The document summarizes an experimental study that analyzed the motion of oil droplets within an electrical submersible pump (ESP) impeller operating with an oil-water flow. High-speed video was used to capture images of oil droplets at various ESP rotational speeds. The images show that droplet size decreases with increasing rotational speed. Droplets follow random trajectories but some patterns were identified. Droplet velocity and acceleration were calculated from the images using image processing and varied based on droplet trajectory and ESP speed. Velocities ranged from 0.3 to 3.0 m/s on average while accelerations fluctuated between positive and negative values up to dozens of meters per second squared. The study provides insight into the forces acting on oil
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Abstract Urban watersheds produce an instantaneous response to rainfall. That results in stormwater runoff in excess of the capacity of drainage systems. The excess stormwater must be managed to prevent flooding and erosion of streams. Management can be achieved with the help of structural stormwater Best Management Practices (BMPs). Detention ponds is one such BMP commonly found in the Austin, TX, USA. The City of Austin developed a plan to mitigate future events of flooding and erosion, resulting in the development and integration of stormwater BMP algorithms into the sub-hourly version of SWAT model. This paper deals with the development of a physically based algorithm for detention pond. The algorithm was tested using a previously flow-calibrated watershed in the Austin area. From the test results obtained it appears that the detention pond algorithm is functioning satisfactorily. The algorithm developed could be used a) to evaluate the functionality of individual detention pond b) to analyze the benefits of such structures at watershed or higher scales and c) as design tool. Keywords: flooding, detention, urban, watershed, BMP, algorithm, stormwater, modeling
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Abstract Urban watersheds produce an instantaneous response to rainfall. That results in stormwater runoff in excess of the capacity of drainage systems. The excess stormwater must be managed to prevent flooding and erosion of streams. Management can be achieved with the help of structural stormwater Best Management Practices (BMPs). Detention ponds is one such BMP commonly found in the Austin, TX, USA. The City of Austin developed a plan to mitigate future events of flooding and erosion, resulting in the development and integration of stormwater BMP algorithms into the sub-hourly version of SWAT model. This paper deals with the development of a physically based algorithm for detention pond. The algorithm was tested using a previously flow-calibrated watershed in the Austin area. From the test results obtained it appears that the detention pond algorithm is functioning satisfactorily. The algorithm developed could be used a) to evaluate the functionality of individual detention pond b) to analyze the benefits of such structures at watershed or higher scales and c) as design tool. Keywords: flooding, detention, urban, watershed, BMP, algorithm, stormwater, modeling
A REVIEW ON IMPROVEMENT OF EFFICIENCY OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP THROUGH MODIFICATIO...ijiert bestjournal
The paper reviews the literature available on the i mprovement of efficiency of centrifugal pump through modification in suction manifolds. The paper discusses the available material of performance improvement through various paramete rs and mainly focuses on the research related to manifold modifications.
Experimental Investigation on Impact of Jet on Vanes Pipe System to Determine...ijtsrd
The water coming out from the nozzle is called as a jet and when the impacted on the different surfaces and the change in momentum can be determined and the experiment is performed with the nozzle, different type of plates such as flat, Circular and semi circular and a spring scale connected to the balanced beam and different weights are used as counter weights, flow meter and pipes. In this paper during the experimentation of determining the coefficient of impact on the vanes plates some of the minor Losses occurred due to the presence of bend in the suction pipe and nozzle pipe line connectivity and the extra fitting such as valve to control the flow on the pipe are present, due to this the flow of water, velocity in the pipe are varied, an attempt is done with this experiment to determine some important minor losses ,major losses are neglected as length of pipe is short. The readings from the experiment on three different plates are conducted and readings are tabulated and compared. J Narendra Kumar | G Narasimhulu "Experimental Investigation on Impact of Jet on Vanes Pipe System to Determine the Minor Losses" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33507.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/33507/experimental-investigation-on-impact-of-jet-on-vanes-pipe-system-to-determine-the-minor-losses/j-narendra-kumar
This presentation covers my undergrad thesis. I performed hydrodynamic analysis on Upper Baral River with a flow diversion to compare the changes in velocities before and after the installation of the diversion.
Research on the Trajectory of Oil Spill in Near-shore Areainventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
NUMERICAL STUDY OF FLUID FLOW AROUND A DIVER HELPERijmech
Having access to high speed diving without the use of mechanical science and discovery centers have been
considered. Production of simple, yet effective tool to reduce energy consumption and associated diver is
very valuable. Assistant diver device that works with human muscle power, includes a pair of ballets. This
system reduces the energy required to dive to less than half as the speed increases to 2 to 5 knot. Using
numerical methods can answer a lot of questions and a simulation of the dynamic behavior of the device. In
this article, modeling of fluid flow around the Diver helper of FLUENT software and using Dynamic Mesh
have been done.
Flow lines show an increase in the angle of the fins and causes development of vortices behind them.
