The document provides an overview of Philippine literature, outlining some of its common genres and forms such as poetry, fiction, drama, and nonfiction. It then discusses key elements of these different literary genres as well as several theories that are used to analyze Philippine literature, including postcolonial theory, feminist theory, Marxist theory, and cultural studies. Literary standards examined include nationalist literature and historical materialism.

2. Philippine literature is a rich
and diverse body of literary
works that reflects the
country's history, culture, and
traditions. It encompasses
various genres, including
poetry, fiction, drama, and
nonfiction.

3. COMMON FORMS OF LITERATURE
 Poetry - literature that is written in verse and
emphasizes the rhythmic use of words to create
imagery.
 Fiction - something that is invented or untrue.
 Nonfiction - prose writing that is based on facts
and real events.
 Drama - a written work that tells a story through
action and speech and is meant to be acted on
a stage.
 Prose - verbal or written language that follows
the natural flow of speech.

4. ELEMENTS OF POETRY
Meter - the rhythmic pattern of a poetic
line.
Rhyme - the repetition of syllables,
typically at the end of a verse line.
Scheme - figures of speech that deal with
word order, syntax, letters, and sounds, rather
than the meaning of words.
Verse - a collection of metrical lines of poetry.
Stanza - a division of a poem consisting of two or
more lines arranged together as a unit.

5. ELEMENTS OF FICTION
 Character - a person, animal, being, creature,
or thing in a story.
 Setting - the time and place (or when and where)
of the story.
 Plot - the sequence of events that make up a
story, whether it's told, written, filmed, or sung.
 Conflict - is a literary device characterized by a
struggle between two opposing forces.
 Point of View - the writer's way of deciding who is telling
the story to whom.
 Theme - a central, unifying idea /story's deeper meaning

6. ELEMENTS OF NON-FICTION
Lay Out - the visual form the text is presented on
a page
Information - includes facts, little known
information, and ideas that spark curiosity,
create mystery, and propel the
listener/reader/viewer to discover and learn.
Characterization - is a name for the methods a
writer uses to reveal a character's values, feelings,
goals, etc. to readers.
Style and Tone - Tone is the expression of the
author's attitude. Style refers to the individual traits or
characteristics of a piece of writing.

7. ELEMENTS OF DRAMA
Plot
Character
Thought / Theme
Diction - the linguistic choices a
writer makes to effectively convey an
idea, a point of view, or tell a story.
Melody - the music that accompanies a
dramatic work.
Spectacle - what a film or play looks like.

8. ELEMENTS OF PROSE
Character
 Theme
Setting
Plot
Perspective / Point of view
Mood - represents the overall
feeling the author intends to create
for the audience.

9. LITERARY THEORIES AND CRITICISM
Postcolonial Theory
 examines the impact of
colonialism on the literature of
the Philippines. . It explores how
colonialism has influenced the
cultural and social values of the
Philippines, and how this is
reflected in its literature.

10. LITERARY THEORIES AND CRITICISM
Feminist Theory
 Feminist criticism focuses on the
representation of women in literature and
how gender roles are constructed and
reinforced through literary works. In
Philippine literature, feminist theory has
been used to explore issues of gender
inequality, the objectification of women,
and the portrayal of women in traditional
roles.

11. LITERARY THEORIES AND CRITICISM
Marxist Theory
focuses on the role of economics
and social class in shaping
literature. Marxist critics of
Philippine literature have
examined the ways in which the
country's colonial history and
economic inequality have
influenced the themes and
messages of literary works.

12. LITERARY THEORIES AND CRITICISM
Cultural Studies
This interdisciplinary approach to
literature examines the relationships
between literature, culture, and society.
Cultural studies has been used to
explore the ways in which Philippine
literature reflects the country's cultural
heritage and identity, as well as its
political and social realities.

13. LITERARY THEORIES AND CRITICISM
Queer Theory
 examines how gender and
sexuality are constructed and
represented in literature. It has
been used to explore the
representation of LGBTQ
characters and themes in
Philippine literature.

14. LITERARY STANDARDS AND THEORIES
Nationalist Literature
 This standard emphasizes the
role of literature in the
development of national identity
and consciousness. It promotes
the use of native languages and
the exploration of indigenous
cultures in literary works.

15. LITERARY STANDARDS AND THEORIES
Historical Materialism
 This theory emphasizes the role
of economic and social factors in
shaping literature. It focuses on
how Philippine literature has
been influenced by the country's
colonial history and economic
inequalities.

16. LITERARY STANDARDS AND THEORIES
Feminist Theory
 Feminist criticism of Philippine
literature focuses on the
representation of women and
gender roles in literary works. It
examines how Philippine literature
reflects and reinforces patriarchal
norms and values.

17. LITERARY STANDARDS AND THEORIES
Postcolonial Theory
 This theory examines the impact
of colonialism on Philippine
literature and culture. It explores
how the country's history of
colonialism and imperialism has
influenced the themes and styles
of Philippine literature.

18. LITERARY STANDARDS AND THEORIES
New Criticism
 This standard emphasizes close
reading and analysis of the
formal elements of literary works,
such as language, structure, and
style. It emphasizes the
importance of the text itself in
understanding and interpreting
literature.

19. LITERARY STANDARDS AND THEORIES
Cultural Studies
 This interdisciplinary approach to
literature explores the
relationship between literature
and culture. It examines how
Philippine literature reflects and
shapes the country's cultural
identity and values.