20220915-Sustainable Coastal urbanization and marine eco-environmental governance.pdf

Sustainable Technologies for
Coastal Urbanization and Marine
Eco-Environmental Governance
LI, Yangfan 李杨帆 Email: yangf@xmu.edu.cn
Coastal Urbanization and Regional Eco-Environmental Change, CoUREC Group
Fujian Institute for Sustainable Oceans & College of the Environment & Ecology
Xiamen University, China

Course Outline
• September 15th, Lecture: Sustainable Coastal Urbanization
and Marine Eco-environmental Governance (one day)
Course Materials:
2

Contents
5. Discussion and Summary
3
1. Urbanization and Coastal Urbanization
2. Coastal Environmental Change
3. Marine Eco-Environmental Governance
4. New Technology for Coastal Resilience

Contents
6

7
1.1 Facts About urbanization

8
Definition of Urbanization
(UN, 2019)
•Urbanization (or
urbanisation) refers to
the population shift
from rural to urban
areas, the decrease in
the proportion of
people living in rural
areas, and the ways in
which societies adapt
to this change;
• The world population is 7.9 billion as
of January 2022 from UN database.
• In 2010, 51.6 percent lived in urban areas. By 2020, the share of urban population
increased to 56.2 percent. In 2021, 56.61% of the world’s population live in urban areas.

10
Magellan expedition
(1519-1522) – The 1st
circumnavigation of
the world
France began colonizing
the Americas in the early
1600s
The 1st Industrial
Revolution began
in Britain in 1760
1978 China’s economic reform began
2007 Half the world population urbanized
2013 China’s urbanization rate exceeded the global average
• All countries selected in this graph tend to have a
growing trend of urbanization.
• 95 per cent of urban expansion in the next decades will
take place in developing world, since developed
countries like Japan and United States have already
finished their population migration to urban areas.

12
(UN, 2018)
Urban and rural population,1950 to
2050 (projected to 2050)
China USA
Bangladesh India

• China as a country with ancient histories, has long been the world
center for urban growth and population explosion;
• But what’s the answer for sustainable urban development, it has
long been an ancient question, right now Chinese government
answer this question with city clusters and smart cities with
innovative future design.
• Ancient culture has been preserved and blend into modern,
sustainable and smart city designs. 13

China’s Urbanization Cycle
14
(64.72%, 2021)
In March (2014), the government released
the National New-type Urbanization Plan,
which sets targets for China's urban
population fraction to rise by 1% a year to
reach 60% by 2020.

China’s city clusters
15
Guangdong-Hong
Kong-Macau Greater
Bay Area
Yangtze River
Delta Megalopolis
Beijing-Tianjin-
Hebei Region
Mid-Yangtze
River
Chengdu-
Chongqin
g
• Megalopolis (or
city cluster) is
typically
defined as a
group of two or
more roughly
adjacent
metropolitan
areas, which
may be
somewhat
separated or
may merge into
a continuous
urban region.

China’s city clusters
• Major Industries:
17

18
Contributes to the discourse
of global environmental well-
being by focusing on
sustainability and resource
Efficiency, highlighting
opportunities for city leaders
through a set of inspirational
case studies of cities that have
successfully improved their
transition to sustainability.
(UNEP, 2012)
UN Urbanization Publications

Aims to solve the issues of
urbanization in developing
countries, including access to
public services, infrastructure
development, equity etc..
19
(UN, 2015)
UN Urbanization Publications

22
Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
UN SDG 11: Targets and Indicators:

23
UN SDG 11 Targets and Indicators:
11.A:
Support positive economic, social and environmental links
between urban, peri-urban and rural areas by
strengthening national and regional development
planning;

24
11.B: By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities
and human settlements adopting and implementing
integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource
efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change,
resilience to disasters, and develop and implement;
11.C:
Support least developed countries, including through
financial and technical assistance, in building sustainable
and resilient buildings utilizing local materials.

25
11.1:
By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and
affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums;
11.2:
By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible
and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road
safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special
attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations,
women, children, persons with disabilities and older
persons;

26
11.3:
By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization
and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable
human settlement planning and management in all
countries;
11.4:
Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s
cultural and natural heritage;

27
11.5:
By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and
the number of people affected and substantially decrease
the direct economic losses relative to global gross
domestic product caused by disasters, including water-
related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and
people in vulnerable situations;

28
11.6:
By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental
impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air
quality and municipal and other waste management;
11.7:
By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and
accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for
women and children, older persons and persons with
disabilities;

The coastal landscape
30
12 Nautical mile
（Mercer Clarke, 2010）

Urban agglomerations by size class and
inland or coastal location, 1970
31
(UN, 2011)

32
(UN, 2011)

33
(UN, 2011)

34
Coastal urbanization
• The coastal population of Asia and North America will be the largest among the
group.
• The coastal population of Africa will also doubled / tripled under different
scenarios.

