The document discusses the Eco2 Cities initiative, which aims to help cities in developing countries achieve greater ecological and economic sustainability through integrated urban planning and management. It provides examples of six cities - Curitiba, Brazil; Stockholm, Sweden; Singapore; Yokohama, Japan; Brisbane, Australia; and Auckland, New Zealand - that have implemented various sustainable practices. It also outlines some of the challenges faced in applying these approaches in developing country contexts, such as limited resources, institutional barriers, and dependence on outdated models of urban planning. The document concludes by providing "stepping stones" or recommendations for cities to begin adapting the Eco2 principles to their local needs and contexts.

2. Industrial Revolution
Negative outcome on
the environment and
the quality of life
The birth of modern Urban Planning
* Ebenezer Howard &Patrick Geddes - 1890s
Howard’s Garden City

3. The specific term eco city in use since 1970
Regional Planning
New towns
Greenbelt city
Design with nature
Ecological plan
The new urbanism
Green information
Low carbon cities
Sustainability(1990)
Eco city
Theories based this them :

4. Background
 About 120 cities with population over 1 million in 2000
160 cities in 2015
26 mega cities in 2025 (<10 million) DC in Asia will has 12 cities
 It is projected that the entire build-up urban area in developing
countries will triple between 2000-2030
• From 200,000SqKm to 600,000SqKm
• Natural Resources – consumption & lose
The Eco2 Cities initiative is an central part of the world Bank Strategy
that was launched in Singapore in November 2000

5. Objective :
“Eco2 cities initiative is to help cities in developing countries achieve
a greater degree of ecological and economic sustainability”
Ecological Cities ?
Ecological Cities enhance the well-being of citizens and society through
integrated urban planning and management that harness the benefits of
ecological systems and protect and take care of these assets for future generation
Economic Cities ?
Economic Cities create value and opportunities for citizens, businesses
and Society by efficiently using the tangible and intangible assets of cities
and enabling productive, inclusive, and sustainable economic activity
Eco2

6. Eco2 city builds on the synergy
and interdependence of ecological
sustainability and economic
sustainability and fundamental
ability of these reinforce and
strength each other in the urban
context
Goal of Eco2 City

7. Four Principles / Foundation of Eco2 City

8. Enable local
gover nments
to lead a
development
process that
takes into
account their
specific
circumstances,
including their
local ecology
1. A development program that supports cities in
making good decisions and implementing these
decisions using all levers of city influence and
control
2. A planning philosophy that recognises the
fundamental role played by local ecological assets in
the health and wealth of cities and their surrounding
rural communities
3. An action-oriented network that provides
city leaders with the full support of
national governments, the international
development community (including the
World Bank), and global best practice cities
4. A decision support system with methods and
tools that adapt to varying levels of knowledge
and skill and provide cities with the technical,
administrative, and financial capacity to
develop an Eco2 pathway
A city - based approach
PRINCIPLES CORE ELEMENTS

9. CORE ELEMENTS
2. A shared long-term planning framework for aligning
and strengthening the policies of the city
administration and key stakeholders and for guiding
future work on Eco2 projects
That accomplishes
sustained synergy
by coordinating and
aligning the action
of key Stakeholders
PRINCIPLES
An expanded platform
for collaborative design
and decision-making
1. A three-tier platform that enables a city to
collaborate
(1) as a model corporation, engaging all city
departments;
(11) as a provider of services, engaging residents,
businesses, and contractors; and
(111) as a leader and partner within the urban
region, engaging senior government officials,
utilities, rural settlements, private sector
stakeholders, nongovernmental organizations,
and academia

10. CORE ELEMENTS
3. Integrated implementation by
I. Correctly sequencing investments,
II. Creating a policy environment that
enables an integrated approach,
III. Coordinating a full range of policy tools,
IV. Collaborating with stakeholders to align
key policies with long-term goals,
V. Targeting new policies to reflect the
differing circumstances involved in
urbanization in new area and in
improving existing urban area
Enable cities to realize the
benefits of integrated
planning, designing and
management the whole
urban system
PRINCIPLES
A one - system approach 1. Integrated infrastructure system design and
management that focusing on enhancing the
efficiency of resource flows in an urban area
2. Coordinated spatial development that
integrates urban forms with urban flows,
combining land use, urban design, urban
density, and other spatial attributes with
infrastructure scenarios

