This document discusses a new concept for aircraft high lift systems that uses secondary controlled hydraulic motors (VDHM) instead of conventional valve-controlled constant displacement hydraulic motors (CDHM).
The current CDHM system leads to complex valve blocks and high power losses to control speed and position. The new VDHM concept offers reduced flow consumption without pressure losses by varying motor displacement instead of using valves. This allows more flexible digital control of functions like speed and positioning.
The document introduces the new VDHM concept, presents the mathematical model of secondary controlled hydraulic motors, and discusses a new hydraulic design for power control units using VDHMs. Simulation and experimental results show the VDHM concept can reduce power requirements compared to conventional
A Novel Control Method Of Variable Speed Pumped Storage Power PlantIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a novel control method for variable speed pumped storage power plants using direct torque control (DTC) and a two-level voltage source converter (2LVSC). It begins by introducing variable speed pumped storage and some common control methods like static frequency converters and cycloconverters. It then provides more detail on DTC strategy for controlling a doubly fed asynchronous machine, including modeling the machine equations and analyzing the effect of voltage vectors on torque and flux regulation. Simulation results are presented showing improved efficiency compared to conventional plants from applying the novel DTC with 2LVSC control method.
Analysis of a High Efficiency Boost-Inverter with Back-up Battery Storage in ...irjes
paper, proposes an analysis and design of a high efficiency boost-inverter with bidirectional back-up battery storage in fuel cell. When low-voltage unregulated fuel cell (FC) output is conditioned to generate AC power, two stages are required: a boost stage and an inversion one. In this paper, the boost-inverter topology that achieves both boosting and inversion functions in a single-stage is used to develop an FC-based energy system which offers high conversion efficiency, low-cost and compactness. The proposed system incorporates additional battery-based energy storage and a DC-DC bi-directional converter to support instantaneous load changes. The output voltage of the boost-inverter is voltage-mode controlled and the DC-DC bidirectional converter is current-mode controlled. The load low frequency current ripple is supplied by the battery which minimizes the effects of such ripple being drawn directly from the FC itself. Analysis, simulation results are presented to confirm the operational performance of the proposed system.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Hysteresis Current Control of Switched Reluctance Motor in Aircraft ApplicationsIAES-IJPEDS
The document discusses hysteresis current control of a switched reluctance motor (SRM) for aircraft applications. It introduces two hysteresis control modes - hard chopping and soft chopping. Hard chopping switches the phase voltage between -U and +U, producing larger current ripples. Soft chopping switches between 0 and +U, allowing better current control with lower ripple. The document presents Simulink models of SRM using hard chopping control at no load with source voltages of 220V and 350V. At higher voltage, phase currents overlap more but torque ripple increases. Hysteresis control aims to maintain torque within a band for steady motor operation.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a fuzzy logic controller for controlling the speed of a permanent magnet brushless DC motor (PMBLDC motor) used to drive an air conditioner compressor. The paper describes developing a fuzzy logic controller in MATLAB and simulating a PMBLDC motor drive system using it. Simulation results for motor speed, torque, current and inverter voltages are analyzed and compared to experimental results from a TMS320F2808 digital signal processor to validate the effectiveness of the fuzzy logic controller. The document also provides details on modeling the proposed PMBLDC motor drive system, including the motor, voltage source inverter and fuzzy logic based controller.
This document provides a technical training manual for maintenance personnel on the indicating and recording systems of single aisle aircraft, specifically focusing on the CFM56-5B/ME engines. It covers topics such as the Electronic Instrument System architecture and components, the Engine/Warning Display and its presentation of parameters and messages, ECAM advisory and failure related modes, and other systems like the Centralized Fault Display System, printer, and digital flight data recording. The manual is intended solely for training purposes and not as a reference document, as it will not be updated.
A Three-to-Five-Phase Matrix Converter BasedFive- Phase Induction Motor Drive...idescitation
This paper presents a five-phase induction motor drive
system fed from a three-to-five-phase matrix converter. This
is a new concept of generating variable voltage and variable
frequency five-phase output using a special matrix converter.
This matrix converter is proposed recently which transform
the available three-phase supply to five-phase supply. Simple
carrier-based PWM scheme with enhanced approach is
employed to control the output of the matrix converter.
Enhanced approach is utilized so as to increase the output
voltage magnitude of the three-to-five-phase matrix converter.
The motor is controlled in constant v/f mode. Simulation study
is carried out for excitation, acceleration, loadingand reversing
transients. High quality dynamics are observed.
Smart aerosonde UAV longitudinal flight control system based on genetic algor...journalBEEI
Synthesis of a flight control system for such an aircraft that achieves stable and acceptable performance across a specified flying envelope in the presence of uncertainties represents an attractive and challenging design problem. This study uses the genetic self-tuning PID algorithm to develop an intelligent flight control system for the aerosonde UAV model. To improve the system's transient responses, the gains of the PID controller are improved using a genetic algorithm (GA). Simulink/MATLAB software is used to model and simulate the proposed system. The proposed PID controller integrated with the GA is compared with the classical one. Three simulation scenarios are carried out. In the first scenario, and at normal conditions, the proposed controller performance is better than the classical one. While in the second scenario, identical results are achieved from both controllers. Finally, in the third scenario, the PID controller with GA shows the robustness and durability of the system compared with the classical PID in presence of external wind disturbance. The simulation results prove the system parameters optimization.
A Novel Control Method Of Variable Speed Pumped Storage Power PlantIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a novel control method for variable speed pumped storage power plants using direct torque control (DTC) and a two-level voltage source converter (2LVSC). It begins by introducing variable speed pumped storage and some common control methods like static frequency converters and cycloconverters. It then provides more detail on DTC strategy for controlling a doubly fed asynchronous machine, including modeling the machine equations and analyzing the effect of voltage vectors on torque and flux regulation. Simulation results are presented showing improved efficiency compared to conventional plants from applying the novel DTC with 2LVSC control method.
Analysis of a High Efficiency Boost-Inverter with Back-up Battery Storage in ...irjes
paper, proposes an analysis and design of a high efficiency boost-inverter with bidirectional back-up battery storage in fuel cell. When low-voltage unregulated fuel cell (FC) output is conditioned to generate AC power, two stages are required: a boost stage and an inversion one. In this paper, the boost-inverter topology that achieves both boosting and inversion functions in a single-stage is used to develop an FC-based energy system which offers high conversion efficiency, low-cost and compactness. The proposed system incorporates additional battery-based energy storage and a DC-DC bi-directional converter to support instantaneous load changes. The output voltage of the boost-inverter is voltage-mode controlled and the DC-DC bidirectional converter is current-mode controlled. The load low frequency current ripple is supplied by the battery which minimizes the effects of such ripple being drawn directly from the FC itself. Analysis, simulation results are presented to confirm the operational performance of the proposed system.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Hysteresis Current Control of Switched Reluctance Motor in Aircraft ApplicationsIAES-IJPEDS
The document discusses hysteresis current control of a switched reluctance motor (SRM) for aircraft applications. It introduces two hysteresis control modes - hard chopping and soft chopping. Hard chopping switches the phase voltage between -U and +U, producing larger current ripples. Soft chopping switches between 0 and +U, allowing better current control with lower ripple. The document presents Simulink models of SRM using hard chopping control at no load with source voltages of 220V and 350V. At higher voltage, phase currents overlap more but torque ripple increases. Hysteresis control aims to maintain torque within a band for steady motor operation.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a fuzzy logic controller for controlling the speed of a permanent magnet brushless DC motor (PMBLDC motor) used to drive an air conditioner compressor. The paper describes developing a fuzzy logic controller in MATLAB and simulating a PMBLDC motor drive system using it. Simulation results for motor speed, torque, current and inverter voltages are analyzed and compared to experimental results from a TMS320F2808 digital signal processor to validate the effectiveness of the fuzzy logic controller. The document also provides details on modeling the proposed PMBLDC motor drive system, including the motor, voltage source inverter and fuzzy logic based controller.
