1) The document numerically simulates the diffusion trajectories of three common oil spills in near-shore dock and open water areas. Vortices formed in the dock area simulations due to water flow and shoreline effects. Open water simulations showed a ribbon-like diffusion trajectory along the water flow direction.
2) Comparisons found oil spills in docks spread in a smaller, more concentrated range near the exit due to shoreward flows and walls. Open water spills dispersed farther along the flow. Vortices in docks caused grouped diffusion while open water spills spread in ribbons.
3) Recovery methods differ between the two environments, with large vessels used in open water but smaller, flexible units better near
This document provides guidance on using the area-slope method to estimate stream discharge indirectly when direct measurement is not possible. It describes the principles and steps of the area-slope method, including selecting a study reach, measuring the cross-sectional area and water surface slope, evaluating velocity using Manning's formula, and computing discharge. Guidelines are given for selecting sites, measuring cross-sections and slope, determining roughness coefficients, and performing calculations. The area-slope method provides a rough estimate of discharge but has limitations due to uncertainties in roughness coefficients.
This document provides an overview of fluid flow concepts relevant to drilling engineering. It discusses laminar and turbulent flow, defines the Reynolds number, and explores models for characterizing Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids like drilling muds. Key fluid rheology models covered include the Bingham plastic and power-law models. Determination of fluid rheological properties using a rotational viscometer is also summarized. The document aims to describe fluid flow fundamentals needed to understand drilling and wellbore operations.
This document discusses flood routing techniques used to determine flood levels at different points along a river. There are two main categories of routing: reservoir routing which analyzes flood levels upstream of reservoirs, and channel routing which analyzes flood levels along river channels. Hydrologic routing methods use continuity equations while hydraulic methods also use equations of motion. Storage routing in reservoirs assumes a horizontal water surface and routes floods through calculating changes in storage over time intervals. Channel routing considers storage as a function of both inflow and outflow, accounting for storage in the channel prism and as a wedge.
1. The document discusses various mathematical models for estimating water influx into oil and gas reservoirs, including the Pot aquifer model, Schilthuis' steady-state model, and Hurst's modified steady-state model. It describes the assumptions and equations of each model.
2. Determining water influx is challenging due to uncertainties about aquifer properties which are rarely known with accuracy. Models require historical reservoir data to evaluate constants representing aquifer parameters.
3. Common water influx models include Pot aquifer, Schilthuis' steady-state, Hurst's modified steady-state, van Everdingen-Hurst unsteady-state, and others. The document provides details on implementing some of these models
This document discusses the design of open channels. It describes the process of designing channels to prevent silting and scouring. The key steps are determining the depth, bed width, side slopes, and longitudinal slope of the channel based on the discharge and sediment load. It also discusses different channel types and design methods for rigid and erodible channels. The main design methods covered are the permissible velocity method and tractive force method for erodible channels. Design procedures and examples are provided for rectangular and trapezoidal channel sections.
This document provides an overview of reservoir engineering concepts related to primary recovery mechanisms, aquifers, and the gravity drainage drive mechanism. It discusses topics like water drive characteristics including reservoir pressure trends, water production patterns, and ultimate oil recovery percentages. Key points covered include how aquifer size and geometry can impact reservoir performance and how gravity segregation of reservoir fluids over time leads to gas, oil, and water occupying distinct horizontal layers.
This document summarizes various methods for analyzing coning behavior and predicting breakthrough time in horizontal wells producing from reservoirs with bottom water or gas caps. It discusses correlations from Chaperson, Efros, Karcher and Ozkan-Raghavan for determining critical production rates and the factors they account for, as well as Ozkan-Raghavan's method for calculating breakthrough time using dimensionless parameters and a sweep efficiency correlation. The document is from a reservoir engineering course covering these analytical methods for modeling coning problems in horizontal wells.
This document summarizes key concepts from a reservoir engineering course, including pseudosteady-state (PSS) flow regimes for radial flow of slightly compressible (SC) and compressible (C) fluids. It discusses how the PSS flow condition is reached after transient flow, and how average reservoir pressure changes at a constant rate in PSS. Equations are provided for calculating flow rates of SC and C fluids in PSS, along with approximations that account for skin effect and non-ideal assumptions.
This document provides guidance on using the area-slope method to estimate stream discharge indirectly when direct measurement is not possible. It describes the principles and steps of the area-slope method, including selecting a study reach, measuring the cross-sectional area and water surface slope, evaluating velocity using Manning's formula, and computing discharge. Guidelines are given for selecting sites, measuring cross-sections and slope, determining roughness coefficients, and performing calculations. The area-slope method provides a rough estimate of discharge but has limitations due to uncertainties in roughness coefficients.
This document provides an overview of fluid flow concepts relevant to drilling engineering. It discusses laminar and turbulent flow, defines the Reynolds number, and explores models for characterizing Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids like drilling muds. Key fluid rheology models covered include the Bingham plastic and power-law models. Determination of fluid rheological properties using a rotational viscometer is also summarized. The document aims to describe fluid flow fundamentals needed to understand drilling and wellbore operations.
This document discusses flood routing techniques used to determine flood levels at different points along a river. There are two main categories of routing: reservoir routing which analyzes flood levels upstream of reservoirs, and channel routing which analyzes flood levels along river channels. Hydrologic routing methods use continuity equations while hydraulic methods also use equations of motion. Storage routing in reservoirs assumes a horizontal water surface and routes floods through calculating changes in storage over time intervals. Channel routing considers storage as a function of both inflow and outflow, accounting for storage in the channel prism and as a wedge.