Pressure Cantor can also be used in the analysis of the fins. The drag coefficient ballet based on the device
at various angles in a period is reported in charts.
Transient Pressure Characterization of a Two Stage Vertical Pump for Offshore...ijtsrd
Off shore oil and gas installations are deliberately lifted considerably high above the water surface in order to prevent or reduce as much as possible the action of crashing waves and other marine phenomena. Pumps for firefighting on these installations need to be submerged in the water, but due to the height of the platforms, the available pumps struggled with inadequate lift and were unable to provide as much flow as needed. In this study, the original pump in operation which was originally designed to operate in single stage was combined into a two stage pump and its performance was evaluated using experimental data from the single stage test as a benchmark. Further internal flow analysis of the transient pressure characteristics was conducted to understanding the key areas of pressure pulsations within this pump. This will serve as guide to conducting a multi objective optimization of the multi stage pump to subsequently improve the performance and prolong the operational lifespan. Fareed Konadu Osman | Jinfeng Zhang | Israel Enema Ohiemi "Transient Pressure Characterization of a Two-Stage Vertical Pump for Offshore Fire Suppression" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50446.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/50446/transient-pressure-characterization-of-a-twostage-vertical-pump-for-offshore-fire-suppression/fareed-konadu-osman
A REVIEW ON IMPROVEMENT OF EFFICIENCY OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP THROUGH MODIFICATIO...ijiert bestjournal
The paper reviews the literature available on the i mprovement of efficiency of centrifugal pump through modification in suction manifolds. The paper discusses the available material of performance improvement through various paramete rs and mainly focuses on the research related to manifold modifications.
Experimental Investigation on Impact of Jet on Vanes Pipe System to Determine...ijtsrd
The water coming out from the nozzle is called as a jet and when the impacted on the different surfaces and the change in momentum can be determined and the experiment is performed with the nozzle, different type of plates such as flat, Circular and semi circular and a spring scale connected to the balanced beam and different weights are used as counter weights, flow meter and pipes. In this paper during the experimentation of determining the coefficient of impact on the vanes plates some of the minor Losses occurred due to the presence of bend in the suction pipe and nozzle pipe line connectivity and the extra fitting such as valve to control the flow on the pipe are present, due to this the flow of water, velocity in the pipe are varied, an attempt is done with this experiment to determine some important minor losses ,major losses are neglected as length of pipe is short. The readings from the experiment on three different plates are conducted and readings are tabulated and compared. J Narendra Kumar | G Narasimhulu "Experimental Investigation on Impact of Jet on Vanes Pipe System to Determine the Minor Losses" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33507.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/33507/experimental-investigation-on-impact-of-jet-on-vanes-pipe-system-to-determine-the-minor-losses/j-narendra-kumar
This presentation covers my undergrad thesis. I performed hydrodynamic analysis on Upper Baral River with a flow diversion to compare the changes in velocities before and after the installation of the diversion.
Research on the Trajectory of Oil Spill in Near-shore Areainventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
NUMERICAL STUDY OF FLUID FLOW AROUND A DIVER HELPERijmech
Having access to high speed diving without the use of mechanical science and discovery centers have been
considered. Production of simple, yet effective tool to reduce energy consumption and associated diver is
very valuable. Assistant diver device that works with human muscle power, includes a pair of ballets. This
system reduces the energy required to dive to less than half as the speed increases to 2 to 5 knot. Using
numerical methods can answer a lot of questions and a simulation of the dynamic behavior of the device. In
this article, modeling of fluid flow around the Diver helper of FLUENT software and using Dynamic Mesh
have been done.
Flow lines show an increase in the angle of the fins and causes development of vortices behind them.
Pressure Cantor can also be used in the analysis of the fins. The drag coefficient ballet based on the device
at various angles in a period is reported in charts.