This document provides a technical training manual for maintenance personnel on the indicating and recording systems of single aisle aircraft, specifically focusing on the CFM56-5B/ME engines. It covers topics such as the Electronic Instrument System architecture and components, the Engine/Warning Display and its presentation of parameters and messages, ECAM advisory and failure related modes, and other systems like the Centralized Fault Display System, printer, and digital flight data recording. The manual is intended solely for training purposes and not as a reference document, as it will not be updated.
A Three-to-Five-Phase Matrix Converter BasedFive- Phase Induction Motor Drive...idescitation
This paper presents a five-phase induction motor drive
system fed from a three-to-five-phase matrix converter. This
is a new concept of generating variable voltage and variable
frequency five-phase output using a special matrix converter.
This matrix converter is proposed recently which transform
the available three-phase supply to five-phase supply. Simple
carrier-based PWM scheme with enhanced approach is
employed to control the output of the matrix converter.
Enhanced approach is utilized so as to increase the output
voltage magnitude of the three-to-five-phase matrix converter.
The motor is controlled in constant v/f mode. Simulation study
is carried out for excitation, acceleration, loadingand reversing
transients. High quality dynamics are observed.
Smart aerosonde UAV longitudinal flight control system based on genetic algor...journalBEEI
Synthesis of a flight control system for such an aircraft that achieves stable and acceptable performance across a specified flying envelope in the presence of uncertainties represents an attractive and challenging design problem. This study uses the genetic self-tuning PID algorithm to develop an intelligent flight control system for the aerosonde UAV model. To improve the system's transient responses, the gains of the PID controller are improved using a genetic algorithm (GA). Simulink/MATLAB software is used to model and simulate the proposed system. The proposed PID controller integrated with the GA is compared with the classical one. Three simulation scenarios are carried out. In the first scenario, and at normal conditions, the proposed controller performance is better than the classical one. While in the second scenario, identical results are achieved from both controllers. Finally, in the third scenario, the PID controller with GA shows the robustness and durability of the system compared with the classical PID in presence of external wind disturbance. The simulation results prove the system parameters optimization.
Using HBCC System Power Factor Correction of Three Phase PWM AC Chopper Fed I...Chaitra Panat
The document presents a project on power factor correction of a three-phase PWM AC chopper fed induction motor drive system using hysteresis band current control (HBCC) technique. It discusses the need for power factor correction in induction motor drive systems and describes different power factor correction methods. It then presents the proposed control strategy involving soft starting, speed control and power factor correction modes. Simulation models of the system with and without HBCC are shown and results demonstrate input power factor correction under different operating speeds with low harmonic distortion. Advantages of the system include high reliability and efficiency while improving machine performance.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document outlines various aircraft systems and components required for different levels of aircraft maintenance licensing. It includes sections on gyroscopic principles, flight instruments, lighting systems, onboard maintenance systems, turbine engines, and engine indicating systems. It also includes a section on fundamentals of gas turbine engines that discusses energy, engine operation, and performance parameters such as thrust and efficiency.
A Single Phase to Three Phase PFC Half-Bridge Converter Using BLDC Drive with...IJERA Editor
This document describes a proposed single-phase to three-phase power factor correction (PFC) half-bridge converter for a brushless DC motor (BLDC) drive used in an air conditioner compressor. The converter uses a buck half-bridge topology to provide both PFC and regulated DC link voltage for the inverter. A proportional-integral controller regulates the DC link voltage based on desired motor speed. Hall sensors provide position signals to commutate the BLDC motor. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate improved efficiency of the proposed drive system with PFC over a wide speed and input voltage range.
1) The document experimentally investigates the performance characteristics of an air brake combination valve under different operating conditions.
2) Testing was conducted on a test rig that simulated an air brake system. Results showed the brake chamber pressure changes proportionally to the load and treadle valve pressure based on reservoir pressure.
3) There is a lag time between the treadle valve pressure and brake chamber pressure output that is affected by the pedal travel rate and brake chamber conditions.
A control system is a collection of mechanical and electronic equipment that allows an aircraft to be flown with exceptional precision and reliability. Torque tubes are often used to actuate ailerons and flaps.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the performance of a STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) under various power system faults. It proposes an "emergency PWM" control strategy to prevent overcurrents in the voltage source converter (VSC) during faults, allowing the STATCOM to continue supplying reactive power support when needed. Simulation results are presented for a 48-pulse VSC-based ±100 MVAR STATCOM connected to a 2-bus power system, validating that the emergency PWM strategy prevents overcurrents and allows reactive power support during line-to-ground faults.
The document describes a voltage controlled adjustable speed drive for a permanent magnet brushless DC motor (PMBLDCM) used in an air conditioner compressor. A single-stage power factor correction (PFC) half-bridge converter is used to feed a voltage source inverter (VSI) that operates the PMBLDCM. The PMBLDCM speed is controlled by varying the DC link voltage proportional to the desired speed. This improves the air conditioner's efficiency while maintaining a consistent temperature. The proposed drive combines PFC and voltage regulation in a single-stage converter to control DC link voltage and power factor. Performance is evaluated through MATLAB/Simulink simulation of a 1.5kW PMBLDCM
This document describes a project on pressure control of an electro-hydraulic brake system using sliding mode control. It establishes a 4-order nonlinear mathematical model of an actuator with a four-way sliding valve and hydraulic cylinder. It then designs a sliding mode controller based on this model to control the hydraulic pressure. Simulations are performed in MATLAB/Simulink to test the controller on sine waves, square waves, and disturbances, showing that it can track the target pressure within 0.25 seconds with less than 1.2 bar of error. The goal is to enhance stability and robustness of electro-hydraulic brake systems.
The document discusses civil aircraft fly-by-wire system implementations and control laws. It compares the Airbus and Boeing philosophies, noting Airbus uses 5 main computers while Boeing uses 3 primary flight computers each with 3 similar lanes. It then details the Airbus implementation on the A320, A330 and A340, describing the 7 computers, 3 hydraulic systems and normal and backup control functions. Finally, it outlines the different levels of fly-by-wire control laws including normal, alternate, direct and mechanical reversion modes.