35
• Much of the growing urban population growth are concentrated
along coastlines, which have a good number of mega-cities linked to
global or core cities.
• Coastal zones and locations are more than any other part of the
ecosystem have been exposed to increasing population growth and
processes of change (Sesli, 2010) .
Coastal urbanization
(Florida, US) (Shenzhen, China)

Coastal Cities and Mega-cities
• Megacities: ?
• Megacities are defined as urban agglomerations with at least 10
million inhabitants (UN, 2008).
• Besides, megacities are defined as cities exceeding 1, 8, and 10
million people (Cross, 2001).
• According to Liu et al. (2005), “case studies of the 13 selected mega
cities in China (over 2 million inhabitants) indicated that urban
expansion had been largely driven by demographic change,
economic growth, and changes in land use policies and relevant
regulations.” (Li et al., 2010)
• Coastal megacities are defined as cities located in an area within 100
m elevation and 100 km distance from the coastline and exceeding
10 million inhabitants (Sekovski et al., 2011). 36

2022/9/15 37
(Pelling and Blackburn, 2013)

38
Coastal urbanization case study:
Singapore
• Singapore is a densely populated
city-state, with more than 5.4
million inhabitants living on 718.3
km2 of land;
• Back in the 1960s, it would have
been hard to imagine that
Singapore — then a fledging
nation troubled by high
unemployment, urban slums,
poor infrastructure, lack of
sanitation, and unskilled labor
force.
Singapore, 1960
Singapore, 2015

39
• A competitive economy in
order to attract investments
and provide jobs;
• A sustainable environment
because the city has to
survive with limited natural
resources, especially in land
and water;
• A high quality of life,
including the social and
psychological well-being of
the population.
The CLC Liveability Framework.
Source: Centre for Liveable Cities (CLC)
Singapore:
Establishing a global livable city

40
Singapore:
Seasteading and blue economy
• Lack of land resources due to its
geographical location;
• Blue economy Innovation: Aims
to develop marine offshore
structures and different types of
offshore accommodations.
• Capitalize on the convergence of
the growing blue economy and
the emergence of seasteading,
with the potential to become a
prime mover in the development
of floating cities and blue
economy.

China’s coastal city clusters
41
Guangdong-Hong Kong-
Macau Greater Bay Area
Yangtze River Delta
Megalopolis
Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei
Region

Case study: Guangdong-Hong Kong-
42

Case study: Guangdong-Hong Kong-
43
• Comprising the two Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong
and Macao, and the nine municipalities of Guangzhou,
Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Foshan, Huizhou, Dongguan, Zhongshan,
Jiangmen and Zhaoqing in Guangdong Province.;
• The total area is around 56 000 km2. At end 2019, the total
population is over 72 million, the GDP is USD 1,679.5 billion and
GDP per capita is USD 23,371;
• Great significance in the country's implementation of innovation-
driven development and commitment to reform and opening-up.

Shenzhen land use map, 2015
45

2022/9/15 46
• Shenzhen, a coastal city in South China, undertaken the
mission to pilot China’s structural reform and continuous
opening up to the outside world, is an important node in
the Greater Bay Area of Guangdong, Hong Kong and
Macau.
Coastal Urbanization case study:
Shenzhen

47
• Shenzhen, with total area
of 1997 km2, has a vast sea
area of 1145 km2 and
boasts 260 km of coastline.
• The city’s GDP increased
from 270 million yuan
($38.7 million) in 1980 to
3.07 trillion yuan ($441
billion) in 2021, ranks tenth
globally in terms of
economic power.
Shenzhen

48
• With fewer than 30,000
inhabitants scattered in a
number of small village
clusters, made history as
China’s first “special
economic zone”;
• The population of Shenzhen
has grown to 13 million
• Shenzhen is now the world’s
largest continuously
urbanized area.
Fig: Population and its growth of Shenzhen
over the last 40 years
Shenzhen: from rural village to the world's largest megacity
Shenzhen

49
Shenzhen: 4 stages of urban development
The first stage, 1978-1992:
• Labor intensive
development supported by
opening up and
institutional reforms;
The second stage, 1992-2003
• Reached the lower-middle
position in the global value
chain;

50
Shenzhen: 4 stages of urban development
The third stage, 2003-2013
• Economic transformation
amidst rapidly rising land
prices;
The current stage, 2013-now
• Successfully reached
innovation-driven
development and the
highest echelon of the
global industrial value chain.