11. CORE ELEMENTS
An investment framework
that values sustainability
and resilience
3. Proactive attention to managing all kinds of risk:
financial risk, sudden disruptions to systems,
and rapid socioeconomic environmental change
By incorporating and
accounting for life – cycle
analysis, the value of all
Capital assets
(manufactured, natural,
human, and social) and a
broader scope for risk
assessment in decision
making
PRINCIPLES
1. Incorporation of life-cycle costing in all
financial decision making
2. Equal attention to protecting and enhancing
all capital assets: manufactured capital,
natural capital, social capital, and human capital

12. City 1. Curitiba, Brazil
Profile of Curitiba and Metropolitan Regional
Curitiba
• The Capital of the State of Parana in the
south of Brazil
• Land area: 432 km2
• Population (2008): 1.83 million
• Annual Population Growth Rate: 1.86%
• The city is bordered by the Iguaçu River in
the east and Passaúna Park in the west.
• The city is located at the center of Brazil’s
largest economic corridor comprising major
cities such as Brasilia, Rio de Janeiro, São
Paolo, and Porto Alegre, and South American
cities such as Montevideo and Buenos Aires,
Curitiba Metropolitan Region (RMC)
• RMC consists of 26 municipalities including
Curitiba.
• Land area: 15,622.33 km2
• Population (2008): 3.26 million
• Population Growth Rate: 2.01%

13. “ Cost is No Barrier to Ecological and Economic Urban
Planning, Development, and Management ”
 Limited fiscal resources.
 It provided services with a wider coverage and small ecological
footprint- The best example in the world of ecological and
economic urban development.
 City planning: grow from the city core outward in a radial linear
branching pattern, thereby opening up the city while preserving
urban density and protecting green areas encourage effective linear
urban growth along major structural axis.
 Land use and zoning simultaneously encouraged higher – density
commercial and residential development along each structural axis
 Thereby providing the economic density and user base to make the
system financially sustainable

14. Lesson Learned from the Curitiba Case
2. Institutionalized Planning and Expertise: Institute for Research and Urban
Planning of Curitiba - IPPUC (Brazil ) is the integrated planning institute that
researches, formulates, implements, and supervise urban plan
1. Leadership and Continuousness: Mayors in Curitiba background
with technical knowledge –engineering or architecture
3. Local Character:
• Considering budget, capacity, and social condition to develop
innovative solution.
• BRT (bus rapid transit) system – affordable and implement
quickly

15. 4. Citizen Ownership and Eco-consciousness:
• Public hearing with the Mayor held frequently
• Proposed plans are evaluated and discussed with the community
• People may speak directly to the mayor and city officials
• People have made the link between good urban planning and
a better quality of life
• People participation: collecting garbage, constructing
neighborhood road , and maintaining green area
• Children education : urban waste programm

16. 2. Stockholm, Sweden
“ Integrated planning and management through systematic stakeholder
collaboration can lead to significantly greater lifecycle benefit its ”
Profile of Stockholm
• The capital city of Sweden, located in the
northern part of Europe
• Total area: 209 km2 (Land area: 188 square
kilometers,
water area: 21 km2)
• Population (2008): 795,000
• By 2030, Stockholm’s population is expected
to increase by150,000
Note: Stockholm Office of Research and
Statistics. 2008.
Data Guide Stockholm 2008

17. Lessons Learnt from Stockholm Case
• Expanding the ELP(Environmental Load Profile) to include assessments of other
input variables, such as the impacts that efficient spatial planning, integrated
land use, and improved management of solid waste can have on output indicators.
• Improving and fine-tuning the existing program by filling in gaps and streamlining
the inclusion of the inputs noted above. Moreover, the complete model needs to
be adapted to large scale use, and adjusted to fit developing country contexts.
• Outputs in the current ELP(Environmental Load Profile) have environmental
indicators, such as carbon emissions. Converting these indicators from
environmental indicators to economic and fiscal indicators is necessary to help
policymakers make better decisions.