Advanced deep flux weakening operation control strategies for IPMSM IJECEIAES
This paper proposes an advanced flux-weakening control method to enlarge the speed range of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM). In the deep flux weakening (FW) region, the flux linkage decreases as the motor speed increases, increasing instability. Classic control methods will be unstable when operating in this area when changing load torque or reference speed is required. The paper proposes a hybrid control method to eliminate instability caused by voltage limit violation and improve the reference velocity-tracking efficiency when combining two classic control methods. Besides, the effective zone of IPMSM in the FW is analyzed and applied to enhance stability and efficiency following reference velocity. Simulation results demonstrate the strength and effectiveness of the proposed method.
Hyundai hl757 9 wheel loader service repair manualujjjjfkksekmmdm
The document provides an overview of the powertrain system components and their functions. It discusses the transmission, drive shafts, front and rear axles, and how power is transmitted from the engine to turn the wheels. The transmission uses clutches and hydraulic controls to provide 4 forward and 3 reverse speeds. It also describes the torque converter that multiplies engine torque for increased acceleration and its components of pump, turbine and stator wheels.
Teletender skytrak model 5030 6034 partsSilvio roman
This document is an illustrated parts manual for ANSI Model 5030 and 6034 equipment from June 1985. It provides information on accessing parts prices and manuals online 24/7 for customer convenience. The online services allow users to look up part prices and availability, identify parts using graphical manuals, order parts, review order status, invoices, shipping information and submit warranty claims. It also lists the worldwide locations of JLG Industries.
Esta unidad se centra en la comprensión y análisis de textos líricos como poemas, odas y acrósticos para estudiantes de sexto básico. Los objetivos incluyen aplicar estrategias de comprensión lectora a estos textos y analizar elementos como figuras literarias. Se realizarán diversas actividades como crear acrósticos, caligramas y crucigramas relacionados con los textos líricos.
Este documento describe dos tipos de catalizadores para escapes diésel: catalizadores estándar y Serie-D. Los catalizadores estándar usan monolitos metálicos con láminas de acero inoxidable corrugadas, mientras que los Serie-D usan sustratos cerámicos redondos. Ambos tipos mejoran la conversión de gases de escape al forzar un flujo turbulento a través de conductos. Los catalizadores Serie-D son más grandes para proveer suficiente capacidad de almacenamiento de HC.
AINTECH: Centro de Ingeniería de Superficies. Descripción de la actividad del grupo de I+D: Laboratorios y Proyectos. Líneas de investigación: Tribología, Biomateriales, Smart Coatings, Recubrimientos para nuevas fuentes de energía, Nanopartículas.
The document discusses a study that analyzed the voting records of US senators on 19 key issues. It found that Democratic senators voted together on average 95% of the time, while Republican senators voted together around 90% of the time. On some issues like abortion and the environment, senators voted almost entirely along party lines, while on other issues like international trade there was more bipartisan agreement. The study suggests that partisan divisions have increased in recent decades.
Este documento presenta cálculos relacionados con las potencias y rendimientos de un tractor agrícola. Explica conceptos como potencia ideal, potencia indicada, potencia al freno y potencia de fricción. Además, incluye ejemplos numéricos para calcular estas potencias para un motor diésel de 4 cilindros con ciertas especificaciones. Finalmente, resume las diferentes potencias calculadas en una tabla para comparar sus magnitudes.
Este documento contiene 8 páginas de planos técnicos para la fabricación de una boquilla de tubería de 3 pulgadas. Los planos incluyen vistas en sección, listas de materiales y especificaciones geométricas. Fueron diseñados por un ingeniero y aprobados para su fabricación.
This document provides information on the Caterpillar 613C-II wheeled tractor scraper. It summarizes the key specifications and capabilities of the vehicle including its gross power, rated load, transportability features for rapid deployment by air or ground, and ability to complete horizontal construction projects through cut and fill operations. It also outlines the integrated logistical support provided by Caterpillar including their global warranty, manuals, training, and extensive parts distribution network to support military operations worldwide.
El documento describe los pasos para la construcción de terraplenes, incluyendo el desbroce del terreno, eliminación de la capa vegetal, escarificado, ejecución del terraplén, perfilado y acabado. También explica los tipos de suelos, técnicas de compactación, y el ensayo Proctor para determinar la humedad óptima.
Using HBCC System Power Factor Correction of Three Phase PWM AC Chopper Fed I...Chaitra Panat
The document presents a project on power factor correction of a three-phase PWM AC chopper fed induction motor drive system using hysteresis band current control (HBCC) technique. It discusses the need for power factor correction in induction motor drive systems and describes different power factor correction methods. It then presents the proposed control strategy involving soft starting, speed control and power factor correction modes. Simulation models of the system with and without HBCC are shown and results demonstrate input power factor correction under different operating speeds with low harmonic distortion. Advantages of the system include high reliability and efficiency while improving machine performance.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document outlines various aircraft systems and components required for different levels of aircraft maintenance licensing. It includes sections on gyroscopic principles, flight instruments, lighting systems, onboard maintenance systems, turbine engines, and engine indicating systems. It also includes a section on fundamentals of gas turbine engines that discusses energy, engine operation, and performance parameters such as thrust and efficiency.
A Single Phase to Three Phase PFC Half-Bridge Converter Using BLDC Drive with...IJERA Editor
This document describes a proposed single-phase to three-phase power factor correction (PFC) half-bridge converter for a brushless DC motor (BLDC) drive used in an air conditioner compressor. The converter uses a buck half-bridge topology to provide both PFC and regulated DC link voltage for the inverter. A proportional-integral controller regulates the DC link voltage based on desired motor speed. Hall sensors provide position signals to commutate the BLDC motor. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate improved efficiency of the proposed drive system with PFC over a wide speed and input voltage range.
1) The document experimentally investigates the performance characteristics of an air brake combination valve under different operating conditions.
2) Testing was conducted on a test rig that simulated an air brake system. Results showed the brake chamber pressure changes proportionally to the load and treadle valve pressure based on reservoir pressure.
3) There is a lag time between the treadle valve pressure and brake chamber pressure output that is affected by the pedal travel rate and brake chamber conditions.
A control system is a collection of mechanical and electronic equipment that allows an aircraft to be flown with exceptional precision and reliability. Torque tubes are often used to actuate ailerons and flaps.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the performance of a STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) under various power system faults. It proposes an "emergency PWM" control strategy to prevent overcurrents in the voltage source converter (VSC) during faults, allowing the STATCOM to continue supplying reactive power support when needed. Simulation results are presented for a 48-pulse VSC-based ±100 MVAR STATCOM connected to a 2-bus power system, validating that the emergency PWM strategy prevents overcurrents and allows reactive power support during line-to-ground faults.