51
Shenzhen: top center for marine economy growing
in China
Shenzhen: Future Planning
• Goal to become a global
center of ocean-based
industries by 2035;
• Benchmarking the world’s
top three bay areas,
namely the New York Bay
Area, San Francisco Bay
Area and Tokyo Bay Area.

52
Shenzhen: Future Planning
• Shenzhen intends to become a regional leader in the Asia-
Pacific in terms of marine economy by 2035 and a global
marine economic center around 2050;
• The Port of Shenzhen is linked to more than 300 ports in
over 100 countries and regions around the globe;
• now running two national trial programs of sea
management and marine economy.

55
Shenzhen: 12 future projects to improve
Blue Economy
• setting up an ocean university
• a national deep-sea scientific expedition
center
• an international ocean development bank
• a research institute on marine science and
technology
• a top global marine think tank
• an international tuna trade center
• a leading oceaneering enterprise group
• a maritime court
• a maritime science and technology
museum
• a new marine industry development fund
• the Marine New City

Contents
56

Coastal Environmental Change
Coastal cities is facing global threat and local natural
hazards.
57
Typhoon Haiyan, 2013

China’s typhoon research, CoUREC
58
Spatial patterns of typhoon destructiveness
Overall spatial density estimation
of landed typhoons (wind > 33 m/s)

Timeline (long scale) of marine and terrestrial defaunation
• The recent industrialization of this harvest, however, initiated an era of intense marine
wildlife declines.
• If left unmanaged, we predict that marine habitat alteration, along with climate change
(colored bar: IPCC warming), will exacerbate marine defaunation. 59
Coastal and Ocean Issues

• Globally, coastal
systems are
undergoing
profound, rapid
and undesirable
environmental
changes, driven
by the combined
consequences
of climate
change, coastal
development
pressures and
pollution.
(Sekovski et al., 2012)
60
Coastal and Ocean Issues

61
• China’s coastal regions are only
13 percent of the country’s
land area, but contribute 60
percent of its GDP.
• Adverse socioeconomic and
ecological consequences of
over-reclamation of coastal
wetlands have already
emerged.
• These coastal areas are a
perfect example of coupled
human and natural systems.
(Ma et al., 2014, Science)

LUCC by Coastal Reclamation Areas in China
(1990-2015), by CoUREC
63

Typical Coastal Reclamation Areas in China
64

65
URBAN RESOURCE AND
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
• It is difficult for urban areas to pursue sustainable
development.

66
Land and
Biodiversity
Human Health
and Aesthetics
Urban Sprawl
Natural Capital Degradation
Water Increased
runoff
Energy, Air,
and Climate
Economic Effects
Loss of cropland
Loss of forests and
grasslands
Loss of wetlands
Loss and
fragmentation of
wildlife habitats
Increased wildlife
roadkill
Increased soil
erosion
Contaminated
drinking water
and air
Weight gain
Noise pollution
Sky
illumination at
night
Traffic
congestion
Increased energy
use & waste
Increased air
pollution
Increased
greenhouse gas
emissions
Enhanced global
warming
Warmer
microclimate
(urban heat
island effect)
Increased surface
water &
groundwater use &
pollution
Decreased
storage of surface
water and
groundwater
Increased flooding
Decreased natural
sewage treatment
Higher taxes
Decline of
downtown
business
districts
Increased
unemployment
in central city
Loss of tax base
in central city

67
(Secretariat of the Convention on
Biological Diversity, 2012)
Provides the summary of a
global assessment of the links
between urbanization,
biodiversity, and ecosystem
services(more info see next
page).
Issues caused by urbanization and actions

68
Cities and Biodiversity Outlook

69
Cities and Biodiversity Outlook

70
Sustainable Urban and Ocean

71
UN Sustainable Development Goals 14:
The ocean absorbs around
23 percent of the annual
emissions of anthropogenic
carbon dioxide to the
atmosphere, helping to
alleviate the impacts of
climate change on the
planet, however, resulting
in a decreasing pH and
acidification of the ocean.

72
14.A:
Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacity and
transfer marine technology, taking into account the
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Criteria and
Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology, in order to
improve ocean health and to enhance the contribution of marine
biodiversity to the development of developing countries, in
particular small island developing States and least developed
countries;

73
14.B:
Provide access for small-scale artisanal fishers to marine resources
and markets;
14.C:
Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their
resources by implementing international law as reflected in UNCLOS,
which provides the legal framework for the conservation and
sustainable use of oceans and their resources.