Transient Pressure Characterization of a Two Stage Vertical Pump for Offshore...ijtsrd
Off shore oil and gas installations are deliberately lifted considerably high above the water surface in order to prevent or reduce as much as possible the action of crashing waves and other marine phenomena. Pumps for firefighting on these installations need to be submerged in the water, but due to the height of the platforms, the available pumps struggled with inadequate lift and were unable to provide as much flow as needed. In this study, the original pump in operation which was originally designed to operate in single stage was combined into a two stage pump and its performance was evaluated using experimental data from the single stage test as a benchmark. Further internal flow analysis of the transient pressure characteristics was conducted to understanding the key areas of pressure pulsations within this pump. This will serve as guide to conducting a multi objective optimization of the multi stage pump to subsequently improve the performance and prolong the operational lifespan. Fareed Konadu Osman | Jinfeng Zhang | Israel Enema Ohiemi "Transient Pressure Characterization of a Two-Stage Vertical Pump for Offshore Fire Suppression" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50446.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/50446/transient-pressure-characterization-of-a-twostage-vertical-pump-for-offshore-fire-suppression/fareed-konadu-osman
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Numerical study of disk drive rotating flow structure in the cavityeSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper aim in conducting the numerical simulation of laminar flow to explore disk-driven vortical flow structure of a cubical
container subjected to a disk rotation on the roof of the container in different Reynolds numbers to observe the flow structure and
the reason of vortical flow form. For this study, finite difference method with dispersion-relation- preserving (DRP) scheme is
dispersed governing equations space term, but adopt time term with TVD Runge-Kutta method. To add accuracy of numerical,
this thesis also uses topology theory to analyze the characteristic of singular point. Three-dimensional vertical flow is observed
flow structure and move to condition. The result to obtain Reynolds numbers to increase attracting spiral nodes increasingly
approaches the floor of the cavity. We have also depicted the vertical flow structure in terms of cortex cores which provide more
details about how change of the Reynolds number
Keywords: disk-driven, finite difference method, dispersion-relation-preserving (DRP), Runge-Kutta, topology theory
Numerical Investigation of Flow Field Behaviour and Pressure Fluctuations wit...Mustansiriyah University
this present work, CFD numerical method is applied to analyses the flow field in
an axial flow pump qualitative and quantitative analyses. Qualitative analysis for these
parameters comprise static pressure variations, dynamic pressure variations, velocity magnitude,
turbulent kinetic energy, shear stress. Quantitative analysis including the pressure fluctuations in
frequency domain analysis under different operation conditions. Also, sliding mesh method and
turbulence model type k- epsilon are used. Various monitoring points are stalled in order to
analyses pressure fluctuation mechanism in the impeller blade. The numerical results revealed
that the flow field for pressure and velocity are increase start from the suction side of the pump
to discharge side. Also, the results found that the high pressure occurs at the discharge side
along the axial direction of the impeller. The maximum value of pressure fluctuations is
occurred at tip blade region due to high interaction flow at this particular area. Moreover, the
pressure decreases as flow rate in the pump increases. Additionally, the results shown that the
pressure fluctuations have four peaks and four valleys the similar impeller blades number.
Furthermore, there are different positive and negative pressure regions, the negative pressure
area occurs due to lower pressure zone at inlet impeller area and hence which can lead to cause
occurrence of cavitation in this specific area. The current numerical demonstration results can
help the researches for further axial flow pump design.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Modelling study of jet metal interaction in ld processeSAT Journals
Abstract Water model experiments have been carried out in a 1/30th scaled down model of the 100 ton LD converter in order to investigate the effect of changing the lance height and the gas flow rate on the penetration depth of liquid with different exit diameters. It is found the penetration depth increases with decreasing nozzle diameter, decreasing the lance height and with increase the gas flow rate. Gas jets impinging onto a gas–liquid interface of a liquid pool are also studied using computational fluid dynamics modeling, which aims to obtain a better understanding of the behavior of the gas jets. The gas and liquid flows are modeled using the volume of fluid technique. The governing equations in the axisymmetric cylindrical coordinates are solved by the CFD simulation using FLUENT. The computed results are compared with experimental result and it isfound a good match with all the data. Keywords: LD process, Water Modeling, Penetration Depth, Volume of Fluid, CFD.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Hemodialysis: Chapter 3, Dialysis Water Unit - Dr.Gawad
2017.03 ex hft-2017_perissinotto_et_al_final_paper_02
1. 9th World Conference on Experimental Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
12-15 June, 2017, Iguazu Falls, Brazil
OIL DROPLETS WITHIN AN ESP IMPELLER:
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF VELOCITIES AND ACCELERATIONS
Rodolfo M. Perissinotto*,1
, William Monte Verde**,1
, Jorge L. Biazussi2
, Marcelo S. Castro1
, Antônio C. Bannwart1
1
School of Mechanical Engineering - University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, 13083-860, Brazil
2
Center for Petroleum Studies - University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
*rodolfoperissinotto@gmail.com
**williammonteverde@gmail.com
Abstract. This research aims to investigate the motion of oil drops within an Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) impeller
working with an oil-water flow. The main objective is to evaluate velocity and acceleration of individual drops subjected
to different ESP rotational speeds. An experimental study was conducted using an ESP prototype designed to allow flow
visualization within the impeller through a transparent shell. A high-speed camera captured images of the oil droplets at
a rate of 1000 fps. The set of data was performed at five rotational speeds for water flow rates at the best efficiency point
(BEP). The images reveal that the oil drops become smaller when the rotational speed increases. The droplets have random
trajectories, but some patterns were identified and explored in this paper. Results reveal that the average velocity depends
on the drop trajectory and the ESP rotational speed. The drop velocity varies between 0.3 m/s and 3.0 m/s, approximately.
The acceleration fluctuates between positive and negative values. The average acceleration assumes high values in the
order of dozens of meters per second squared. The resultant force acting on oil droplets is proportional to the acceleration
and assumes small values around thousandths of Newton.