The document describes a voltage controlled adjustable speed drive for a permanent magnet brushless DC motor (PMBLDCM) used in an air conditioner compressor. A single-stage power factor correction (PFC) half-bridge converter is used to feed a voltage source inverter (VSI) that operates the PMBLDCM. The PMBLDCM speed is controlled by varying the DC link voltage proportional to the desired speed. This improves the air conditioner's efficiency while maintaining a consistent temperature. The proposed drive combines PFC and voltage regulation in a single-stage converter to control DC link voltage and power factor. Performance is evaluated through MATLAB/Simulink simulation of a 1.5kW PMBLDCM
This document describes a project on pressure control of an electro-hydraulic brake system using sliding mode control. It establishes a 4-order nonlinear mathematical model of an actuator with a four-way sliding valve and hydraulic cylinder. It then designs a sliding mode controller based on this model to control the hydraulic pressure. Simulations are performed in MATLAB/Simulink to test the controller on sine waves, square waves, and disturbances, showing that it can track the target pressure within 0.25 seconds with less than 1.2 bar of error. The goal is to enhance stability and robustness of electro-hydraulic brake systems.
The document discusses civil aircraft fly-by-wire system implementations and control laws. It compares the Airbus and Boeing philosophies, noting Airbus uses 5 main computers while Boeing uses 3 primary flight computers each with 3 similar lanes. It then details the Airbus implementation on the A320, A330 and A340, describing the 7 computers, 3 hydraulic systems and normal and backup control functions. Finally, it outlines the different levels of fly-by-wire control laws including normal, alternate, direct and mechanical reversion modes.
Advanced deep flux weakening operation control strategies for IPMSM IJECEIAES
This paper proposes an advanced flux-weakening control method to enlarge the speed range of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM). In the deep flux weakening (FW) region, the flux linkage decreases as the motor speed increases, increasing instability. Classic control methods will be unstable when operating in this area when changing load torque or reference speed is required. The paper proposes a hybrid control method to eliminate instability caused by voltage limit violation and improve the reference velocity-tracking efficiency when combining two classic control methods. Besides, the effective zone of IPMSM in the FW is analyzed and applied to enhance stability and efficiency following reference velocity. Simulation results demonstrate the strength and effectiveness of the proposed method.
Hyundai hl757 9 wheel loader service repair manualujjjjfkksekmmdm
The document provides an overview of the powertrain system components and their functions. It discusses the transmission, drive shafts, front and rear axles, and how power is transmitted from the engine to turn the wheels. The transmission uses clutches and hydraulic controls to provide 4 forward and 3 reverse speeds. It also describes the torque converter that multiplies engine torque for increased acceleration and its components of pump, turbine and stator wheels.
Teletender skytrak model 5030 6034 partsSilvio roman
This document is an illustrated parts manual for ANSI Model 5030 and 6034 equipment from June 1985. It provides information on accessing parts prices and manuals online 24/7 for customer convenience. The online services allow users to look up part prices and availability, identify parts using graphical manuals, order parts, review order status, invoices, shipping information and submit warranty claims. It also lists the worldwide locations of JLG Industries.
Esta unidad se centra en la comprensión y análisis de textos líricos como poemas, odas y acrósticos para estudiantes de sexto básico. Los objetivos incluyen aplicar estrategias de comprensión lectora a estos textos y analizar elementos como figuras literarias. Se realizarán diversas actividades como crear acrósticos, caligramas y crucigramas relacionados con los textos líricos.
Este documento describe dos tipos de catalizadores para escapes diésel: catalizadores estándar y Serie-D. Los catalizadores estándar usan monolitos metálicos con láminas de acero inoxidable corrugadas, mientras que los Serie-D usan sustratos cerámicos redondos. Ambos tipos mejoran la conversión de gases de escape al forzar un flujo turbulento a través de conductos. Los catalizadores Serie-D son más grandes para proveer suficiente capacidad de almacenamiento de HC.
AINTECH: Centro de Ingeniería de Superficies. Descripción de la actividad del grupo de I+D: Laboratorios y Proyectos. Líneas de investigación: Tribología, Biomateriales, Smart Coatings, Recubrimientos para nuevas fuentes de energía, Nanopartículas.
The document discusses a study that analyzed the voting records of US senators on 19 key issues. It found that Democratic senators voted together on average 95% of the time, while Republican senators voted together around 90% of the time. On some issues like abortion and the environment, senators voted almost entirely along party lines, while on other issues like international trade there was more bipartisan agreement. The study suggests that partisan divisions have increased in recent decades.
Este documento presenta cálculos relacionados con las potencias y rendimientos de un tractor agrícola. Explica conceptos como potencia ideal, potencia indicada, potencia al freno y potencia de fricción. Además, incluye ejemplos numéricos para calcular estas potencias para un motor diésel de 4 cilindros con ciertas especificaciones. Finalmente, resume las diferentes potencias calculadas en una tabla para comparar sus magnitudes.
Este documento contiene 8 páginas de planos técnicos para la fabricación de una boquilla de tubería de 3 pulgadas. Los planos incluyen vistas en sección, listas de materiales y especificaciones geométricas. Fueron diseñados por un ingeniero y aprobados para su fabricación.
This document provides information on the Caterpillar 613C-II wheeled tractor scraper. It summarizes the key specifications and capabilities of the vehicle including its gross power, rated load, transportability features for rapid deployment by air or ground, and ability to complete horizontal construction projects through cut and fill operations. It also outlines the integrated logistical support provided by Caterpillar including their global warranty, manuals, training, and extensive parts distribution network to support military operations worldwide.
El documento describe los pasos para la construcción de terraplenes, incluyendo el desbroce del terreno, eliminación de la capa vegetal, escarificado, ejecución del terraplén, perfilado y acabado. También explica los tipos de suelos, técnicas de compactación, y el ensayo Proctor para determinar la humedad óptima.
Este documento describe la importancia de la confiabilidad en los rodamientos y los pasos clave para asegurarla. Estos incluyen 1) seleccionar el rodamiento adecuado para cada aplicación considerando factores como capacidad de carga y vida útil, 2) proveer lubricación correcta a través de la selección adecuada de lubricante y sistema de lubricación, y 3) realizar mantenimiento adecuado que incluye montaje y desmontaje correctos. El documento también provee una descripción general de los tipos de rodamientos y sus
Tercer artículo de divulgación tecnológica escrito por aergenium para la revista Aeronáutica Andaluza. Describe el presente y potencial de futuro de los nuevos materiales compuestos de matriz termoplástica para la fabricación de estructuras aeronáuticas.
El documento describe los pasos para la construcción de terraplenes, incluyendo el desbroce del terreno, eliminación de la capa vegetal, escarificado, ejecución del terraplén mediante extensión, humectación y compactación, y el perfilado y acabado. También explica diferentes tipos de suelos para terraplenes, técnicas de compactación, y realiza un análisis de costos de maquinaria, materiales y mano de obra para la construcción de terraplenes.
GRAVES DETERIOROS DE COJINETES EN TURBINAS A GAS.
DESCRIPCION DEL FENOMENO PRODUCIDO POR CORRIENTES INDUCIDAS DE ORIGEN ELECTROMAGNETICO.