74
14.1:
By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all
kinds, in particular from land-based activities, including marine
debris and nutrient pollution；
14.2:
By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal
ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by
strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration
in order to achieve healthy and productive oceans;

75
14.3:
Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including
through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels;
14.4:
By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal,
unreported and unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices
and implement science-based management plans, in order to
restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels that
can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their
biological characteristics;

76
14.5:
By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas,
consistent with national and international law and based on the
best available scientific information;
14.6:
By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which
contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate subsidies that
contribute to illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and refrain
from introducing new such subsidies, recognizing that appropriate
and effective special and differential treatment for developing and
least developed countries should be an integral part of the World
Trade Organization fisheries subsidies negotiation;

77
14.7:
By 2030, increase the economic benefits to Small Island developing
States and least developed countries from the sustainable use of
marine resources, including through sustainable management of
fisheries, aquaculture and tourism;

Contents
78

Integrated Ocean Management, May 2020
High Level Panel for a Sustainable Ocean Economy
Peter Thomson
UN Secretary-General’s
Special Envoy for the Ocean
Scott Morrison
Prime Minister of Australia
Sebastiá
n Piñ
era
President of Chile
Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo
President of Ghana
Joko Widodo
President of Indonesia
Fumio Kishida
Prime Minister of Japan
Uhuru Kenyatta
President of Kenya
André
s Manuel Ló
pez Obrador
President of Mexico
Hage G. Geingob
President of Namibia
Jonas Gahr Stø
re
Prime Minister of Norway
Surangel S, Whipps, Jr.
President of Palau
Antó
nio Costa
Prime Minister of Portugal
Joseph R. Biden, Jr.
President of the United States of America
Emmanuel Macron
President of France
Frank Bainimarama
Prime Minister of Fiji
Justin Trudeau
Prime Minister of Canada
Andrew Holness
Prime Minister of Jamaica

High Level Panel for a Sustainable Ocean Economy-
Global Ocean Governance
Supporting the
Sustainable
Development
Goals (SDGs) for
a better future.
Creating a new
relationship
between
humanity &
ocean allowing
us to Protect,
Produce and
Prosper.
Catalysing bold,
pragmatic ocean
solutions in
governance,
technology and
finance.
A unique
initiative by 16
world leaders
committed to

Blue Papers
The Blue Papers explore pressing challenges at the nexus of the ocean and the economy,
providing thematic deep dives on a range of topics and offering a robust, knowledge base to
inform a new ocean report and the Ocean Panel’s action agenda.
81
Integrated Ocean Management, IOM
https://www.oceanpanel.org/ocean-science

Blue Papers
The Blue Papers explore pressing challenges at the nexus of the ocean and the economy,
providing thematic deep dives on a range of topics and offering a robust, knowledge base to
inform a new ocean report and the Ocean Panel’s action agenda.
82
Integrated Ocean Management, IOM
https://www.oceanpanel.org/ocean-science

Integrated Ocean Management
20th May 2020 | Global Webinar
Website: www.oceanpanel.org

Find Out More and Read the Full Paper 中文版、发布会
Website: www.oceanpanel.org June 8,2020, XMU

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-020-1259-6

Why Integrated Ocean Management ?
• The ocean is characterized by four-dimensional (seafloor, water
column, surface and time) dynamic changes and is closely linked to
human society, carrying dual pressures from land and sea and
increasing with climate change and loss of biodiversity.
• Conflicts between the economic and social development of the
ocean and the development of marine ecosystems: long-term and
short-term values.
• Involving multiple sectors of the natural and social system.
• Integrated ocean management must be holistic and
integrated; fully based on scientific knowledge and
ecosystem.
• Regional cooperation and governance for
globalization.
• New paradigm for socio-economic development.

Integrated ocean management
Integrated Oceans Management is an approach that brings together
relevant stakeholders from government, business and civil society
and across sectors of human activity (e.g. fishing, mining, shipping or
tourism), to collaborate jointly in achieving a more sustainable future
of our ocean environment.
Goals
• Area planning
• Stewardship of resources
• Promotion of economic development
• Conflict resolution
• Protection of public safety

Strengthen Stakeholder Engagement
• For successful implementation of
IOM, both mandate (top-down)
and engagement (bottom-up)
approaches are needed.
• As demonstrated in the case
studies, a number of methods to
encourage local stakeholder
engagement, which are highly
context dependent.
• In all cases, however, designing
well-managed engagement
processes that consider the
scientific, cultural, societal,
economic and political contexts and
encourage active stakeholder
participation is crucial.
Process for Developing an Integrated
Ocean Management Plan in Norway
Framework for Implementing the
Northeast Ocean Plan, USA
Methods Flowchart for the
Rhode Island Ocean Special
Area Management Plan, USA

