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219118530 day-1-part-2-c ts-and-vts
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Charles-Auguste ATTIOGBE
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Current & Voltage Transformers Performance Requirements
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219118530 day-1-part-2-c ts-and-vts
1.
HV Power Seminar
Nov 2009 1 Current and Voltage Energy Sector © Siemens AG 2008 Voltage Transformers Performance Requirements
2.
HV Power Seminar
Nov 2009 2 2 1 1 2 N N ⋅ = ′ I I R1 jX1 jX2 R2 I1 I2 Zb S2 P2 Ideal CT S1 P1 Im N1 N2 Zm U 2 Equivalent current transformer circuit Energy Sector Energy Automation © Siemens AG 2008 Page 2 X1 = Primary leakage reactance R1 = Primary winding resistance X2 = Secondary leakage reactance Zm = Magnetizing impedance R2 = Secondary winding resistance Zb = Secondary load Note: Normally the leakage fluxes X1 and X2 can be neglected
3.
HV Power Seminar
Nov 2009 3 Current transformer, simplified equivalent circuit jX2 i2 ZB i1 1 : N2 i R2 1 ' 1 1 I N I ⋅ = Energy Sector Energy Automation © Siemens AG 2008 Page 3 R2 RB i2 LW L2<< LW im 1 2 1 I N I ⋅ =
4.
HV Power Seminar
Nov 2009 4 N1 I1 N2 I2 ε ε ε ε I1 . N1 N2 Current transformer: Phase displacement (δ δ δ δ) and current ratio error (ε ε ε ε) Energy Sector Energy Automation © Siemens AG 2008 Page 4 I2 Zb δ δ δ δ Im
5.
HV Power Seminar
Nov 2009 5 Accuracy class Current error at nominal current (In) Angle error δ δ δ δ at rated current In Total error at n x In (rated accuracy limit) IEC 60044-1 specifies the following classes: Current transformer, Standard for steady-state performance Energy Sector Energy Automation © Siemens AG 2008 Page 5 current (In) In (rated accuracy limit) 5P 10P ± ± ± ± 1 % ± ± ± ± 3% ± ± ± ± 60 minutes 5 % 10 %
6.
HV Power Seminar
Nov 2009 6 Current transformers, Standard for transient performance IEC 60044-6 specifies four classes (1992/3): Class Ratio error Angle error Maximum error at rated accuracy limit TPX (closed iron core) ± 30 min ± 0,5 % % 10 ˆ ≤ ε Error at rated current Remanence no limit Energy Sector Energy Automation © Siemens AG 2008 Page 6 TPY with anti-remanence air gap TPZ linear core ± 60 min ± 180 ± 18 min ± 1,0 % ± 1,0 % only) current (a.c. % 10 ˆ ≤ ε % 10 ˆ ≤ ε TPS closed iron core Special version for high impedance protection (Knee point voltage, internal secondary resistance) < 10 % negligible No limit
7.
HV Power Seminar
Nov 2009 7 Accuracy class Current error at nominal current (In) Angle error δ δ δ δ at rated current In Total error at n x In (rated accuracy limit) IEC 60044-1 (Edition 1.2 2003) specifies the following classes for low remanence: Current transformer, Standard for steady-state performance Energy Sector Energy Automation © Siemens AG 2008 Page 7 current (In) In (rated accuracy limit) 5PR 10PR ± ± ± ± 1 % ± ± ± ± 3% ± ± ± ± 60 minutes 5 % 10 % The remanence factor Kr shall not exceed 10% s r r K ψ ψ ⋅ =100
8.
HV Power Seminar
Nov 2009 8 IEC 60044-1 (Edition 1.2 2003) specifies the Class PX: Current transformer, Class PX •Rated turns ratio: turns ratio error < 0.25% •Rated knee point emf. •Max exciting current at rated knee point emf. And/or at a stated percentage thereof Energy Sector Energy Automation © Siemens AG 2008 Page 8 •Max exciting current at rated knee point emf. And/or at a stated percentage thereof •Max resistance of secondary winding
9.
HV Power Seminar
Nov 2009 9 Current transformer saturation Steady-state saturation with AC current Energy Sector Energy Automation © Siemens AG 2008 Page 9 Transient saturation with offset current
10.
HV Power Seminar
Nov 2009 10 CT saturation Currents and magnetising saturation flux t IP φ φ φ φ Energy Sector Energy Automation © Siemens AG 2008 Page 10 saturation flux t t IS
11.
HV Power Seminar
Nov 2009 11 ΙP primary current TN B total flux t d.c. component ) ( ω 1 TS t TN t S N S N ~ − − − − ⋅ ⋅ + = e e T T T T B B ˆ TN TS TS S N S Max ω 1 ~ − ⋅ ⋅ + = T T T B B T T T Course of CT-flux during off-set short-circuit current Energy Sector Energy Automation © Siemens AG 2008 Page 11 a.c. flux transient d.c. flux BMax B~ t B~ N S N S S N Max B n T T l T T T T t ⋅ − = ⋅ δ tan ω 1 B i W S ⋅ = + = R R L T [ ] [ ] ms 10900 min S δ = T For 50 Hz:
12.
HV Power Seminar
Nov 2009 12 CT transient over-dimensioning factor KTF KTF TS [ms] 30 40 50 60 500 1000 5000 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ (KTF ≈ ≈ ≈ ≈1+ω ω ω ωTN) Closed iron core N S S T T T S N S TF ω 1 − + = T T T K Energy Sector Energy Automation © Siemens AG 2008 Page 12 50 100 150 200 10 20 30 100 250 Linear core TN = network time constant (short-circuit time constant) TS = CT secondary time constant TN [ms]
13.
