India's climate is influenced by several geographic factors: 1) Latitude - Places closer to the equator are warmer, while those at higher latitudes experience cooler summers and colder winters. 2) Altitude - Higher altitude locations are cooler than lowland areas. 3) Proximity to oceans - Coastal areas have a milder climate due to sea breezes, while inland regions experience more extreme temperatures. 4) Mountain ranges - Mountains can cause orographic rainfall on their windward sides when winds are forced to rise. 5) Seasonal winds - Summer monsoons from June to September bring heavy rain, while cold winds from Tibet cause lower temperatures in winter.

1. CHAPTER 21
CLIMATE OF INDIA

2. FACTORS INFLUENCING
INDIA'S CLIMATE
1. LATITUDE
2. ALTITUDE OR HEIGHT
3.DISTANCE FROM THE SEA
4.DIRECTION OF THE MOUNTAINS
5. PREVAILING SEASONAL WINDS

3. • Places at lower
latitudes are warm
throughout the year,
while places at
higher latitudes will
be warm in summer
and cold in winter.
1. Latitude

4. ALTITUDE / HEIGHT
Places located at a higher
altitudes remain cooler
than places in the plains.

5. DISTANCE FROM THE SEA
• The climate of a place is
moderated by land and sea
breezes.
• So places near to the sea have a
moderate climate.
• Places away from the sea have
extreme climates. (very warm in
summer and very cold in
winter.)

6. 4. DIRECTION OF MOUNTAINS
A mountain at right angles to the
on coming winds from the sea
stops the winds and makes them
rise giving orographic rainfall.
The side facing the rain bearing
winds is called the windward side
and the other side is called the
leeward side.

7. 5. PREVAILING SEASONAL WINDS
• Different types of winds blow in India
during different times of the year.
• The summer monsoon winds bring rain
between June and September.
• At times, the cold winds from Tibet,
swoop down across Himalayas in winter
and lower the temperature. These are
known as cold waves.

8. SEASONS

10. • March to May
• Hot and dry
• Temperature between 30 degree Celsius and 40 degree
Celsius.
• During this period hot winds called loo blow from
Rajasthan to neighboring states. These winds are
responsible for local thunderstorms.
• In Kerala, there are local thunderstorms called mango
showers which help in ripening of Mango crop.
• Similar storms in West Bengal and Assam are called
Kalbaisakhi bringing calamity in April.

11. MONSOON SEASON

12. • June to September.
• Hot and wet
• The northern part of India has high temperature and will
develop low pressure belt, because the heat makes the air
light and it starts rising.
• This attracts cool winds from the Arabian sea and Bay of
Bengal and takes its place. This cool winds are called the
monsoons.
• As this winds blow over the sea, they carry a lot of moisture
and give heavy rain to the country.

13. • Monsoon winds enter India in two major branches
1. The Arabian sea branch. (strikes Southern part of
Kerala by June and reaches North India by early
July.)
2. The Bay of Bengal Branch (passes over
Bangladesh and splits into two streams. One moves
over Meghalaya and into Assam and the other one
moves up to the Ganga Plains.)

15. • October to November
• Cool and dry.
• The sun moves towards the
Southern hemisphere and India
becomes cooler. The low-
pressure region becomes High
pressure region and reversal of
winds takes place.

17. • December to February
• Cold and dry
• Northern India has high pressure belt
• Two regions receive rainfall during this period
1. Western disturbances- Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Delhi and
Haryana. This originate from the Mediterranean region and
enter India from the North west.
2. North East Monsoons- The coromandel coast of Tamilnadu.
This pick up moisture from the Bay of Bengal and cause rain in
Chennai.