Case Studies
Xiamen, China:
Balance protection with
production with strong
partnership between
government and academia
United States:
Managing ocean
resources at
multiple scales
Norway:
Balancing competing
uses in a manner
driven by science
Seychelles:
Integrating
climate
uncertainties
The Coral Triangle
(Indonesia, Malaysia,
Papua New Guinea,
Philippines, Solomon
Islands and Timor-Leste):
Engaging people in ocean
management

Key Findings
1. Ocean management must take the impacts of climate change into account（气
候变化的影响）
2. Information is key（信息）
3. Implementation — moving from paper to practice — is essential（执行）
4. Stakeholder engagement is critical to ensure information flow, legitimacy, and
successful implementation（公众参与）
5. IOM needs to be institutionalized（制度化）
6. Context is crucial（经济活动、社区需求、社会目标、环境压力等）

Opportunities for Action
Harness Science
and Knowledge
掌握并运用科学
知识
Establish
Partnerships
between Public and
Private Sectors
建立公私伙伴关系
Strengthen
Stakeholder
Engagement
加强利益相关方的
参与
Improve Capacity
Building
提升能力建设
Implement
Regulatory
Frameworks
有效执行规章制度
Develop
Adaptive
Solutions
制定适应性解
决方案

94
From Environmental governance to governance for
sustainability
(Agrawal, et al. One Earth, 2022)

Structural redesign of Ministry of Ecology &
Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources
State Oceanic Administration
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Water Resources
Ministry of Land and
Resources
National Development and
Reform Commission
Office of the South-to-North
Water Diversion Project
Construction Committee,
State Council
Climate change mitigation
Supervision and prevention
of groundwater pollution
Water function zoning, the
planning of sewage outlet locations,
the protection of watershed water
Local environmental
protection in project area
Marine environmental
protection
Control of agricultural non-
point source pollution
Responsibility
环境保护部
国家发展和改革委员会
国土资源部
水利部
农业部
国家海洋局
国务院南水北调工程建设委员会办公室
Ministry of
Ecology
&
Environment
生态环境部
Establish
Ministry of Environmental
Protection
95

Establish
Structural redesign of Ministry of Ecology &
Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources
96
State Oceanic Administration
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Water Resources
Ministry of Housing and
Urban-Rural Development
National Development and
Reform Commission
National Administration of
Surveying Mapping &
Geoinformation
Major function zoning
Urban and Rural Planning
Management
Survey, confirmation and
registration of water resources
Responsibility
Responsibility
Survey, confirmation and
registration of grassland resources
Responsibility
国土部
国家发展和改革委员会
住房和城乡建设部
水利部
农业部
国家海洋局
国家测绘地理信息局
Ministry of
Natural
Resources
自然资源部
Ministry of Land and
Resources

Departments of Ministry of Ecology &
Environment
General Office
Central Supervision
Office of Ecological
and Environmental
Protection
Department of General
Affairs
Department of Laws,
Regulations, and Standards
Department of Institutional
Administration and Human
Resources Management
Department of
Science,
Technology, and
Finance
Department of Nature and
Ecology Conservation
(Biodiversity Protection
Office; National Bio-safety
Management Office)
Department of Water
Ecology and Environment
Department
of Marine
Ecology and
Environment
Department of Atmospheric
Environment (Atmospheric
Environment Administration
of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei
Region and Surrounding
Areas)
Department of Climate
Change
Office of the Retired
Officials
Departments of
Ministry of
Ecology
&
Environment
Department of Soil Ecology
and Environment
Department of Solid Wastes
and Chemicals
Department of Nuclear
Facility Safety Regulation
Department of Nuclear
Power Safety Regulation
Department of Radiation
Source Safety Regulation
Department of
Environmental Impact
Assessment and Emission
Management
Department of Ecological
and Environmental
Monitoring
Bureau of Ecological and
Environmental Enforcement
Department of
International Cooperation
Department of
Communications and
Education
The MEE Committee of the
Communist Party of China
97

Bay Chiefs on duty to protect marine
resources
• Haikou (Hainan Province) became one of the first pilot
cities to introduce the bay chief system in China in late
2017 and has taken the lead in strengthening marine
environmental protection.
• According to the provisions, the Haikou Municipal People's
Government will establish a three-level bay chief system with top
officials of the city, the districts and townships serving as bay chiefs
at respective levels, each with different duties.
• The bay chiefs' responsibilities include pollution prevention and
control, marine ecological restoration and environmental
monitoring.
City District Township

• The inspection mechanism requires that Haikou's senior
officials, including the Party secretary of the city's CPC
committee and the mayor, inspect the city's bays at
least twice a year, heads of city districts do their duty
once a quarter and township bay chiefs must patrol the
bays under their jurisdiction once a month.
99
resources