DESMAGNETIZACION
La termodinámica estudia las transformaciones del calor en energía mecánica y viceversa. Algunos conceptos clave incluyen la energía interna de un sistema, la transferencia de calor, y el trabajo. El primer principio establece que la diferencia entre el calor intercambiado y el trabajo realizado por un sistema cerrado es constante. El segundo principio indica que no es posible la conversión completa del calor en trabajo en una máquina térmica.
IMAGRO SAS es una empresa joven ubicada en Tame, Arauca dedicada a satisfacer la demanda de maquinaria e ingeniería en el sector agropecuario del departamento. Su objetivo principal es generar industria y brindar asesoría técnica a sus clientes a través de un equipo interdisciplinario para que adquieran el mejor producto posible mediante software especializado.
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Este documento nos habla sobre los combustibles utilizados para motores de combustión interna, así como una breve reseña de su extracción y sus características
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The velocity control of the electro hydraulic servo systemeSAT Journals
Abstract In general two basic methods are used for controlling the velocity of a hydraulic cylinder. First by an axial variable-displacement pump for controls flow to the cylinder. This configuration is commonly known as a hydrostatic transmission. Second by proportional valve powered by a constant-pressure source, such as a pressure compensated pump, drives the hydraulic cylinder. In this study, the electro-hydraulic servo system (EHSS) for velocity control of hydraulic cylinder is investigated experimentally and its analysis theoretically. Where the controlled hydraulic cylinder is altered by a swashplate axial piston pump or by proportional valve to achieve velocity control. The theoretical part includes the derivation of the mathematical model equations of combination system. Velocity control system for hydraulic cylinder using simple (PID) controller to get constant velocity range of hydraulic cylinder under applied external variable loads . An experimental set-up is constructed, which consists of the hydraulic test pump unit, the electro-hydraulic proportional valve unit, the hydraulic actuator unit , the external load control unit and interfacing electronic unit. The experimental results show that PID controller can be achieve good velocity control by variable displacement axial piston pump and also by proportional valve under external loads variations. Keywords: Velocity control, Swashplate, Proportional valve, Hydraulic cylinder, PID controller, Axial piston pump
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This paper presents PID controller with feed-forward control. The cruise control system is one of the most enduringly popular and important models for control system engineering. The system is widely used because it is very simple to understand and yet the control techniques cover many important classical and modern design methods. In this paper, the mathematical modeling for PID with feed-forward controller is proposed for nonlinear model with disturbance effect. Feed-forward controller is proposed in this study in order to eliminate the gravitational and wind disturbance effect. Simulation will be carried out . Finally, a C++ program written and feed to the microcontroller type AMR on our robot
MODELING AND DESIGN OF CRUISE CONTROL SYSTEM WITH FEEDFORWARD FOR ALL TERRIAN...csandit
This paper presents PID controller with feed-forward control. The cruise control system is one
of the most enduringly popular and important models for control system engineering. The
system is widely used because it is very simple to understand and yet the control techniques
cover many important classical and modern design methods. In this paper, the mathematical
modeling for PID with feed-forward controller is proposed for nonlinear model with
disturbance effect. Feed-forward controller is proposed in this study in order to eliminate the
gravitational and wind disturbance effect. Simulation will be carried out . Finally, a C++
program written and feed to the microcontroller type AMR on our robot
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This document summarizes an experimental study on velocity control of a hydraulic cylinder using an electro-hydraulic servo system. The system uses either a variable displacement axial piston pump controlled by a swashplate, or a proportional valve, to control the velocity of the cylinder. Mathematical models of the pump, valve, cylinder and external loads are developed. A PID controller is implemented to achieve constant velocity control under varying external loads. Experimental results show the PID controller can achieve good velocity control using either the variable pump or proportional valve under changing load conditions.
High pressure common rail injection system modeling and controlISA Interchange
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It is proposed in [1] to introduce two new input states and two new output states. The decoupling approach has been investigated in this paper. The decoupling results provided a basis of using decentralised control. The linear control strategies are designed independently based on the notion of decoupling. The first controller is related to the level flow, designed to maintain a desired minimum pressure level. The second load flow controller is related to the cylinder motion. The controller results indicate, that it is possible to achieve a good dynamic tracking performance with an error of maximum 0.5 mm for a given position trajectory.
This paper is also considering the energy consumption issues stated in [1], where two conceptual solutions are proposed, to solve the power loss associated with holding a load at a constant cylinder position. This paper is written as the product of an appendix report describing the whole project.
This document provides an overview of fundamentals of hydraulic systems. It begins by listing the chapter learning objectives for skills and knowledge related to hydraulic systems. It then defines key terms like flow, pressure, pumps, actuators, and others. It describes Pascal's law of hydraulic pressure transmission and gives examples. It explains how hydraulic systems provide force multiplication and gives advantages like precise control, flexibility, and disadvantages like potential leaks and cleanliness requirements. Bernoulli's principle of fluid dynamics is also mentioned. Safety organizations and concerns unique to hydraulic systems are covered at the end.
This document summarizes energy efficient hydraulic system solutions that can minimize losses and reduce energy consumption. It discusses valve-controlled mobile systems and compares conventional designs to more advanced concepts using techniques like flow matching to reduce pressure differences. It also examines pump-controlled industrial systems using variable speed pumps for improved efficiency. Specific solutions presented include counterbalancing, hydraulic transmissions, and hybrid systems to recover braking energy. Analysis shows energy savings of 10-50% are possible in many applications through optimized system design.
In this paper, we first write a description of the operation of DC motors taking into account which parameters the speed depends on thereof. The PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controllers are then briefly described, and then applied to the motor speed control already described , that is, as an electronic controller (PID), which is often referred to as a DC motor. The closed loop speed control of a Brush DC motor is developed applying the well-known PID control algorithm. The objective of this work is to designed and simulate a new control system to keep the speed of the DC motor constant before variations of the load (disturbances), automatically depending to the PID controller. The system was designed and implementation by using MATLAB/SIMULINK and DC motor.
A Hydraulic Wind Power Transfer System Operation And ModelingSara Perez
This document summarizes a mathematical model of a hydraulic wind power transfer system. The system uses hydraulic pumps driven by wind turbines to transfer pressurized fluid through pipes to hydraulic motors connected to electric generators in a central unit. The summary models the dynamics of system components like pumps, motors, pipes, valves, and the overall system. Test results are used to verify the accuracy of the mathematical model in simulating the system's dynamic behavior and step responses under different operating conditions.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PNEUMATIC STEERING CONTROL SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOTIVE VE...IRJET Journal
The document describes the design and development of a pneumatic steering control system for automotive vehicles. It discusses how pneumatic systems use compressed air to power actuators that control machinery. The proposed system uses a pneumatic actuator connected to wheels via links to control steering. It also includes a pneumatic cylinder, solenoid valve, hoses, and other components to regulate air pressure and control steering. The system is intended to make driving easier by providing power steering using compressed air rather than hydraulic fluid.