Keywords: Electrical Submersible Pump, Flow Visualization, Two-Phase Flow, Oil Droplets, Droplet Trajectory
1. INTRODUCTION
The Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) is the second most popular artificial lift method used in oil production,
especially for offshore operations. Nowadays, it is estimated that more than 100,000 wells use ESPs to produce oil. The
ESP is essentially a multistage centrifugal pump that provides energy to the fluids present in the reservoir, lifting them
through the well to the production facilities. The ESP usually works with multiphase flows, with oil, water and gas. The
operation with presence of gas or high viscosity fluids affects the pump behavior and may cause significant performance
losses. An example of high viscosity fluid is the formation of emulsions in applications with oil and high water fractions.
The visualization of flows inside ESPs is an interesting way of studying the interaction between the mixing phases present
in an emulsion.
In this work, an experimental study is conducted focusing on flow visualization to investigate the motion of oil drops
in a water flow within an ESP impeller. Some parameters as size, velocity and acceleration are evaluated as functions of
the ESP rotational speed. The determination of velocities and accelerations can improve the understanding of the forces
acting on the oil droplets, responsible for their movement in the impeller channels. Also, as the water velocity is known,
the slip between the liquid phases can be estimated, considering the drift-flux model. The industrial application of this
work is to find a one-dimensional model that represents efficiency and performance of ESPs for use in the petroleum
industry, for example, to predict the best type of pump for each application.
This paper contains eight sections. Initially, previous works are discussed in a literature review. Next, the experimental
apparatus and the test procedure are presented. Finally, results are discussed and conclusions are proposed. Nomenclature,
acknowledgements and references are at the end.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
There are many studies on gas-liquid flow in the literature. In the last years, some authors investigated the performance
of ESPs working with two-phase flows, such as Lea and Bearden (1982) and Biazussi (2014), while other authors studied
the flow patterns that occur inside ESPs, as Gamboa and Prado (2010) and Monte Verde (2016). A few authors also
analyzed the motion of air bubbles and the forces that govern their behavior within ESP impellers, as described in the
next paragraphs, which present a succinct review of works that focus on individual air bubble dynamics.
Minemura and Murakami (1980) investigated the motion of small air bubbles in a rotating impeller. According to
them, five forces govern the motion of air bubbles in an impeller: the drag force due to motion of the bubble relative to
the water; the force due to the pressure gradient in the water surrounding the bubble; the body force due to the difference
in densities between water and air; the force needed to accelerate the water displaced by bubble motion; and the force due
to a history term showing the effect of previous acceleration, called Basset’s term.
2. 9th World Conference on Experimental Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
12-15 June, 2017, Iguazu Falls, Brazil
Estevam (2002) developed the first visualization prototype for the petroleum industry. The author designed and built
a scaled pump with a transparent shell to investigate the movement of bubbles within an impeller. He observed the
formation of stationary bubbles depending on the amount of air injected.
Barrios (2007) studied flow patterns and bubble behavior inside an ESP impeller. Images captured with a high-speed
camera revealed trajectories of air bubbles in water flow. According to the author, the most important forces acting on a
bubble consist on the drag force and the pressure force, acting on opposite directions.
Sabino (2015) visualized the movement of bubbles in a water flow inside a pump impeller. The author identified three
typical trajectories: bubbles next to the suction blade, bubbles that enter the channel near the suction blade but deviate to
the center and bubbles that enter the channel near the suction blade but deviate to the pressure blade. The author calculated
the velocity of bubbles as a function of their position inside the channel, for different rotational speeds. The velocities
exhibited a random behavior. Even so, a dependence between velocity and rotational speed was noticed. Higher rotational
speeds resulted in faster bubbles. The type of trajectory also influenced the bubble velocity. Bubbles next to the suction
blade moved faster than bubbles far from it.
Zhang et al. (2016) investigated flow patterns and individual bubbles inside a three-stage pump. The authors studied
parameters as size, trajectory and motion of air bubbles. According to them, the main forces on an isolated bubble within
the impeller channel are the drag force, the centrifugal force and the force due to the pressure gradient.
In short, it seems consensual to consider the drag force and the pressure force as the most significant forces acting on
air bubbles. The forces influence the bubble acceleration, which changes the instantaneous velocity and defines the bubble
trajectory inside the impeller channel. The bubble velocity seems proportional to the ESP rotational speed and dependent
on the distance between the bubble and the channel blades.
According to Mohammadi and Sharp (2013), the flow visualization using a high-speed photography technique enables
the observation of fast transient phenomena with high spatial and temporal resolutions. The use of high-speed cameras
offers the possibility to identify flow patterns, track particles immersed in the fluids and evaluate variables like bubble
size and velocity.