• At the same time, the regulation asks the city
government to set up a supervision and interview
mechanism to ensure bay chiefs at all levels perform
their duties.
• To realize land and sea coordination and river and bay
co-governance, the regulation stipulates the Haikou
city government establish a joint action mechanism for
the management and protection of its bays and rivers.
It said bay chiefs and river chiefs should organize joint
inspections to ensure the local bay and rivers receive
good care.
100
resources

101
Master Plan for National Key Ecosystem Protection
and Restoration Major Projects (2021-2035)
• Northern sand control belt
• Ecological barrier area of the
Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
• Key ecological regions
of the Yellow River
• Key ecological regions
of the Yangtze River
• Hilly and mountainous
areas in the south
• Northeast Forest Belt
• Coastal
zone

• Highlighted as China’s far-reaching guideline on ecosystem
protection and restoration in the upcoming period, the
Master Plan stipulates a set of time-bound ecosystem
quality improvement targets by 2035, while rolling out
nine major ecosystem protection and restoration projects
across the country to put it on this envisioned path. The
Master Plan characterizes the prescribed period as a
pivotal time window for pursuing an “Ecological
Civilization,” while paving the way towards the long-term
strategic goals of realizing “Socialist Modernization” and
achieving a “Beautiful China” by 2035. 102
Basic principles

• To restore the coastal ecosystem structure and improve its
service function, comprehensively protect the natural
coastline based on the Liaodong Bay and other 12 key
Marine ecological zones and the national key ecological
function zones of tropical rain forest (in the central
mountainous area of Hainan Island);
• Control overfishing and other man-made threats, and focus
on promoting systematic protection and restoration of
typical marine ecosystems such as estuaries, bays, coastal
wetlands, mangroves, coral reefs and seagrass beds;
103
Main tasks

104
Main tasks
• Integrated protection and restoration for shoreline, beach
and habitat, prevention and control for alien invasive and
ecological disaster, construction for eco-engineering
(seawall), shelter forest and marine protected areas;
• Improve the coastal water quality, restore the degraded
habitats, promote the conservation of migratory birds and
their habitats;
• Promote protection and restoration of biological resources
and biodiversity, enhance the ecological integrity and
functional stability of coastal ecosystems, improve the
capacity to cope with marine disasters.

• To protect 60% of
wetlands;
• To safeguard at least 35%
of the country’s natural
coastlines and prevent
the marine ecological
condition from worsening;
• To fully protect
endangered species and
their habitats.
Main goals for coasts
105

• The years of 2021 to 2025 will see
tremendous input for protecting
and restoring the ecological
environment in National Key
Ecological Zones, Ecological
Conservation Redlining areas, and
Key National Protected Areas.
• From 2026 to 2035, the nine
major projects will be in process,
contributing to the timeline
envisioned by the goals of
“Socialist Modernization” and a
“Beautiful China.”
106
Roadmap for coasts

• Focusing on the Yellow Sea and
Bohai Sea, the Yangtze River
Delta, the coastal areas of
Guangdong, Fujian and Zhejiang,
the Guangdong-Hong Kong-
Macao Greater Bay Area, Hainan
Island and the Beibu Gulf, we will
protect the entire natural
coastlines, repair and restore 400
kilometers of coastline and
20,000 hectares of coastal
wetlands, and build 110,000
hectares of shelter forests.
Major projects
107

Blue Bay Remediation Project
• Blue Bay Remediation Project was implemented for bay restoration
as one of the strategies to build a strong marine nation by a
process of integrated coastal zone management. With the overall
goals of pristine water, a green coast, clean beaches, beautiful bays
and islands clearly defined, the restoration of 66 bays will be
funded (about USD$48- 64 million for each bay), starting with 16
bays in 2016.
• This project can be described as a milestone for China, as the
marine environment has never before attracted such attention
(Wang and Wang, 2018).
水清、岸绿、滩净、湾美
Blue Bay
Remediation
Project
Island & sea
area ecological
restoration
108

Blue Bay Remediation Project
➢ The remediation locations along
the coast of China include cities
and provinces as follows:
• Liaoning: Huludao, Dalian
• Hebei: Qinhuangdao
• Shandong: Weihai, Yantai, Qingdao
• Tianjin
• Jiangsu: Lianyungang
• Shanghai
• Zhejiang: Wenzhou, Ningbo
• Guangdong: Dongguan, Zhuhai,
Shenzhen, Shantou
• Fujian: Xiamen, Putian
• Guangxi: Fangchenggang
• Hainan: Danzhou 109

(Youzhu Zhao, Yangfan Li, Xinwei Wang. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2022)
Land-sea system dynamics as tools to
assist sustainable governance