This document is a seminar report submitted by Mr. Shreyas Suresh Pandit to the Department of Mechanical Engineering at ADCET, Ashta in fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree from Shivaji University, Kolhapur. The report studies hydraulic power packs and their applications in hydraulic systems. It includes chapters on the introduction, selection criteria, components, advantages and limitations of hydraulic power packs. It also includes a case study on the interface between a hydraulic power pack controller and technical specifications. The report provides an overview of the key information contained in the document.
Load Sharing for Parallel Operation of Gas CompressorsVijay Sarathy
The art of load sharing between centrifugal compressors consists of maintaining equal throughput through multiple parallel compressors. These compressors consist of a common suction and discharge header. Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) can be incorporated with load sharing functions or can be incorporated as standalone controllers also. Control signals from shared process parameters such as suction header pressure or discharge header pressure can be then fed to individual controllers such as compressor speed controllers (SC) or anti-surge controllers (UIC) to ensure the overall load is distributed efficiently between the compressors.
The following article covers load sharing schemes for parallel centrifugal compressor operation.
Performance evolution of a PMSG based WECS using maximum power point tracking...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Variable-frequency drives (VFDs) control AC motor speed and torque by varying motor input frequency and voltage. VFDs are used widely in industrial applications ranging from small appliances to large compressors and mills. They provide significant energy savings potential since around 25% of global electrical energy is used by electric motors. VFDs reduce costs and improve performance through advances in power electronics and control techniques. The main components of a VFD system are the AC motor, VFD controller, and operator interface. The controller converts AC power to variable frequency AC power to control the motor. Operators can start, stop and adjust motor speed using the interface. VFDs allow motors to operate across multiple speed and torque quadrants depending on
IRJET- An Investigative Study of Generator-Load Tie-Line Model of Speed Gover...IRJET Journal
This document presents an investigation of generator-load tie-line models for speed governing systems and an overview of conventional controller designs for load frequency control (LFC) of power systems. It describes the modeling of speed governing mechanisms, generator load models, and tie-line models for single-area and two-area power systems. Control strategies like proportional, proportional-integral, and proportional-integral-derivative controllers are analyzed for automatic load frequency control of interconnected power systems. The objectives of LFC are to maintain real power balance and desired power interchange between control areas by regulating frequency and tie-line power deviations.
1) MAPNA TURBINE developed a dynamic simulator to model centrifugal compressor systems and test anti-surge control strategies to prevent damage.
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Modeling & simulation of hydraulic pitch actuator for wind turbine.sohelhossain12
1. The document proposes research on modeling and simulation of a hydraulic pitch actuator for a wind turbine. It will design the hydraulic pitch actuator in Solidworks and develop pitch controllers using PID and fuzzy logic in Matlab/Simulink.
2. The research will review literature on hydraulic pitch systems, develop mathematical models of the wind turbine pitch control system, and compare PID and fuzzy logic controller performance through simulation.
3. Sensors like pressure, temperature, and level sensors will be used to maximize efficiency, and the research aims to analyze the control systems and state errors to harvest maximum wind power.
komatsu Toma presiones de PC 300-8LC.pdfSilvio roman
Este documento proporciona instrucciones para probar y ajustar las presiones de aceite en varios circuitos hidráulicos de un equipo de PC300LC/HD-8. Incluye pasos para medir las presiones de alivio en el equipo de trabajo, giro y traslado, así como para ajustar las válvulas de alivio si es necesario para establecer las presiones correctas. También cubre cómo medir y ajustar específicamente las presiones de alivio para el brazo de bajada del aguilón.
La grúa móvil LTM 1030-2.1 tiene una capacidad de carga máxima de 35 toneladas, una altura de elevación máxima de 44 metros y un radio de trabajo máximo de 40 metros. Cuenta con una pluma telescópica de 30 metros de longitud y plumín lateral doble de hasta 15 metros. El sistema de control LICCON proporciona un manejo de grúa seguro y funcional.
Este documento proporciona especificaciones técnicas detalladas para una excavadora sobre cadenas modelo R 984 C Litronic de la marca TB. Incluye detalles sobre el motor, la cabina, el chasis, el equipo de trabajo, las dimensiones y las capacidades. Algunas características clave son una potencia de motor de 504 kW, una capacidad de cuchara retro de 2,9-10 m3, un peso operativo de 118,600-123,400 kg, y una velocidad máxima de traslación de 2,9 km/h.
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1. Recent Advances in Aerospace Hydraulics, November 24-25, 1998, Toulouse, France
POWER CONTROL UNITS WITH SECONDARY CONTROLLED
HYDRAULIC MOTORS – A NEW CONCEPT FOR APPLICATION IN
AIRCRAFT HIGH LIFT SYSTEMS
BIEDERMANN Olaf
Technical University Hamburg-Harburg
Section Aircraft Systems Engineering
Nesspriel 5, D-21129 Hamburg, Germany
Phone +49 (0)40 74315 210
Fax +49 (0)40 74315 270
Email biedermann@tu-harburg.de
GEERLING Gerhard
Mannesmann Rexroth Brueninghaus Hydromatik GmbH
An den Kelterwiesen 14, D-72160 Horb, Germany
Phone +49 (0)7451 92 1338
Fax +49 (0)7451 1796
Email gerhard.geerling@bru-hyd.com
ABSTRACT
Today’s high lift systems of civil transport aircraft are driven
by Power Control Units using valve controlled constant
displacement hydraulic motors. This concept leads to com-
plex valve blocks, attended by high power losses to realise
discrete speed control, positioning and pressure maintaining
functionality. The concept of secondary controlled hydraulic
motors with variable displacement offers reduction in flow
consumption without pressure losses and decreases the
complexity of the valve block design. Instead of controlling
flow of the hydraulic motor with valves, torque is adjusted to
the load by varying displacement. An electronic control
circuit allows flexible digital control concepts e.g. load
independent speed control, pressure maintaining function-
ality, smooth start-up sequences and continuous positioning
of the mechanical transmission system.
This paper introduces the concept of today’s Power Control
Units, the principle and mathematical model of secondary
controlled hydraulic motors and the cascade control loop
structure. A new hydraulic concept for Power Control Units
using secondary controlled hydraulic motors is presented.
Theoretical, simulated and experimental results show typical
operation sequences under load and a comparison of power
requirement to conventional systems.
KEYWORDS
Secondary controlled hydraulic motor, variable displacement
hydraulic motor, aircraft high lift system, secondary flight
controls, power drive units, Power Control Unit (PCU)
INTRODUCTION
The power requirements of future large civil transport
aircraft open an attractive field for the application of secon-
dary controlled hydraulic or so called variable displacement
hydraulic motors (VDHM). Especially during landing
approach, the operation of power drive units of high lift
systems, so called Power Control Units (PCU), heavily loads
the hydraulic power supply (Ivantysynova et al, 1995).
Figure 1 shows a typical load profile for a civil transport
aircraft hydraulic system. The consumption during the
approach phase is one decisive design case for today’s
aircraft hydraulic systems sizing. In this flight phase, large
hydraulic consumers (flaps/slats, landing gear) have to be
operated while the available hydraulic power pump flow
reaches its minimum due to idle condition of the engines.