High-speed imaging seems to be a powerful tool for analyzing oil drops as well. Although there are many works on
gas-liquid flows, there are few studies in the literature on liquid-liquid flows, such as Hosogai and Tanaka (1992), Boxall
et al. (2011) and Maaß and Kraume (2012). This paper contributes to the area, with an analysis of the oil-water flow.
3. EXPERIMENTAL DESCRIPTION
This section describes the experimental device, the measuring instruments and the camera used for visualization of
oil droplets. The procedure adopted to perform the experiments is discussed as well.
3.1. Experimental Apparatus
The experimental facility uses an ESP prototype designed to allow flow visualization within the impeller through a
transparent shell, as can be seen in Fig. 1. It was developed and built by Monte Verde et al. (2017) and adapted to perform
tests with two-phase liquid-liquid mixtures. To achieve this, an oil injection system was designed and built.
Figure 1. Experimental facility with a focus on the transparent shell (bottom right corner)
3. 9th World Conference on Experimental Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
12-15 June, 2017, Iguazu Falls, Brazil
The experimental loop consists of a water flow line with a tank, a booster pump and a water flow meter. The oil inject
system is composed of peristaltic pump, oil reservoir and stainless steel capillary tubes. A schematic illustration is shown
in Fig. 2. The oil line is the main difference between the new and the original facility built by Monte Verde et al. (2017).
Figure 2. Layout of the experimental apparatus
The flow visualization is performed using a camera IDT MotionProX® with a resolution of 1024 x 1024 pixels at
1000 frames per second and a lens Nikon Micro-Nikkor® f/2.8 with a focal length of 60mm. Five measuring instruments
collect information during the experiments: a flow meter, a thermocouple, a tachometer and two pressure transducers. At
the inlet, the pressure transducer is installed in the water suction tube. At the outlet, the pressure is measured in the diffuser
by a ring that connects different points radially. The technical features of the equipment are described in Table 1.
Table 1. Features of the measuring instruments
Instrument Measurement Brand/Model Range Uncertainty
Flow meter Water mass flow rate (mL) Metroval RHM12 120 - 6000 kg/h ± 0.2%
Thermocouple Water temperature (T) PT 100 RTD 0 - 100 ºC ± 0.5%
Pressure transducers Pressures at ESP
inlet and outlet (P1, P2) Rosemount 2088 0 - 2000 kPa ± 0.075%
Tachometer ESP rotational speed (N) Minipa MDT 2238A 2.4 - 99999 rpm -
3.2. Experimental Procedure
Tests are conducted using an oil with density of 880 kg/m³ and viscosity of 220 cP at 25 °C. The oil is darkened with
a black dye to facilitate its observation. The dye does not affect the oil properties, as viscosity and surface tension. The
colored oil is injected near the impeller inlet at a constant flow rate of 2 ml/s. This flow rate was measured previously and
agrees with the peristaltic pump manufacturer's data.
Images were captured at five rotational speeds – 300 rpm, 600 rpm, 900 rpm, 1200 rpm and 1500 rpm – for water
flow rates at the best efficiency point – 1.06 m³/h, 2.13 m³/h, 3.20 m³/h, 4.26 m³/h and 5.33 m³/h. The experiments were
conducted at University of Campinas, in Brazil. The ESP rotational speed is measured using a tachometer. The water flow
rate depends on the rotational speed of the booster pump, which is set through a frequency inverter. A flow control valve
installed in the ESP prototype defines the intake pressure, kept constant at 50 kPa.
The rotational speeds normally used in typical ESP applications are quite larger than the rotational speeds investigated
in this study. The selection of lower rotations was required due to limitations in the visualization equipment. At higher
rotational speeds, the oil droplets become so small and fast that the high-speed camera resolution is insufficient to obtain
satisfactory images. Thus, the analysis of drops becomes impracticable.
To carry out the experiments, the following procedure was adopted:
1. Turn on camera and lights. Connect the camera to the computer. Adjust the position of the reflector luminaires.
2. Turn on the measuring instruments. Connect them to the computer. Check if they are working properly.
3. Turn on the pumps. Set the desired rotational speed and water flow rate.
4. Acquire pressure, temperature and flow rate data using a software designed in LabVIEW® platform.
5. Capture images of oil drops at a rate of 1000 fps. Save the images in the computer.
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4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This section presents the results. Firstly, some flow images characterize sizes and trajectories of oil droplets. Then,
the tracking of oil droplets gives an analysis of their velocities and accelerations inside the impeller channels, in different
experimental conditions.
4.1. Size and Trajectory
The images reveal a population of oil droplets within the impeller channels. The oil drops become smaller when the
rotational speed increases, as shown in Fig. 3. A higher rotational speed implies higher velocities, more turbulence and
intense forces, conditions that facilitate the breaking up of oil droplets. Apparently, most drops break up before entering
the impeller. Probably this phenomenon is due to the geometry of the impeller inlet, where the fluids change suddenly
their direction. Only a few droplets break up inside the channels.