111
Framework for land-sea integrated
system dynamics model

The coastal area in China is
a complex land-sea system
facing a series of artificial
and natural disasters.
The land-sea integrated
system dynamics model
seeks a dynamic balance of
human-sea harmony by
simulating the interaction
between humans and the
sea
Total
population
Births Deaths
Death rate
education level
Years of education
per capita
<Time>
Labor input
Level of technological
progress
Capital stock
Gross fixed capital
formation
Working
population
Population aged
15-64
Labour force
participation of
population aged
15-64
Elderly population
over 64
Labor Participation rate of
the elderly aged over 65
Capital
depreciation
Capital
depreciation rate
Percentage of
population aged 15-64
Percentage of elderly
population over 64
<Time>
High-tech industry fixed
asset investment rate
Percentage of
Land GDP
Elasticity factor
Hi-tech industry
investment stock
High-tech industry
fixed asset investment
Capital depreciation for
high-tech industries
Initial TFP
<Time>
Birth rate of women of
childbearing age
<Time>
Mariculture
area by coa
stal regions
Increase in
mariculture area
Mariculture area
increase rate
Mariculture
production
Production per unit of
mariculture area
Output value of
mariculture
Turnover of
foreign tradeIncrease in foreign
trade
Impact factor of foreign
trade volume on cargo
handled
<Time>
Cargo handled at
coastal seaports
Port terminal
length
Port Terminal
Impact Factor
Impact factor of gross
fixed capital formation
Shoreline
conversion factor
Berth number
Marine transportation
industry
Impact factor of port
throughput
Ocean-related
industries
Sea Labour
Marine scientific research
education, management
and service
Visitors by
coastal cities
Coefficient of
increase of visitors
Tourism industry
Tourist consumption
coefficient
Marine scientific research
education, management and
service coeffcient
Coefficient of sea
labour
Domestic wastewater
into the marine
Per capita domestic
wastewater discharge
coefficient
Environmental
investment
<Time>
Gross industrial
output value
Industrial wastewater
into the marine
Industrial pollution
factor
Land-based wastewater
discharged into the marine
Major Marine
Industry
Pollution effect
coefficient
Marine Industry
Gross Ocean
Product
GDP
Proportion of
environmental
investment
Proportion of the gross
ocean product in GDP
Proportion of
industrial output value
Investment in fixed
assets
Land-derived
marine wastewater
stock
Increase in
pollutants
Self-purification of
pollutants
Pollutant
self-purification rate
Growth coefficient of
industrial output value
GDP per capita
Ocean Labor
Productivity
Carbon emission
Carbon intensity
Tourism as% of
GDP
Decoupling index for
tourism and fisheries
Proportion of women of
childbearing age in the
Women of
childbearing age
Net migration
Migration rate
Death rate of the
elderly population
Death rate of
non-elderly
population
<Gross industrial
output value>
<Time>
<Time>
<Time>
Marine fishery
industry
<Total
population>
<Time>
<Time>
<GDP>
<Labor input>
<Total
population>
Expansion of
mariculture area
Demand for
mariculture area
<Time>
Decoupling Index for
Marine Transport and
Fisheries
<Marine
transportation
industry>
Decoupling Index for
Tourism and Marine
Transport <Marine transportation
industry>
<Time>
<Time>

Development trajectory of China's
coastal area.
a. Total population of China's
coastal area under five SSPs.
b. GDP per capita of China's
coastal area under five SSPs 113
The development trend of
the marine transportation
industry, tourism industry
and fishery industry, which
all depend on land-sea
resources
a b

114
Expansion of
mariculture area in
China's coastal area
under 5 SSPs
Discharge of
terrestrial
pollutants into
marine
environment
Carbon emissions
in China's coastal
area under 5 SSPs

SD model of the marine
ranch sustainable
development model
Stock-flow diagram of economy–
resource–environment system
Integrated coastal-zone
management for
sustainable tourism using
a decision support
system based on system
dynamics

Contents
116

117
Blue Papers
The Blue Papers explore pressing challenges at the nexus of the ocean and the
economy, providing thematic deep dives on a range of topics and offering a
robust, knowledge base to inform a new ocean report and the Ocean Panel’s
action agenda.

Building coastal resilience

Contributing
authors
Australia
Bangladesh
Brazil
Canada
Ghana
Indonesia
Kenya
Madagascar

Importance
• Resilient coastal ecosystems are central to the realization of a
sustainable, inclusive, prosperous, and equitable ocean economy, as
coastal areas are home to more than 40 percent of the world’s
population and host most of the transport, commercial, residential and
national defence infrastructure of more than 200 nations and territories
• Coastal ecosystems are undergoing profound changes, as they are
challenged by climate change, threatened by urbanization and poor
upstream agriculture and extractive industry practices, increasing sprawl
of coastal infrastructure, and overexploitation of resources.
• Failure to properly manage our coastal ecosystems will result in
continued environmental damage, compromised development of
established and emerging ocean sectors, disadvantaged nations and
peoples, as well as inadequate infrastructure to meet the demands of
changing demographics and climate change impacts.

