This document provides an overview of modern art movements from Neoclassicism in the 18th century through Surrealism in the early 20th century. It discusses the key characteristics and examples of works for each major movement including Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Art Nouveau, Expressionism, Fauvism, Cubism, Futurism, Vorticism, Dada, Suprematism, Constructivism, De Stijl, and Surrealism. The movements had varying styles and subject matters but many revolted against prior conventions and explored new ways of representing visual art.

1. MODERN ART
a lecture

2. Neoclassicism
• is the name given to Western movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature,
theatre, music, and architecture that draw inspiration from the "classical" art and culture of
Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome.The main Neoclassical movement coincided with the
18th century Age of Enlightenment, and continued into the early 19th century, latterly
competing with Romanticism. In architecture the style continued throughout the 19th and
20th centuries and into the 21st.

3. • Jacques-Louis David (French) , Oath of the Horatii, (1784)

4. • Jacques-Louis David, The Death of Socrates, (1787)

5. • An artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of
the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800
to 1850 Partly reaction to Industrial revolution, using human emotion as the primary
means, often featuring the sublimity of forces of nature
Romanticism

6. • Caspar David
Friedrich (German),
Wanderer Above the Sea
of Fog, 1818

7. • Théodore Géricault (French), The Raft of the Medusa, 1819

8. • Eugène Delacroix (French) , Death of Sardanapalus, 1827

9. • Hans Gude (Norwegian), Fra Hardanger, 1847

10. Realism
• Realism was an artistic movement that began in France in the 1850s, after the 1848
Revolution. [1] Realists rejected Romanticism, which had dominated French literature and
art since the late 18th century. Realism revolted against the exotic subject matter and
exaggerated emotionalism and drama of the Romantic movement. Instead it sought to
portray real and typical contemporary people and situations with truth and accuracy, and
not avoiding unpleasant or sordid aspects of life. Realist works depicted people of all
classes in situations that arise in ordinary life, and often reflected the changes wrought by
the Industrial and Commercial Revolutions.
• defined as the attempt to represent subject matter truthfully, without artificiality, and
avoiding artistic conventions, implausible, exotic and supernatural elements.

11. • Gustave Courbet (French), A burial At Omans, 1850

12. • Gustave Courbet, Bonjour Monsieur Courbet, 1854

13. • Jean-François Millet (French), The Gleaners, 1857

14. Edouard Manet (French), Olympia, 1863

15. Impressionism
• a 19th-century art movement that originated with a group of Paris-based artists.Their
independent exhibitions brought them to prominence during the 1870s and 1880s, in spite
of harsh opposition from the conventional art community in France.The name of the style
derives from the title of a Claude Monet work, Impression, Sunrise.

16. Claude Monet (French), Impression, Sunrise, 1872

17. Pierre-Auguste Renoir (French), Le Moulin de la Gazette, 1876

18. Edgar Degas (French), Woman in the Bath, 1886

19. Claude Monet, On the Bank of the River Scene at Bennecourt, 1886

20. Post -
Impressionism
• A term coined by the British artist and art critic Roger Fry in 1910 to describe the
development of French art since Manet. Fry used the term when he organized
the 1910 exhibition Manet and the Post-Impressionists. Post-Impressionists
extended Impressionism while rejecting its limitations: they continued using vivid
colours, thick application of paint, distinctive brush strokes, and real-life subject
matter, but they were more inclined to emphasize geometric forms, to distort
form for expressive effect, and to use unnatural or arbitrary colour.

21. Vincent van Gogh (Dutch), The Potato Eaters, 1885

22. Georges Seurat (French), Sunday Afternoon on the Island of Grande Jatte, 1886

23. Paul Cézanne (French), Mont Sainte-Victoire,1887

24. Émile Bernard (French), Pardon at Pont-Aven, 1888

25. Paul Gaugain (French), Vision After the Sermon, 1888

26. Vincent van Gogh, The Starry Night, 1889

27. Vincent van Gogh, Irises, 1889

28. Paul Cézanne, Bibemus Quarry, 1900

29. Art Nouveau
• is an international art, architecture and applied art—especially the decorative arts—that
were most popular during 1890–1910.The name "Art Nouveau" is French for "new art".
A reaction to academic art of the 19th century, it was inspired by natural forms and
structures, not only in flowers and plants but also in curved lines.
• Art Nouveau is now considered a 'total' style, meaning that it includes a hierarchy of scales
in design—architecture; interior design; decorative arts including jewellery, furniture,
textiles, household silver and other utensils and lighting; and the visual arts (see Hierarchy
of genres.) According to the philosophy of the style, art should be a way of life. For many
Europeans, it was possible to live in an art nouveau-inspired house with art nouveau
furniture, silverware, crockery, jewellery, cigarette cases, etc.Artists desired to combine the
fine arts and applied arts, even for utilitarian objects.[3]