Figure 3. Images of oil droplets within the impeller at different rotational speeds
Examples of trajectories can be seen in Fig. 4. The majority of oil droplets present random trajectories (Fig. 4a), but
several droplets have identifiable patterns. Some drops move near the suction blade or near the pressure blade of a channel
(Fig. 4b). A few droplets move parallel to the blades, but far from them. Other drops start the movement next to a pressure
blade, deviate to center and return to the pressure blade (Fig. 4c). However, the most frequent pattern occurred to central
droplets that start the movement near a suction blade and end the trajectory near a pressure blade (Fig. 4d).
The droplet path depends on the water velocity profile inside the impeller channels. The droplets are subject to water
flow phenomena, such as vortices, jets and recirculation, typical to turbulent flows within rotating impellers.
Figure 4. Examples of oil droplet paths: identifiable patterns and random trajectories
Generally, the droplets have spherical and elliptical shapes, as presented in Fig. 5. Their sizes can be easily determined.
The drop diameter can be estimated by counting pixels in the images.
Figure 5. Oil droplets with spherical and elliptical shapes at 300 rpm
a b c d
5. 9th World Conference on Experimental Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
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4.2. Velocity and Acceleration
The images were processed to calculate the velocity and the acceleration of 41 oil droplets with different trajectories,
at various rotational speeds, using a lagrangian approach. A LabVIEW® routine was developed to remove rotation from
impeller. The rotation removal allows the analysis of only the relative terms of droplet velocity and acceleration, without
components due to rotation. The idea of removing the impeller rotation is equivalent to using a non-inertial coordinate
system that rotates integrally with the impeller.
The software IDT Motion Studio® was used to determine the position of droplets by identifying differences between
consecutive images. The position of the droplets as a function of time, t, was firstly determined in a Cartesian coordinate
system with origin at the center of the impeller. Then the position x and y of each drop was converted to a new position r
and θ, in a polar coordinate system. The values of r and θ were used to calculate the radial velocity, Vr, and the transverse
velocity, Vθ, as a function of the impeller radius, r, which varies between 25 mm (channel input) and 56 mm (output).
The resultant velocity, V, was finally calculated. The procedure was repeated to determine the accelerations Ar, Aθ, A.
The relationship between Cartesian and polar coordinate systems is given by Eq. (1).
𝑟 = √𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ; 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
(𝑦/𝑥) (1)
Velocities are found using Eqs. (2), (3), (4) and accelerations are determined with Eqs. (5), (6), (7). The accelerations
are defined from the velocities, using time derivatives and the chain rule. A finite-difference method is used to calculate
the derivatives numerically.
𝑉
𝑟 =
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑡
(2)
𝑉𝜃 = 𝑟
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑡
(3)
𝑉 = √𝑉
𝑟
2 + 𝑉𝜃
2
(4)
𝐴𝑟 =
𝑑2𝑟
𝑑𝑡2 − 𝑟 (
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑡
)
2
(5)
𝐴𝜃 = 𝑟
𝑑2𝜃
𝑑𝑡2 + 2
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑡
(6)
𝐴 = √𝐴𝑟
2 + 𝐴𝜃
2
(7)
For the analysis, droplets were chosen with two types of trajectory: drops that remain close to one of the blades and
central drops that move from the suction blade to the pressure blade. These trajectories guarantee positive values of Vr
and Vθ, since the droplets always go from channel inlet to channel outlet, in the positive direction of r, and from right to
left, in the positive direction of θ.
4.2.1. Random Single Droplet
A random drop in the rotational speed of 900 rpm was tracked. The results are shown in Fig. 6, which presents curves
of velocities and accelerations versus time. The droplet takes 0.050 seconds to pass through the impeller channel. For the
analyzed drop, velocities are positive about units of meters per second, while the accelerations oscillate between positive
and negative values in the order of dozens of meters per second squared.
Figure 6. Velocities and accelerations of a random single oil droplet at 900 rpm
Velocities and accelerations are calculated every millisecond, through the comparison between the droplet position in
two consecutive images. Thus, a minimal change in velocity causes a high acceleration, since the time interval is very
small. This fact may explain the fluctuations that occur to the instant acceleration curves. Therefore, the analysis of an
average acceleration seems more appropriate to study the oil droplet behavior.
6. 9th World Conference on Experimental Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
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4.2.2. Influence of Droplet Trajectory
Still at 900 rpm, other twelve drops were tracked. The selected drops have trajectories close to the blades and diameters
between 1.11 and 2.56 mm. The results are presented in Figs. 7 and 8.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 7. Velocities at 900 rpm: (a) radial velocity of drops near a suction blade; (b) radial velocity of drops near a pressure
blade; (c) transverse velocity of drops near a suction blade; (d) transverse velocity of drops near a pressure blade
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 8. Accelerations at 900 rpm: (a) radial acceleration of drops near a suction blade; (b) radial acceleration of drops near a
pressure blade; (c) transverse acceleration of drops near suction blade; (d) transverse acceleration of drops near pressure blade
7. 9th World Conference on Experimental Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
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The figures compare velocities and accelerations of droplets next to the suction blade with velocities and accelerations
of droplets next to the pressure blade.