18. 3.Singapore
Integrated urban planning and efficient land and natural resource use
through a “one-system” approach
Profile of Singapore
Singapore
• An Island city-state at the southern tip of the Malay
Peninsula, 136.8 Km north of the equator; located
southern of the Malaysian State of Johor and north
of Indonesia’s Riau Island
• Population (2008): 4.84 million, including resident
and nonresident population
• Land area: 700 Km2
• Population density(2008): 6814 people per Km2
• GDP at current price (208): US$181.9 billion
• Water and sewerage coverage: 100 percent
• Center of commerce and industry in Southeast Asia
• Global financial center and trading hub with one of
business seaports in the world

19. Lesson Learnt from Singapore
• scarcity of land and natural resources: innovative and comprehensive
management of land and other resources
• preserves green and open spaces
• Public transport works efficiently, and is financially viable and integrated
with land uses.
• comprehensive and integrated management of resources :
successfully addressing ecological, economic and social concerns while
ensuring sustainability and productivity

20. 4. Yokohama, Japan
“ Waste reduction by engaging stakeholders in the private sector and
civil society “
Profile of Yokohama
• The second largest city after Tokyo in Japan
• Population (2009): 3.65 million
• Land area: 435 km2
• Population Density (2009): 8,409
persons/km2
• Yokohama Port was opened for international
trade in 1859 when Japan decided to
abandon its isolationist policy and initiate
modernization and opening to foreign
cultures. The city celebrates the 150th
anniversary of the port’s opening in 2009.
• About 21 percent of people commute out of
the city for employment or education
(in 2005).
• People are active in participatory civil
activities.
• The city was selected as one of the “Eco-
Model Cities” in Japan in 2008.

21. Lesson Learned from the Yokohama Case
“citizen power”: Reduce GHGs, increase its use of renewable energy,
fund the construction of a new wind-power generator.

22. 5. Brisbane, Australia
Profile of Brisbane
• Capital city of Queensland, Australia.
• Located on a coastal plain in South East
Queensland. Brisbane’s eastern suburbs
line the shores of Moreton Bay, and the city’s
Central Business District is just 27kilometers away
from the mouth of the Bay.
• As a subtropical river city, Brisbane has hot, humid
summers and dry, mild winters.
• 2007 Population: 1.01 million
• Population Increase (2006-2007): 2.0 percent
• The largest populated local government area in
Australia

23. Summary of Measures in CitySmart
Program
• Shifting to energy efficient light fittings
• Installing a rainwater tank in the home
• More efficient use of air-conditioners
• Continuing to recycle and preserve water
• Installing solar panels and
solar hot water systems
• Signing up for green energy
• Thinking about alternative public
transport solutions
• Reducing vehicle emissions
• “2 Million Trees” planting project
Example of Grants and Rebates
(AUS$)
• $50 rebate on the installation of
an in-home energy monitor
• $400 rebate for solar hot water
• Rebates for installing a rainwater
tank and internal connections to
toilets and/or cold water washing
machine taps
• Funding up to $50,000 to local
non-profit community groups for
installing energy and water saving
devices

24. Lesson Learned from Brisbane
Climate change impact : protects water resources, plants trees to improve its
(water ,temperatures urban ecology, and promotes a sustainable built
higher ) environment.

25. 6. Auckland, New Zealand
“ Successful collaboration at the regional
scale, including the creation of an over-
arching long-term planning framework112 “

26. Eight Goals Direct the Auckland
Framework
The Framework is built around eight
interrelated and long-term goals that will
enable the region to take a sustainable
development approach:
Goal 1 . A fair and connected society
Goal 2. Pride in who we are
Goal 3. A unique and outstanding
environment
Goal 4. Prosperity through innovation
Goal 5 . Te puawaitanga o te tangata—
Self sustaining Maori communities
Goal 6 . A quality, compact urban form
Goal 7. Resilient infrastructure
Goal 8 . Effective, collaborative leadership
Auckland Sustainability Framework (ASF)

27. Lessons Learnt
“winning hearts and minds”: Winning hearts and minds acknowledged the
importance of the social learning process that
councilors, key staff , and stakeholders experienced
through the Framework’s development.
Continued dialogue and education on the challenges
and solutions involved in achieving sustainability are
required among these key decision makers and public.