30. Museum of Applied Arts, Budapest

31. Art Nouveau House, Portugal

32. Arthur Mackmurdo,
(English), Book Cover,
1883

33. Aubrey Beardsley (English),
The Peacock Skirt, 1892

34. Alphonse Mucha (Czech),
Poster for Gismonda, 1894

35. Gustav Klimt (Austrian), Medicine, 1907 (detail on right)

36. Gustav Klimt, The Kiss, 1908

37. Expressionism
• a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Germany at the
beginning of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a
subjective perspective, distorting it radically for emotional effect in order to evoke
moods or ideas. Expressionist artists sought to express meaning or emotional
experience rather than physical reality. Expressionism was developed as an avant-garde
style before the First World War

38. Edvard Munch (Norwegian), The
Scream, 1893

39. Egon Schiele (Austrian), Self portrait with black clay pot, 1911

40. Fauvism
• Les Fauves (French for "the wild beasts"), were a loose group of early twentieth-century
Modern artists whose works emphasized painterly qualities and strong colour over the
representational or realistic values retained by Impressionism.While Fauvism as a style
began around 1900 and continued beyond 1910, the movement as such lasted only a few
years, 1904–1908, and had three exhibitions. The leaders of the movement were Henri
Matisse and André Derain.

41. André Derain (French),
Self-portait in the Studio,
1903

42. Henri Matisse (French), Luxe, Calme et Volupté, 1904

43. Henri Matisse, Portrait of Madame
Matisse, 1905

44. Henri Matisse, Woman with a Hat, 1905

45. André Derain, Charing Cross Bridge, 1906

46. André Derain, Road in the Mountains, 1907

47. André Derain, Landscape in Province, 1908

48. Henri Matisse, The Dance (first version), 1909

49. • Die Brüke (The Bridge) was a group of German expressionist artists formed in
Dresden in 1905. The seminal group had a major impact on the evolution of modern
art in the 20th century and the creation of expressionism.
• This group is sometimes compared to the Fauves. Both movements shared interests in
primitivist art. Both shared an interest in the expressing of extreme emotion through
high-keyed color that was very often non-naturalistic. Both movements employed a
drawing technique that was crude, and both groups shared an antipathy to complete
abstraction.
• Die Brücke aimed to eschew the prevalent traditional academic style and find a new
mode of artistic expression, which would form a bridge (hence the name) between the
past and the present.
Die Brüke

50. Ernst Ludwig
Kirchner (German),
Nollendorplatz, 1912

51. Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Group of
Artists, 1927

52. • Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) was founded by a number of Russian emigrants and
native German artists. Der Blaue Reiter was a movement lasting from 1911 to 1914,
fundamental to Expressionism,
Der Blaue Reiter

53. Wassily
Kandinsky
(Russian), Der
Blaue Reiter,
1903

54. Franz Marc (German), The Tower of
Blue Horses, 1913

55. Franz Marc, Animals
in a Landscape,
1914

56. Cubism
• is an early-20th-century avant-garde art movement pioneered by Georges Braque and
Pablo Picasso, that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related
movements in music, literature and architecture. Cubism has been considered the most
influential art movement of the 20th century. Variants such as Futurism and
Constructivism developed in other countries. A primary influence that led to Cubism
was the representation of three-dimensional form in the late works of Paul Cézanne. In
Cubist artwork, objects are analyzed, broken up and reassembled in an abstracted form—
instead of depicting objects from one viewpoint, the artist depicts the subject from a
multitude of viewpoints to represent the subject in a greater context.