Figure 1. Typical hydraulic load profile
A new concept of PCU design using secondary controlled
hydraulic motors with variable displacement reduces the
flow demand from the hydraulic system during take-off and
landing (Geerling, 1997). Compared to conventional PCU, a
flow reduction of about 50% is expected.
This technology is under investigation and development at
the Section Aircraft Systems Engineering at the Technical
University of Hamburg-Harburg in cooperation with
Liebherr Aerospace Lindenberg. For that, a test set-up and
comprehensive simulation models were established to
develop the new concept.
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
2 0 0
2 5 0
3 0 0
3 5 0
Flow[l/min]
F l i g h t p h a s e
A v a i l a b l e f l o w
R e q u i r e d
f l o w
T a x i T / O C l i m b C r u i s e D e s c . A p p r . L a n d .
P r i m a r y F l i g h t C o n t r o l s ( + I n t e r n a l L e a k a g e s )
d e s i g n c a s e f o r t h e
h y d r a u l i c s y s t e m
G r o u n d
G e a r / D o o r s
S l a t s / F l a p s
G e a r / D o o r s
S l a t s / F l a p s
2. I POWER CONTROL UNIT
Today’s high lift systems of civil transport aircraft are driven
by PCU using valve controlled constant displacement
hydraulic motors (CDHM). Figure 2 shows a typical high lift
transmission system with a conventional PCU of the leading
edge (slats). The same principle is not shown but also applied
for the trailing edge (flaps). For reliability aspects the PCU
has two independent hydraulic motor/valve group assem-
blies. A speed summing differential gear (DG) connects both
hydraulic motors to the transmission shaft. In case of a single
hydraulic system failure the slats resp. flaps are operated
with half speed. The feedback position pick-up unit (FPPU)
indicates the position of the transmission system. If the
desired flap position is reached, the whole transmission
system is set by applying pressure-off brakes (POB).
Figure 2. Conventional high lift system with CDHM-driven
PCU
Figure 3 illustrates a detailed example of the hydraulic
scheme of one CDHM with valve block as it is applied in the
Airbus A340. Different hydro-mechanic control functions are
realised. Direction and two discrete rates of speed are con-
trolled by the main control valve and a pilot flow limiting
restrictor. A pressure maintaining function, using a pilot
pressure maintaining valve is included to give priority to
primary flight controls, reducing flow consumption of the
motor if the system pressure drops. The flaps are positioned
by depressurising the POB with the brake solenoid valve
(Brake SV). The functions are thus reached by switching
several discrete solenoid valves (SV).
The implemented control functions require a complex valve
block design. This kind of speed control, by varying the
hydraulic resistance, leads to pressure losses up to 80 %.
Figure 3. Hydraulic concept of a valve controlled CDHM
II SECONDARY CONTROLLED
HYDRAULIC MOTORS
The principle of secondary controlled hydraulic units or so
called variable displacement hydraulic motors (VDHM)
allows conversion of hydraulic to mechanical power without
pressure losses. It has been successfully applied in a variety
of industrial fields since the early eighties. The use in air-
craft’s hydraulic systems requires reliability and safety under
extreme environmental conditions and life time demands.
2.1 Design and Function
Figure 4 shows the principle and a cross section of an axial
piston motor. The motor torque is regulated by the angle of
the swash plate, changing the motor displacement. It is
positioned by a swash plate actuator (SPA) which is con-
trolled by an electro-hydraulic servovalve (EHSV).
Figure 4. Design of an axial piston motor (Mannesmann
Rexroth Brueninghaus Hydromatik, type A10VSO)
Swash Plate Actuator
Electro-hydraulic Servovalve
Swash Plate
+ -
3. The design described allows a very flexible application of
VDHMs in aircraft hydraulic architecture (Biedermann et al,
1998). Depending on the swash plate angle and the load
torque at the output shaft the unit works either as a pump or
as a motor in 4-quadrant mode. This kind of hydraulic motor
allows control of torque, power, speed and position at the
output shaft.
2.2 Model of the Hydraulic Motor
This section presents a non-linear mathematical model of the
hydraulic unit. Figure 5 shows a scheme of a VDHM with
constant pressure supply.
The secondary controlled hydraulic motor can be character-
ised by two equations, namely for flow and motor torque
depending on the variable displacement VM. The motor
torque MM at constant differential pressure supply is
( )
π2
RS
MM
pp
VM
−
⋅= (1)
with the displacement VM being proportional to the swash
plate actuator stroke xP. This leads to
( )
π2
RS
max,P
max,M
PM
pp
x
V
xM
−
⋅= . (2)
The motor flow QM for a constant speed ω is given by
ωπωπ ⋅⋅⋅=⋅⋅= 22
max,P
max,M
PMM
x
V
xVQ . (3)
The hydraulic input power of a VDHM Phyd,in at constant
differential pressure supply
( ) MRSin,hyd QppP ⋅−= (4)
is only reduced by the hydro-mechanical efficiency=ηhm and
volumetric efficiency=ηvol. Hence, the mechanical power
Pmech,out at the output shaft is calculated by
tin,hydvolhmin,hydLout,mech PPMP ηηηω ⋅=⋅⋅=⋅= (5)
with the load torque ML at the motor output shaft resp. at the
PCU output shaft, considering aerodynamic loads and
mechanical losses of the transmission system.
The power equation (5) shows, that power loss of a VDHM
only depends from the volumetric and hydro-mechanical
efficiencies. VDHM are used to work with an overall, total
efficiency=ηt up to 90% at the operation point.
Figure 5. Scheme of a VDHM
A non-linear mathematical model of the hydraulic motor is
used to simulate dynamic behaviour and for controller
design. The mechanical system of the VDHM is described by
the equation of momentum
LFM MMMJ −−=⋅ω . (6)
The friction term MF considers Coulomb and viscous friction
as well as the stiction moment:
0
e)sign()sign( ω
ω
ωωω
−
⋅+⋅+= SticCoulF MdMM .
(7)
Equations (2), (6) and (7) lead to
( )
0
e)sign()sign(-
2
ω
ω
ωω
π
ωω
−
⋅−
−−
−
⋅=⋅+⋅
SticCoul
L
RS
max,P
max,M
P
MM
M
pp
x
V
xdJ
(8)
a non-linear, time-invariant ordinary first order differential
equation with the actuating input xP. The system dynamic
depends on the difference between motor torque MM (xP) and
load torque ML. Simplified the swash plate actuator is repre-
sented by an integral behaviour
P
SV
P
A
Q
x = (9)
and the flow through the EHSV by a proportional term
SVSVSV iKQ = , (10)
with a linear approximation for the servovalve gain KSV.
III NEW CONCEPT FOR AIRCRAFT
APPLICATION
The use of VDHM in PCU application leads to new hydrau-
lic interface and controller concepts. Therefore, a test set-up
and simulation model was established at the Section Aircraft
Systems Engineering of the Technical University of Ham-
burg-Harburg to examine the new concept in practical
operation.
