nobody can determine which epics are the oldest because in their translations from other languages, even in English and Spanish.
Many of these have 12 syllables. Examples of which are Kundiman, Kumintang o Tagumpay, Ang Dalit o Imno, Ang Oyayi o Hele, Diana, Soliraning and Talindaw
Epigrams (Salawikain) is oldest form of Philippine literature that emerged in the pre-Spanish period. These songs mirrored the early forms of culture. .
Riddles (Bugtong) or Palaisipan are made up of one or more measured lines with rhyme and may consist of four to 12 syllables. It is known as tigmo in Cebuano, paktaton in Ilongo and patototdon in Bicol.
Chant (Bulong) is used in witchcraft or enchantment.
Maxims are are rhyming couplets with verses of 5, 6 or 8 syllables, each line having the same number of syllables.
Sayings (Kasabihan) are often used in teasing or to comment on a person’s actuations.
Sawikain (Sayings) are used to state lines with no hid- den meaning.
Tingguian life as projected in the cycle of life and death and life after death characterized by the spirit community linkage and connectedness.
During these times, many changes occurred in the lives of Filipinos:
embraced the Catholic religion
changed their names
were baptized.
Ancient literature was collected and translated to Tagalog and other dialects.
Many grammar books were printed in Filipino, like Tagalog, Ilocano and Visayan.
Our periodicals during these times gained a religious tone