57. Pablo Picasso
(Spanish), Les
Demoiselles
d’Avignon, 1907

58. Pablo Picasso, Portrait of Daniel-
Henry Kahnweiler, 1910

59. Georges Braque,
(French), La guitare, 1910

60. Georges Braque, Nature
Morte (Fruit Dish, Ace of
Clubs), 1913

61. Pablo Picasso, Guernica, 1937

62. Futurism
• Futurism was an artistic and social movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th
century. It emphasized and glorified themes associated with contemporary concepts of the
future, including speed, technology, youth and violence, and objects such as the car, the
airplane and the industrial city.

63. Giacomo Balla (Italian), Street Light, 1909

64. Umberto Boccioni (Italian), The City Rises, 1910

65. Giacomo Balla, Let Lastavica, 1913

66. Giacomo Balla (Italian), Abstract Speed + Sound, 1913

67. Umberto Boccioni, Charge of the Lancers, 1915

68. Vorticism was a short-lived modernist movement in British art and poetry of the early
20th century. It was partly inspired by Cubism.The movement was announced in
1914 in the first issue of BLAST, which contained its manifesto and the movement's
rejection of landscape and nudes in favour of a geometric style tending towards
abstraction. Ultimately, it was their witnessing of unfolding human disaster in World
War I that drained these artists of theirVorticist zeal. Vorticism was based in London but
international in make-up and ambition.
Vorticism

69. David Bomberg (English) The Mud Bath, 1914

70. Wyndham Lewis
(English),Timon of
Athens, 1914

71. Wyndham Lewis, Workshop,
1915

72. Unknown Artist, 1916

73. Edward
Wadsworth
(English), Dazzle
Ship in Drydock at
Liverpool, 1919

74. The Armory Show
• The Armory Show refers to the 1913 International Exhibition of Modern Art, the first
large exhibition of modern art in America. The three-city exhibition started in New
York City's 69th Regiment Armory, from February 17 until March 15, 1913. The
show became an important event in the history of American art, introducing
astonished Americans, who were accustomed to realistic art, to the experimental
styles of the European vanguard, including Fauvism, Cubism, and Futurism. The
show served as a catalyst for American artists, who became more independent and
created their own "artistic language."

75. Edward Wadsworth, Dazzle Ships, 1919

76. • World War I (WWI) was a global war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and
lasted until 11 November 1918. It was predominantly called the World War or the Great
War from its occurrence until the start of World War II in 1939, and the First World War or
World War I thereafter.
WW1

77. Dada
• Dada or Dadaism was an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th
century. Many claim Dada began in Zurich, Switzerland in 1916, spreading to Berlin and
NewYork shortly thereafter.
• The movement primarily involved visual arts, literature, poetry, art manifestoes, art theory,
theatre, and graphic design, and concentrated its anti-war politics through a rejection of
the prevailing standards in art through anti-art cultural works. In addition to being anti-
war, Dada was also anti-bourgeois and had political affinities with the radical left.
• Dada activities included public gatherings, demonstrations, and publication of art/literary
journals; passionate coverage of art, politics, and culture were topics often discussed in a
variety of media.

78. Hugo Ball (German), performing
sound piece at Cabaret Voltaire in
Switzerland, 1916

79. Marcel Duchamp
(French/American), Bicycle
Wheel, 1913

80. Marcel Duchamp
(French/American),
Fountain, 1917

81. Hannah Höch (German), Cut
with the Dada Kitchen Knife
through the Last Weimar Beer-
Belly Cultural Epoch in Germany,
1919

82. Raoul Hausmann (Austrian),
Mechanical Head, 1920

83. Suprematism
• Suprematism was an art movement, focused on basic geometric forms, such as circles,
squares, lines, and rectangles, painted in a limited range of colors. It was founded by
Kazimir Malevich in Russia, in 1915.The term suprematism refers to an art based upon
“the supremacy of pure artistic feeling” rather than on visual depiction of objects.

84. Kasimir Malevich
(Russian), Black Circle,
1915

85. Kasimir
Malevich, Black
Circle, 1915

86. Kasimir Malevich,
Suprematist
(Supremus No.
58. Yellow and
Black), 1916

87. Kasimir Malevich,
White on White,
1923

88. Constructivism
• Constructivism was an artistic and architectural philosophy that originated in Russia
beginning in 1919, which was a rejection of the idea of autonomous art.The movement
was in favour of art as a practice for social purposes. Constructivism had a great effect on
modern art movements of the 20th century. Its influence was pervasive, with major
impacts upon architecture, graphic and industrial design, theatre, film, dance, fashion and to
some extent music.