HV Power Seminar
Nov 2009 13 CT with closed iron core, Over-dimensioning factor for a specified time to saturation (TM) 15 20 K'TF TM → ∞ 16 N N N TF 1 1 R X T K' + = ω + = Energy Sector Energy Automation © Siemens AG 2008 Page 13 5 10 7 TM = 35 ms TM = 25 ms 50 100 TN [ms] + = N M T T - N TF e - 1 1 T K' ω
14.
HV Power Seminar
Nov 2009 14 Current transformer magnetising curve and point of remanence B I II III up to 80% < 10% negligible Energy Sector Energy Automation © Siemens AG 2008 Page 14 H = im ⋅ w I: closed iron core (TPX) II: core with anti-remanence air-gaps (TPY) III:Linearised core (TPZ) negligible
15.
HV Power Seminar
Nov 2009 15 Standards of voltage transformers Class designation 5P 3P Voltage error FU Angle error δ Permissible error at 0.05 ·UN and 1.0 · UN ± 3.0 % ± 6.0 % 120 minutes 240 minutes VT classes to IEC 60044-3 VT classes for measurement and protection VDE 0141, Teil 3 Energy Sector Energy Automation © Siemens AG 2008 Page 15 Class designation at 1.0 · UN at 0.05 ·UN at 1.0·UN at 0.05 ·UN 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 3 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 3 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 6.0 10 5 20 30 40 40 40 40 80 120 Permissible voltage error in % Permissible angle error in minutes
16.
HV Power Seminar
Nov 2009 16 Capacitive voltage transformer, Equivalent circuit ZB LF CF RF 100 V 3 20 kV 3 400 kV 3 C1 = 5 nF C2 = 95 nF Energy Sector Energy Automation © Siemens AG 2008 Page 16 R'B LF CF RF LT RT CT CE = C1 + C2 RE LO U*1 = UP ⋅ C1 C1 + C2 U*2 L'B
17.
HV Power Seminar
Nov 2009 17 Time Ts in ms Ratio Classes 3PT1 6PT1 3PT2 6PT2 3PT3 6PT3 10 --- ≤ 25 ≤ 4 20 ≤ 10 ≤ 10 ≤ 2 40 ≤ 10 ≤ 2 ≤ 2 % 100 U 2 ) t ( U s s ⋅ ⋅ t Measured voltage transients after fault at voltage maximum and zero-crossing (Example) Transient performance of CVTs, Recommendations acc. to IEC 60044-5 Energy Sector Energy Automation © Siemens AG 2008 Page 17 Legend: UP(t) Primary voltage US(t) Secondary voltage (1) Fault inception (2) Aperiodic damping of US(t) (3) Periodic damping of US(t) 40 ≤ 10 ≤ 2 ≤ 2 60 ≤ 10 ≤ 0.6 ≤ 2 90 ≤ 10 ≤ 0.2 ≤ 2 t Recommendations to IEC 60044-5
18.
HV Power Seminar
Nov 2009 18 B CT BN CT B BN i ALF i R R R R P P P P ALF ALF' + + ⋅ = + + ⋅ = rated CT burden: PBN internal burden of the CT: Pi=Ri ⋅ I2N 2 Actual connected burden : PB= RB ⋅ I2N 2 RB=Rl+RR= burden resistance Rl= resistance of connecting cables RR= burden resistance of the relay BN CT B CT BN i B ALF' i R R R R P P P P ALF' ALF + + ⋅ = + + ⋅ = K I K ' ⋅ ≥ ALF No saturation X B with CT dimensioning Theory: Energy Sector Energy Automation © Siemens AG 2008 Page 18 N K OD I I K ' ⋅ ≥ ALF No saturation for the total short-circuit duration: N N N ~ Max TF 1 1 R X T B B K' + = + = = ω ˆ − − ⋅ ⋅ + = − − S M N M S N S N T t T t ( ω 1 e e T T T T TF K ' ' No saturation for the specified time tM: m TF OD K K K Re ⋅ ≥ 100 Remanence % 1 1 Re − = m K with Practice: Theory: by vendors d recommende values - K of Use TF Note: this equation is not fully valid for very small tM (less than 1 cycle)
19.
HV Power Seminar
Nov 2009 19 Distance relays, practical CT requirements Transient over-dimensioning factors KTF (ARC not considered) 2 KTF ≥ Close-in fault 50ms T if 2 K N TF < ≥ 100ms T 50ms if 3 K N TF < ≤ ≥ 10 KTF ≥ 7SA510 / 511 Close-in fault Fault at balance point Energy Sector Energy Automation © Siemens AG 2008 Page 19 7SA513 2 KTF ≥ 5 KTF ≥ s 50m T if 10 K N TF ≥ ≥ Close-in fault 7SA6 / 7SA522 30ms) T if 1 ( 2 K N TF < ≥ ≥ 50ms T if 5 K N TF < ≥ Fault at balance point Close-in fault Fault at balance point
20.
HV Power Seminar
Nov 2009 20 Operating time ms 140 120 100 80 TN = 100 ms K=10 K= 5 K= 4 7SA6 / 7SA522: Operating time with CT saturation Influence of CT dimensioning Energy Sector Energy Automation © Siemens AG 2008 Page 20 80 60 40 20 0 60 100 40 20 80 % Z1 K= 3 K= 2 K= 1
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