2. What is Climate
Climate is the long-term average of weather, typically averaged over a period of
30 years. More rigorously, it denotes the mean and variability of meteorological
variables over a time spanning from months to millions of years. Some of the
meteorological variables that are commonly measured are temperature,
humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, and precipitation.
Climate is the average weather in a place over many years.
3. Climate (from Ancient Greek klima, meaning inclination) is
commonly defined as the weather averaged over a long period.
The standard averaging period is 30 years, but other periods may
be used depending on the purpose. Climate also includes
statistics other than the average, such as the magnitudes of day-
to-day or year-to-year variations.
4. Factors affecting the climatic condition
Many factors affect the climate; here are six major factors that
mainly play a role in affecting climatic conditions.
Latitude
Altitude
Pressure and Wind System
Distance from the Sea
Ocean Current
Relief features
5. Latitude
In geography, latitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the
north–south position of a point on the Earth's surface. Latitude is
an angle (defined below) which ranges from 0° at the Equator to
90° (North or South) at the poles. Lines of constant latitude, or
parallels, run east–west as circles parallel to the equator. Latitude is
used together with longitude to specify the precise location of
features on the surface of the Earth. On its own, the term latitude
should be taken to be the geodetic latitude as defined below.
Briefly, geodetic latitude at a point is the angle formed by the
vector perpendicular (or normal) to the ellipsoidal surface from
that point, and the equatorial plane. Also defined are six auxiliary
latitudes that are used in special applications.
6. Altitude
Altitude or height (also sometimes known as 'depth') is defined based on the context in which it is used (aviation,
geometry, geographical survey, sport, atmospheric pressure, and many more). As a general definition, altitude is a
distance measurement, usually in the vertical or "up" direction, between a reference datum and a point or object.
The reference datum also often varies according to the context. Although the term altitude is commonly used to
mean the height above sea level of a location, in geography the term elevation is often preferred for this usage.
7. PRESSURE AND WIND SYSTEM
A pressure system is a region of the Earth's atmosphere
where air pressure is a relative peak or lull in the sea
level pressure distribution. The surface pressure at sea
level varies minimally, with the lowest value
measured 870.0 hectopascals (25.69 inHg) and the
highest recorded 1,085.7 hectopascals (32.06 inHg). The
pressure and wind conditions over India are unique.
During winter, there is a high-pressure area north of
the Himalayas. Cold dry winds blow from this region to
the low-pressure areas over the oceans to the south.
8. DISTANCE FROM THE SEA
CURRENT
Distance from the sea (Continentality) The sea affects the climate of a place. Coastal areas are cooler and wetter than
inland areas. Clouds form when warm air from inland areas meets cool air from the sea.
The Centre of continents are subject to a large range of temperatures. The distance from any water body (whether it is a
lake/ sea) have a major impact on climate of any location. Greater distant locations have lesser impact of sea in controlling
the climatic conditions.
Say Mumbai or any coastal region like Goa , they are situated near huge water reservoirs which causes lesser
daily temperature range, as water moderates diurnal temperature swings and overall annual as well(because water
bodies take much time to warm and cool).
While if you see temperature range (whether daily or annual) of any desert region; say Jaisalmer of
Rajasthan, such places have great temperature ranges causing hot day and chilling night (as land
warms and cools quickly) That’s why coastal cities have cold summer and mild winters and desert
cities (far from water reservoirs) have hot summers and chilling winters.
9. How do Ocean Current affect the
climate
Warm ocean currents warm the land they pass while cold ocean
currents cool the land pass.
Example :- Gulf of Mexico warms the coast of Gulf of Mexico. The
Bering sea cools the coast of Alaska.
10. The movement of the ocean currents has an Ocean
currents can and do move in all directions. But those
that move north and south act like conveyor belts,
transporting warm water to the polar regions and
carrying cooler water back toward the equator.
11. RELIEF FEATURES
India lies totally in the Northern Hemisphere of the globe.
India mainland lies between 80.41 and 370.61 North latitudes
and 680.71 and 970.251 East longitudes.
For India the central longitude 820.301 East is taken as
Standard Meridian.
12. India Standard Time (IST) is 5 ½ hours a head Greenwich Mean
Time(GMT).
World land forms originated from Angara land (Laurasia) and
Gondwanaland.
The India peninsula was part of Gondwanaland.
India plate moved North - East and Collided Eurasian plate resulting
the formation of the Himalayas.
Greater Himalayas average height is 6100 mts.
13. The relief of an area can have a
significant effect on the climate
of that area. Let us explore the
effect of relief on temperature,
wind and rainfall. Elevation has
a marked effect on the
temperature of an area.
Generally speaking, temperature
decreases with height in the
lower atmosphere.
14. SUMMER SEASON:-
Summer is the hottest of the four temperate seasons, falling after spring and
before autumn. At or around the summer solstice (about 3 days
before Midsummer Day), the earliest sunrise and latest sunset occurs, the days
are longest and the nights are shortest, with day length decreasing as the season
progresses after the solstice. The date of the beginning of summer varies
according to climate, tradition, and culture. When it is summer in the Northern
Hemisphere, it is winter in the Southern Hemisphere, and vice versa.
15. HOT SUMMER WINDS
The Loo is a strong, dusty, gusty, hot and dry summer wind from the west
which blows over the western Indo-Gangetic Plain region of North
India and Pakistan.[1] It is especially strong in the months of May and
June. Due to its very high temperatures (45 °C–50 °C or 115 °F–120 °F),
exposure to it often leads to fatal heat strokes.
Since it causes extremely low humidity and high temperatures, the Loo also
has a severe drying effect on vegetation leading to widespread browning in
the areas affected by it during the months of May and June.
16. MANGO SHOWERS
Mango showers is a colloquial term to describe the occurrence of pre- monsoon rainfall. Sometimes, these rains
are referred to generically as ‘April rains’ or ‘Summer showers’. They are notable across much of South and
Southeast Asia, including India, and Cambodia.
These rains normally occur from March to April, although their arrival is often difficult to predict. Their intensity
can range from light showers to heavy and persistent thunderstorms. In India, the mango showers occur as the
result of thunderstorm development over the Bay of Bengal. They are also known as 'Kaal Baisakhi' in Bengal,
as Bordoisila in Assam and as Cherry Blossom showers or Coffee Showers in Kerala.
Towards the close of the summer season, pre-monsoon showers are common, especially in Kerala, Karnataka and
parts of Tamil Nadu in India. They help in the early ripening of mangoes and are hence often referred to as
"Mango showers."
17. WINTER SEASON
(THE COLD WEATHER SEASON)
Winter season is the coldest season which starts from the month
of December till the month of March. The peak winter months are
January and December. Winter season comes with fog. Fog covers
sunlight and makes winter colder. There is a huge change in
atmospheric temperature and routines of day and night in winter.
18. Winter is the coldest season of the year in some parts of the northern and
southern hemisphere, this season is characterized by falling snow and
freezing cold temperatures, usually exacerbated by strong winds.
Around this time, the days are short and nights longer, this usually reverse
slowly as the season progresses.
19. The winter season is one of the four seasons in India, which begins in
December and lasts until March.
Winter days are bright and pleasant due to the low summer sun.
The mountainous regions of North India look very beautiful due to heavy
snowfall.
December and January are the months of extreme winter, during which we
feel a lot of problems due to too much cold weather.
The best weather is to go on long drives and tours.