89. Vladimir Tatlin (Russian), Model
for The Monument to the Third
International, 1919

90. El Lissitzky (Russian), Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge, 1919

91. • De Stijl, Dutch for "The Style", also known as neoplasticism, was a Dutch artistic movement
founded in 1917. In a narrower sense, the term De Stijl is used to refer to a body of work
from 1917 to 1931 founded in the Netherlands. De Stijl is also the name of a journal that
was published by the Dutch painter, designer, writer, and critic Theo van Doesburg,
propagating the group's theories. The artistic philosophy that formed a basis for the
group's work is known as neoplasticism — the new plastic art.
De Stijl

92. Piet Mondrian,
Compostition with Gray and
Light Brown, 1918

93. Theo van Doesburg
(Dutch), Composition IX,
opus 18, 1917

94. Piet Mondrian (Dutch),
Composition with Yellow,
Blue and Red, 1942

95. American Realism

96. Surrealism
• Surrealism developed out of the Dada activities during World War I and the most
important center of the movement was Paris. From the 1920s onward, the movement
spread around the globe, eventually affecting the visual arts, literature, film, and music of
many countries and languages, as well as political thought and practice, philosophy, and
social theory.
• Surrealist works feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions and non
sequitur; however, many Surrealist artists and writers regard their work as an expression
of the philosophical movement first and foremost, with the works being an artefact.
Leader André Breton was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was above all a
revolutionary movement.

97. René Magritte (Belgian), The Treachery of Images, 1929

98. René Magritte, Golconde, 1953

99. Salvador Dali (Spanish), Metamorphosis of Narcissus, 1937

100. Lyrical abstraction
• Lyrical abstraction was opposed not only to Cubist and Surrealist movements that
preceded it, but also to geometric abstraction (or "cold abstraction"). Lyrical abstraction
was in some ways the first to apply the lessons of Kandinsky, considered one of the
fathers of abstraction. For the artists in France, lyrical abstraction represented an
opening to personal expression.

101. Arshile Gorky (Armeniam) The Liver is the Cock’s Comb, 1944,

102. Arshile Gorky
(Armeniam)
Water from
the Flowery
Mill, 1944,

103. Jean-Paul
Riopelle,
La Forêt
Ardente,
1955

104. Paul Jenkins
(American) ,
Pawnee, 1958

105. • Abstract expressionism was an American post–World War II art movement. It was the
first specifically American movement to achieve international influence and put NewYork
City at the center of the western art world, a role formerly filled by Paris.
Abstract Expressionism

106. Jackson Pollack (American), Lavender Mist: Number 1, 1950

107. Willem De Kooning (Dutch/
American), Woman V, 1953

108. Lyrical Abstraction
Franz Kline (American), Number 2, 1954

109. Painters Eleven

110. Tom Hodgson, stree(?), ?

111. Color Field
• Color Field painting is a style of abstract painting that emerged in NewYork City during the
1940s and 1950s. It was inspired by European modernism and closely related to Abstract
Expressionism, while many of its notable early proponents were among the pioneering
Abstract Expressionists. Color Field is characterized primarily by large fields of flat, solid
color spread across or stained into the canvas creating areas of unbroken surface and a flat
picture plane.The movement places less emphasis on gesture, brushstrokes and action in
favour of an overall consistency of form and process. In color field painting, color is freed
from objective context and becomes the subject in itself.

112. Mark Rothko (American),
No. 8, 1952

113. Mark Rothko (American),
No.61(Rust and Blue), 1953

114. Mark Rothko
(American), No.14,
1960

115. Barnett Newman (American),
Who’s Afraid of Red, Yellow and
Blue?, 1966

116. Robert Motherwell (American), Elegy to the Spanish Republic No. 110, 1971

117. Bay Area Painters

118. Pop Art
• Pop art is an art movement that emerged in the mid-1950s in Britain and in the late
1950s in the United States. Pop art presented a challenge to traditions of fine art by
including imagery from popular culture such as advertising, news, etc. It is widely
interpreted as a reaction to the then-dominant ideas of abstract expressionism, as well as
an expansion upon them. And due to its utilization of found objects and images it is
similar to Dada. Pop art is aimed to employ images of popular as opposed to elitist
culture in art, emphasizing the banal or kitschy elements of any given culture, most often
through the use of irony. It is also associated with the artists' use of mechanical means of
reproduction or rendering techniques.