In Fig. 7, the colored curves denote the individual droplet velocities. The black curve is the average velocity, presented
with a polynomial. The graphs show significant differences. The velocities of the drops close to the suction blade suffer
a reduction with the radius, while the velocities of the drops close to the pressure blade suffer an abrupt reduction followed
by a large increase. In addition, the drops on the suction blade have higher velocities than the drops on the pressure blade,
in practically the entire trajectory.
Similarly, in Fig. 8 the colored curves are individual drop accelerations. The black curve is the average acceleration,
shown with a polynomial. In general, the average acceleration is consistent with the average velocity, for all cases. In
other words, when the average velocity increases, the average acceleration is positive, and when the average velocity
decreases, the average acceleration is negative. The polynomials show positive or negative values depending on the drop
position in the channel. It indicates that the resulting force acting on each drop changes its direction as the drop moves.
Accelerations and decelerations are consequences of the balance between drag and pressure forces, as explained in
the literature review. The drag force carries the drops out of the impeller, while the pressure force acts contrarily to their
movement. When the acceleration is positive, drag force governs the droplet motion. When the acceleration is negative,
pressure force rules the drop behavior.
4.2.3. Influence of Rotational Speed
Fourteen droplets were studied in the 600-rpm case, with an average diameter of 2.02 mm. They take 0.061 to 0.082
second to enter and exit the channel. Fourteen drops were also analyzed in the 1200-rpm case, with an average diameter
of 1.64 mm. Their movement take between 0.031 and 0.037 second. Velocities and accelerations are shown in Fig. 9,
where the colorful curves represent the drops. Polynomials are presented in black curves. They were adjusted considering
the average values of velocities and accelerations as functions of the radius.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 9. Velocities and accelerations of central oil droplets: (a) resultant velocity at 600 rpm; (b) resultant
acceleration at 600 rpm; (c) resultant velocity at 1200 rpm; (d) resultant acceleration at 1200 rpm
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It is observed that the resultant velocity undergoes a pronounced reduction as the droplet moves through the channel,
followed by an increase near the channel outlet. The polynomial reveals that the average velocity varies between 0.7 m/s
and 1.4 m/s for 600 rpm, approximately, and between 1.4 m/s and 3.0 m/s, for 1200 rpm. The acceleration presents a
similar behavior. The intensity of the average acceleration varies from 40 m/s² to 90 m/s² for 600 rpm, approximately,
and from 100 m/s² to 340 m/s² for 1200 rpm. Therefore, the results indicate that the oil drop velocity and acceleration are
proportional to the ESP rotational speed.
4.3. Evaluation of Forces
The drag and the pressure forces mainly govern the movement of oil droplets. The drag force occurs due to the slip
between the phases. The pressure force occurs due to the pressure gradient in the channel. Therefore, accelerations and
decelerations are the result of the balance between both forces.
Considering spherical droplets, the drag force Fd, given by Eq. (8), is a function of the water density ρw, the drop
diameter d, the drag coefficient Cd, the drop velocity V and the water velocity W. The pressure force Fp, defined in Eq.
(9), depends on the pressure gradient ∇p along a streamline. The velocity V was studied in the last sections.
𝐹𝑑 = (
1
2
𝜌𝑤) (
𝜋𝑑2
4
) 𝐶𝑑(𝑉 − 𝑊)|𝑉 − 𝑊| (8)
𝐹𝑝 = − (
𝜋𝑑3
6
) 𝛻𝑝 (9)
According to Newton’s second law, presented in Eq. (10), the resultant force FR is a function of the oil density ρo and
causes an absolute acceleration Aabs. The absolute acceleration Aabs measured in a fixed coordinate system includes the
relative acceleration A measured by an observer attached to the ESP impeller, the angular acceleration effect caused by
rotation, ω × (ω × r), and the combined effect of translation and rotation, 2ω × V, as given by Eq. (11), where ω is the
angular velocity, r is the impeller radius and V is the drop velocity. The acceleration A was studied in the last sections.
𝐹𝑅 = 𝜌𝑜 (
𝜋𝑑3
6
) 𝐴𝑎𝑏𝑠 (10)
𝐴𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝐴 + 𝜔 × (𝜔 × 𝑟) + 2𝜔 × 𝑉 (11)
This simple analysis helps to evaluate the magnitude of forces acting on oil droplets. For example, a drop with density
of 880 kg/m³, diameter of 1.5 mm and absolute acceleration of 50 m/s² is subject to a force around 0.000078 N. At first
glance, the force seems small, but it must be remembered that it is sufficient to cause a great acceleration to the oil drop.