Highlights
• This Blue Paper focuses on how to enhance coastal ecosystem resilience
and enable sustainable pathways for economic, infrastructure and
social development, without compromising the integrity and benefits of
coastal ecosystems, or disadvantaging the people who rely upon them.
• This paper identifies opportunities for nations to cooperate by building
upon past success to realize a sustainable ocean economy through
championing the following four coastal opportunities for action: build
ecosystem resilience; mitigate impacts of terrestrial and extractive
activities on coastal ecosystems; advance sustainable, future-proofed
blue infrastructure; and enhance community resilience, equity and
access.

Opportunities for action
1. Protection strategies designate where and how much of
specified activities can and cannot occur in management
areas, and legislate conservation areas.
2. Mitigation strategies aim to reduce local stressors
caused by human action.
3. Adaption strategies aims to incorporate natural
infrastructure into existing grey infrastructure, and
relocate at-risk activities and populations.
4. Repair strategies seek to restore damaged ecosystems.

Opportunities for action
Four Strategies and
Actions for Building
Coastal Resilience
and the Enabling
Conditions to
Achieve Them
Source: CSIRO

Benefits of Implementing Blue Infrastructure
Areal Extent and Historical and Projected Losses of Major Coastal Ecosystems
• Coastal defense, water purification, nursery grounds for fish
and crustaceans, co-designed management areas containing
aquaculture and renewable energy create win-wins.

Climate-resilient infrastructure solutions
Living Seawalls: A Green Engineering Solution with Global Significance
• Comprehensive disaster risk management planning in the
design of infrastructure;
• Finance and insurance mechanisms, including well-designed
disaster risk finance to help incentivize resilient infrastructure
through the financing of preventive measures.

Resilience
127
Steven et al. 2020. Coastal Development: Resilience, Restoration and
Infrastructure Requirements. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Resilience and Nexus Framework
• Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) requires
assessment approaches at landscape scale for understanding
the influence of rapid urbanization on coastal environments
and ecosystems;
• Highlights: Resilience and Nexus.
128
(Holling, 1987) (Liu et al., 2018)

FEW Nexus
• The FEW-Nexus serves as a
conceptual framework to describe
and aid in addressing complex
interrelationships associated with
coupled human-natural systems at
local, regional, and global scales.
• Envisioning their interconnections as
a ‘nexus’ aids in decision-making that
span particular objectives, production
and consumption pathways, and
regulatory modes.
• NSF and USDA-NIFA’s
collaborative Innovations at the Nexus
of Food, Energy, & Water (INFEWS)
initiative. 129
NEBRASKA COLLABORATIVE FOR
FOOD, ENERGY, AND WATER
EDUCATION
https://www.unl.edu/nc-few/food-
energy-water-nexus

LWB Nexus
• Coastal Resilience: Land-Water-Biodiversity NEXUS
• 新的海岸带弹性研究范式 : a new resilience paradigm
• 海岸带土地利用及其生态环境效应综合评价: Coastal urban LUCC and
environmental effects and early warning
• 海岸带脆弱性、弹性与生态管理耦合系统研究: Coastal spatial
vulnerability, resilience and ecological governance
130
Ocean & Coastal Management, 2018 Online

CoURCE Resilience Outputs
131
From Planning to Practice; From City and Mega City, Urban Region to the
Coastal Zone of China.

Contents
132

科学至实、海洋可期
“The Science We Need for the
Ocean We Want”:
Transformative ocean science
solutions for sustainable
development,
connecting people and our
ocean
134
UN Decade of Ocean Science for
Sustainable Development (2021-2030)

Summary
• New technology for integrated urbanization and MEE
governance: indicators integration, mechanism
integration, and governance integration, Resilience
based Management.
• Coastal LWB nexus: a new resilience paradigm.
• Coastal Critical Mechanism and crucial skills:
resilience, nexus, network and AI, 5G…
• ……

Thank you!
LI, Yangfan
CEE, COMI, FISO @ Xiamen University, China
yangf@xmu.edu.cn
Many Thanks
to Mr. WANG Xinwei, Mr. Zhu
Wenchao and Ms Zhao
Youzhu, for contributing to
the PowerPoint.

20220915-Sustainable Coastal urbanization and marine eco-environmental governance.pdf

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