119. Richard
Diebenkorn, ?,?

120. Richard Hamilton
(English), Just what is it
that makes today’s
homes so different, so
appealing?, 1956

121. Andy Warhol (American), Campbell’s Soup Cans, 1962

122. Andy Warhol
(American), Except
from Marylin Diptych,
1962

123. Jasper Johns (American), Flag, 1955

124. Minimalism
• Minimalism describes movements in various forms of art and design, especially visual art
and music, where the work is set out to expose the essence or identity of a subject
through eliminating all non-essential forms, features or concepts. Minimalism is any
design or style in which the simplest and fewest elements are used to create the
maximum effect.
• As a specific movement in the arts it is identified with developments in post–World
War II Western Art, most strongly with American visual arts in the 1960s and early
1970s. It is rooted in the reductive aspects of Modernism, and is often interpreted as a
reaction against Abstract expressionism and a bridge to Postminimal art practices.

125. Frank Stella
(American),
Astoria, 1958

126. Frank Stella, Die Fahne
Hoch!, 1959

127. Tony Smith (American), Free Ride, 1962

128. Richard Serra (American, Tilted Arc,
1981

129. Richard Serra, Tilted Spheres, 2004

130. Photorealism
• Photorealism is the genre of painting based on using cameras and photographs to gather
visual information and then from this creating a painting that appears to be photographic.
The term is primarily applied to paintings from the United States art movement that began
in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

131. Richard Estes (American), Nedicks, 1970

132. John Baeder (American), Prout’s Diner, 1974

133. Gerhard
Richter
(German),
Group of
People,
1965

134. Chuck Close
(American), Big
Self-Portrait, 1969

135. Chuck Close, Linda, 1976

136. Chuck Close,
Frank, 1969

137. Land Art, Earthworks
• Land art, Earthworks is an art movement in which landscape and the work of art are
inextricably linked. It is also an art form that is created in nature, using natural materials.
Sculptures are not placed in the landscape, rather, the landscape is the means of their
creation. The works frequently exist in the open, located well away from civilization, left
to change and erode under natural conditions. Many of the first works, created in the
deserts of Nevada, New Mexico, Utah or Arizona were ephemeral in nature and now
only exist as video recordings or photographic documents.They also pioneered a
category of art called site-specific sculpture, designed for a particular outdoor location.

138. Robert Smithson (American), Spiral Jetty, 1970

139. •
James Turrell (American), Roden Crater

140. Performance Art
• The meaning of the term in the narrower sense is related to postmodernist traditions in
Western culture. From about the mid-1960s into the 1970s, performance art tended to
be defined as an antithesis to theatre, challenging orthodox art forms and cultural norms.
The ideal had been an ephemeral and authentic experience for performer and audience
in an event that could not be repeated, captured or purchased.

141. Joseph Beuys (German), I Like America and America Likes Me, 1974

142. Chris Burden
(American), Trans-
fixed), 1974

143. Young British Artists
• TheYoung British Artists, orYBAs also referred to as Brit artists and Britart — is the
name given to a loose group of visual artists who first began to exhibit together in
London, in 1988. Many of the artists graduated from the BA Fine Art course at
Goldsmiths, in the late 1980s.

144. Damien Hirst (English), The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone
Living, 1991

145. Tracey Emin (English), My Bed, 1999

146. Hyperrealism
• Hyperrealism is a genre of painting and sculpture resembling a high-resolution
photograph. Hyperrealism is considered an advancement of Photorealism by the methods
used to create the resulting paintings or sculptures.The term is primarily applied to an
independent art movement and art style in the United States and Europe that has
developed since the early 2000s

147. Agustin Reche Mora (Granadian), Calle Sevilla desde al cafeteria Hontanares, 2003

148. Agustin
Reche
Mora

149. Mauro David (Italian), Crystal dish with melons), 1999