The maximum resultant force occurs to the largest droplet subject to the highest absolute acceleration, which depends
on the relative acceleration, the ESP rotation speed, the droplet position inside the channel and the drop relative velocity.
For example, considering a droplet with a diameter of 3 mm in a region of the channel with an absolute acceleration of
300 m/s², the force has an intensity of 0.0037 N. Thus, even a higher value of acceleration leads to a small force, with
intensity in the order of thousandths of Newton.
The evaluation of drag and pressure forces is more complicated because they depend on unknown parameters such as
water velocity profile and pressure gradient in the channel.
4.4. Number of Droplets
In total, 41 drops were analyzed in this paper. This is a small sample compared to the huge population observed in the
impeller images. High-speed photography reveals hundreds of droplets for each second of flow. At higher rotation speeds,
the number is estimated to be in the thousands.
The large amount of drops impairs the detailed study of an individual droplet. When the channel is full of drops, it is
difficult to follow a single droplet alone. The neighboring drops influence the tracking and make the observation confusing
and uncertain. Among the droplets that are actually analyzed, most present a random trajectory. The search for patterns
in droplet behavior leads to discarding the massive majority of observed droplets. Only a few options remain.
Tracking a drop to determine parameters such as velocity and acceleration is a task that requires some time and effort.
Because of the problems discussed in the last paragraphs, only a few dozens of droplets were studied. Nevertheless, the
amount of analyzed drops was sufficient to reveal interesting results about the drop behavior within ESP impellers.
5. CONCLUSIONS
The images of the ESP impeller revealed that the oil droplets become smaller when the ESP rotational speed increases.
Higher rotation speeds increase the turbulence, intensify the forces and facilitate the drop breakage. Most oil droplets
have random trajectories, but some patterns were identified. The analysis of a random single droplet revealed positive
velocities around units of meters per second and accelerations that oscillate between positive and negative values in the
9. 9th World Conference on Experimental Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
12-15 June, 2017, Iguazu Falls, Brazil
order of dozens of meters per second squared. Velocities and accelerations are calculated every millisecond. A minimal
change in velocity causes a high acceleration, since the time interval is very small. This fact may explain the oscillations
that occur to the instant acceleration.
Twelve droplets were tracked at 900 rpm to investigate the effect of trajectory on velocities and accelerations. Results
showed that drops on the suction blade have higher velocities than drops on the pressure blade. Velocities vary between
0.3 and 1.5 m/s. Accelerations fluctuate, but the average acceleration takes values from -150 m/s² to 150 m/s².
Twenty-eight droplets were analyzed at 600 rpm and 1200 rpm to study the effect of the ESP rotational speed. In this
case, central oil droplets that move from suction blade to pressure blade were selected. Results indicate that the velocity
decreases as the drop moves through the channel, from the inlet to a radius of 50 mm. From the radius of 50 mm to the
outlet, the droplet velocity increases and recovers part of the previous reduction. Furthermore, the average velocity varies
between 0.7 m/s and 1.4 m/s for 600 rpm and between 1.4 m/s and 3.0 m/s for 1200 rpm, while the intensity of the average
acceleration varies from 40 m/s² to 90 m/s² for 600 rpm, approximately, and from 100 m/s² to 340 m/s² for 1200 rpm.
In short, results suggest that velocity and acceleration depend on the droplet trajectory and the ESP rotational speed.
The balance of forces acting on the droplets causes the accelerations and decelerations. When the pressure force prevails,
the drops decelerate. When the drag force is predominant, the drops accelerate. The resultant force assumes small values
around thousandths of Newton. As a future task, a further analysis can be done to evaluate each force and improve the
understanding about the droplet dynamics within ESP impellers.
6. NOMENCLATURE
N - rotational speed [rpm]
Q - volumetric water flow rate [m³/h]
mL - mass water flow rate [kg/h]
T - water temperature [ºC]
P1, P2 - pressures at ESP inlet and outlet [N/m²]
d - diameter of oil droplet [m]
x, y - position of oil droplet in a Cartesian system [m]
r, θ - position of oil droplet in a polar system [m]
r - impeller radius [m]
t - time [s]
Vr, Vθ, V - radial, transverse and resultant velocity of oil droplet [m/s]
Ar, Aθ, A - radial, transverse and resultant acceleration of oil droplet [m/s²]
Aabs - absolute acceleration of oil drop in a fixed coordinate system [m/s²]
Fd, Fp, FR - drag force, pressure force and resultant force [N]
ρw, ρo - water density and oil density [kg/m³]
Cd - drag coefficient
W - velocity of water [m/s]
p - absolute static pressure [N/m²]
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Authors would like to thank Statoil Brazil, ANP ("Compromisso de Investimentos com Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento"),
and PRH/ANP for providing financial support for this work. Acknowledgments are extended to CEPETRO/UNICAMP
and ALFA – Artificial Lift & Flow Assurance Research Group.
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