28. Limitation/Challenges in Development Countries
1.Limited resources :
 Administrative, technical, and financial capacity problems
 Rapid pace of urbanization
2. Misinformation :
 Local decision makers operate under a series of myths and false assumption
 Dependent on advanced and complex technologies and practice only for
wealth neighborhood and well – resource city administrations.
 Giving import on the styles and technologies used in majority of western
cities rather than relaying on local culture and ecology.

29. 3. Institutional Barriers
 Inappropriate institutional structures and mind – sets
Eg: 1.Fragmentation of responsibilities ; separated budgets , timeline, and goals -
influence of individual interests
2. Excessive specialisation; overpowering complexity ;separated of expertise; and
incomplete perspective on urban resources use and
the associated costs
3. Single – purpose funding mechanisms; It fail to address cities directly, the urban
system or link program objectives
4. Lengthy and challenging political processes; allocating funds at all scales
5. Short term and narrow accounting formats; ignore indirect costs and benefits,
separate capital cost from operating and maintenance costs,
fail to capitalise the replacement of systems, do not take into
account all capital assets (manufactured, ecological, human,
and social) and risks, and mislead investors and the public

30. 5. Human inertia
 lack of open and innovative mind - set
6. The continuing dominance of 19th century models
 difficulty with adopting a program such as Eco2 is that current design and
planning practices among cities are rooted in patterns established in the 19th
century ; single – purpose , centralised ,supply – oriented utilities that operated
in silos and capitalised on economis of scale and abundant resources
4. Lock – in relationships among networks of public and private institutions
and existing technologies
 Some dimensions of urban planning creates situation get benefit form the
statues quo to some groups and same time create obstacles to investment
in alternatives.
eg:1. highway lobby
New investment promotion – policy to prevent innovation approaches

31. Thank you

32. Stepping Stones
 Review the Eco2 Cities initiative, and adapt the Eco2
principles to the local context, especially current issues
of concern and the local political constraints.
 Identify champion(s) and the specific group or
individual who are vital to success
 Obtain commitment from city council and influential
groups and people

33.  Work closely with national governments and, where
possible, dovetail the Eco2 element so they clearly fit
within national priorities.
 Seek a partnership with the international
development community (including the World Bank),
best practice cities, and Eco2 Cities Initiative partner.
 Outline a process for building capacity, and enhance
the skill and knowledge of local professional staff.
 Develop fluency of concepts among local decision
makers using case studies from this book and other
supporting materials.

34. Stepping Stones
 Initiate a process for collaborative decision making and integrated design
to develop the Eco2 approach as a corporation, as a provider of service,
and as a leader within the larger urban area
 prepare a mandate and budget for a secretariat that can support
collaborative committees through background research on cross-cutting
issues and the facilitation of regular meetings, communication products,
and even planning
 Prepare a long – term planning framework, in collaboration with
others, and seek consensus on common goals and indicators of
performance, an overarching growth management strategy and
an adaptive management approach.
 Select a catalyst project suitable for demonstrating the Eco2
principles, aligned with the goals and strategies identified in
the long – term planning framework

35.  Provide just –in-time training and capacity building, arrange for multiple
opportunities for local professionals to become comfortable with the
one-system approach, and make the best use of technical support so it
may be truly transformative and value
Stepping Stones
 Conduct a series of integrated design workshops to create important
opportunities for planners, designers, and engineer to come together
and use new methods and information; a series of short workshops can
clarify goals and set targets; and the long- term planning framework can
guide, design, and stimulate creative solutions.

36.  Align a full set of policy tools to ensure successful implementation, in
collaboration with stakeholders, to sequence and enable a one-system
approach and to coordinate actions across sectors; a strategic action plan can
be prepared to clarify who is responsible for what tasks and to show how
policies interact.
 Explore design solution and prepared a concept plan for review; an integrated
design process should be used to generate alternative proposals on ways to
design, construct, and manage the project; an intensive, multiday urban systems
design Charrette can facilitate the integrated design process; and the integrated
design process should culminate in a recommended concept plan for
implementation, including any policy reforms