3.1 Hydraulic Concept
Figure 6 shows a new possible configuration for a VDHM-
driven PCU in 4-quadrant mode. The hydraulic unit is
separated from the pressure supply by an isolation or so
called enable valve during non-operational time. In combi-
nation with the Brake SV it ensures adequate protection
against failure cases which might lead to uncommanded flaps
movement or runaway. In pump mode, i.e. for ‘aiding load’
cases, the VDHM inlet and suction port is connected to the
system return pressure line and pump flow is swept via a
pressure relief valve to the return pressure line.
3.2 Controller Design
The VDHM concept with continuous control of motor torque
allows a flexible and application specific integration of
different modes as speed control, start-up and positioning
sequences and pressure maintaining function into the closed
4. loop high lift positioning circuit. Compared to the conven-
tional CDHM in Figure 3 the functions of the main control
valve, pilot flow limiting restrictor and pilot pressure main-
taining valve can be realised by the digital controller using
signals of motor shaft speed ω, swash plate position xP and
system pressure pS.
Figure 6. Hydraulic concept of PCU with VDHM in 4-
quadrant operation
Figure 7 illustrates a principle controller structure. Swash
plate stroke, speed and transmission position are controlled
in a cascade control loop design. Each VDHM is associated
to one controller. Depending on the difference between
transmission position ϕFPPU and desired position ϕin a speed
trajectory ωin is defined. The pressure maintaining function
(PMT) affects speed limiting if the system pressure pS drops
under a certain limit.
Figure 7. Block diagram of the cascade control loop design
3.3 Experimental Results
The test set-up consists of an Airbus A310 DG driven by two
secondary controlled axial piston VDHM as shown in Figure
4. Loads at the output shaft of the DG are simulated by a
servovalve controlled constant displacement motor. The
cascade control concept was realised as digital controller and
executed on a personal computer (Geerling, 1997).
Figure 8 demonstrates a comparison of simulated and meas-
ured results for swash plate angle resp. displacement and
speed during a full flap extension assuming an Airbus A340
load profile. For simulation the non-linear model mentioned
before was used.
The start-up sequence releases the POB with a simultaneous
input speed ramp being applied. The shaft speed ω shows
load independent behaviour. The displacement indicated by
the piston stroke xP adjusts to the changing load. At max.
load conditions just 60% of max. displacement is needed.
The difference between required and max. displacement
directly shows the power reduction between constant (max.)
displacement and variable displacement hydraulic motors.
When the desired flap position is approached, a shut down
sequence is initiated and the POB is set.
Figure 8. Comparison of experiment and simulation with
VDHM (flap extension against load)
Figure 9. Comparison of power need between CDHM and
VDHM
0 5 10 15 20
0
0.5
1
Experiment
xP
/xP,max
,ω/ωmax
ω/ωmax
xP
/xP,max
0 5 10 15 20
0
0.5
1
Simulation
Time [s]
xP
/xP,max
,ω/ωmax
Start−up sequence
max. load
Setting of POB
0 5 10 15 20
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time [s]
P/P
max
Phyd,CDHM
Phyd,VDHM
P
mech,out
Simulation of a flap extension operation
Power loss at
control valve
Power loss due to
motor efficiency
5. 3.4 Hydraulic Power Consumption
Figure 9 shows the theoretical, simulated power consumption
of a conventional CDHM-driven and the new VDHM-driven
PCU concept. A comparison for a typical flap extension
based on Airbus A340 data is made. The given load profile at
the PCU output shaft considers aerodynamic loads as well as
mechanical losses of the transmission system. This load
profile multiplied with the actuated speed leads to the
mechanical output power Pmech,out at the PCU output shaft.
The power consumption of the VDHM-driven PCU Phyd,VDHM
adapts to the changing output power Pmech,out and compen-
sates losses due to the total efficiency ηt of the motor. The
flow controlled CDHM-driven PCU has a constant power
consumption Phyd,CDHM assuming steady speed. The power
difference between Phyd,CDHM and Phyd,VDHM is caused by
pressure losses in the main control valve and the flow limit-
ing restrictor.
The comparison shows a possible power reduction between
53% and 80% applying VDHM instead of CDHM in the
A340 PCU.
CONCLUSION
Introducing variable displacement to power drive units offers
a high potential for hydraulic system power reduction.
At the Section Aircraft Systems Engineering of the Technical
University of Hamburg-Harburg a first step to investigate
this technique has been applied for the PCU of high lift
systems. Different hydraulic concepts and controller designs
have been investigated. Feasibility, practicability and reli-
ability have been proved by experimental, numerical and
analytical results.
This paper has presented theoretical and experimental results
on a new concept for application in aircraft high lift systems.
The comparison to today’s conventional system verifies
power reduction between 53% and 80%. Moreover, valve
block complexity is decreased. A digital controller allows
flexible transfer of hydro-mechanical control functions and
offers all kinds of speed, position, torque or power control
for future concepts.
The consequent use of hydraulic motors with variable dis-
placement in aircraft’s hydraulic system architecture could
decrease system power requirements. The principle is trans-
ferable to any other consumers with rotary power drive units,
e.g. Trimmable Horizontal Stabiliser Actuator.
REFERENCES
Biedermann O., Engelhardt J. and Geerling G. (1998), More
Efficient Fluid Power Systems Using Variable
Displacement Hydraulic Motors, Proceedings of the
21th Congress of the International Council of the
Aeronautical Sciences ICAS '98, Melbourne,
Australia, 1998
Geerling G. (1997), Secondary Controlled Variable Dis-
placement Motors in Aircraft Power Drive Units,
Proceedings of the 5th Scandinavian International
Conference on Fluid Power SICEP '97, Ed.1 , pp 167-
179, Linköping, Sweden, 1997
Ivantysynova M., Kunze O. and Berg H. (1995), Energy
Saving Hydraulic Systems in Aircraft - a Way to Save
Fuel, Proceedings of the 4th Scandinavian
International Conference on Fluid Power SICEP '95,
Tampere, Finland, 1995
NOTATIONS
Symbols
A Surface area
J Inertia
K Gain
M Torque
P Power
Q Flow
V Displacement
d Viscous friction number
i Current
p Pressure
x Actuator stroke
ω Revolving shaft speed
ϕ Transmission position
η Efficiency
Indices and Abbreviations
CDHM Constant displacement hydraulic motor
Coul Coulomb
DG Differential gear
EHSV Electro-hydraulic servovalve
F Friction
FPPU Feedback position pick-up unit
hm hydro-mechanical
hyd hydraulic
in Input
L Load
M Hydraulic motor
mech mechanical
out Output
P Piston
PCU Power Control Unit
PMT Pressure maintaining
POB Pressure-off brake
R Return
S Supply
SPA Swash plate actuator
Stic Stiction
SV Servovalve, Solenoid valve
t total
VDHM Variable displacement hydraulic motor
vol volumetric
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors thank the Liebherr Aerospace Lindenberg
GmbH for promoting and supporting the research project
‘Development and Investigation of new PCU concepts’ and
the Daimler-Benz Aerospace GmbH for providing typical
high lift system loads.