1. The document discusses various mathematical models for estimating water influx into oil and gas reservoirs, including the Pot aquifer model, Schilthuis' steady-state model, and Hurst's modified steady-state model. It describes the assumptions and equations of each model.
2. Determining water influx is challenging due to uncertainties about aquifer properties which are rarely known with accuracy. Models require historical reservoir data to evaluate constants representing aquifer parameters.
3. Common water influx models include Pot aquifer, Schilthuis' steady-state, Hurst's modified steady-state, van Everdingen-Hurst unsteady-state, and others. The document provides details on implementing some of these models
This document discusses the design of open channels. It describes the process of designing channels to prevent silting and scouring. The key steps are determining the depth, bed width, side slopes, and longitudinal slope of the channel based on the discharge and sediment load. It also discusses different channel types and design methods for rigid and erodible channels. The main design methods covered are the permissible velocity method and tractive force method for erodible channels. Design procedures and examples are provided for rectangular and trapezoidal channel sections.
This document provides an overview of reservoir engineering concepts related to primary recovery mechanisms, aquifers, and the gravity drainage drive mechanism. It discusses topics like water drive characteristics including reservoir pressure trends, water production patterns, and ultimate oil recovery percentages. Key points covered include how aquifer size and geometry can impact reservoir performance and how gravity segregation of reservoir fluids over time leads to gas, oil, and water occupying distinct horizontal layers.
This document summarizes various methods for analyzing coning behavior and predicting breakthrough time in horizontal wells producing from reservoirs with bottom water or gas caps. It discusses correlations from Chaperson, Efros, Karcher and Ozkan-Raghavan for determining critical production rates and the factors they account for, as well as Ozkan-Raghavan's method for calculating breakthrough time using dimensionless parameters and a sweep efficiency correlation. The document is from a reservoir engineering course covering these analytical methods for modeling coning problems in horizontal wells.
This document summarizes key concepts from a reservoir engineering course, including pseudosteady-state (PSS) flow regimes for radial flow of slightly compressible (SC) and compressible (C) fluids. It discusses how the PSS flow condition is reached after transient flow, and how average reservoir pressure changes at a constant rate in PSS. Equations are provided for calculating flow rates of SC and C fluids in PSS, along with approximations that account for skin effect and non-ideal assumptions.
This chapter discusses hydraulic jumps, which occur when supercritical flow transforms to subcritical flow in open channels. It introduces the concept of specific energy and defines critical depth and velocity. The chapter also describes how to determine the depth of a direct or submerged hydraulic jump using formulas involving the Froude number. Finally, it classifies hydraulic jumps as direct or submerged depending on whether the tailwater depth is below or above the jump.
This document summarizes key concepts from a drilling engineering course, including:
- Types of fluid flow such as laminar, turbulent, and transitional and how the Reynolds number distinguishes these.
- Rheological models for fluids including Newtonian, Bingham plastic, and power-law models. These describe the relationship between shear stress and shear rate.
- Determining rheological properties of drilling fluids using a rotational viscometer at different speeds.
- Factors that influence rheological properties like rotation, vibration, pulsing of mud pumps, and solid content.
This document provides an overview of a reservoir engineering course covering topics like:
- PSS and skin concepts for radial flow of single- and multi-phase fluids
- Turbulent versus laminar flow and models for turbulent/non-Darcy flow
- The concept of superposition and its applications, including effects of multiple wells, rate changes, boundaries, and pressure changes
- Transient well testing methods and the information they provide about a reservoir's properties
This document outlines key concepts in reservoir engineering related to fluid flow regimes including unsteady-state flow, pseudosteady-state flow, and the use of skin and shape factors to account for non-ideal reservoir conditions. Specific topics covered include solutions to the diffusivity equation, radial flow equations for slightly compressible and compressible fluids, and modifications to account for wellbore skin effects and different flow geometries. The document provides equations and examples for analyzing fluid flow and pressure distribution during different flow regimes.
This document provides an overview of reservoir engineering concepts related to coning and critical flow rates in vertical wells. It discusses various empirical correlations that can be used to predict critical oil rates for gas, water, and combined gas-water coning scenarios. These include correlations developed by Meyer-Garder, Chierici-Ciucci, Hoyland-Papatzacos-Skjaeveland, Chaney et al., Chaperson, and Schols. It also covers breakthrough time correlations and methods for predicting water production performance and the rise of the oil-water contact after breakthrough occurs.
This document provides an introduction to a 15-lecture course on open channel hydraulics. Open channel flows occur in rivers, canals, and sewers where the surface is unconfined. The course will cover steady uniform flow, steady gradually-varied flow, steady rapidly-varied flow, and unsteady flow. Students will learn about flow properties, conservation of energy and momentum in open channels, uniform flow in prismatic channels, gradually-varied non-uniform flow, structures in open channels, and flow measurement. The goal is for students to understand open channel flows and waves and be able to solve common problems.
This document provides an overview of reservoir engineering fundamentals including:
- Three types of reservoir fluids based on compressibility: incompressible, slightly compressible, and compressible.
- Three flow regimes in reservoirs: steady-state, unsteady-state, and pseudosteady-state.
- Common reservoir geometries that influence fluid flow including radial, linear, spherical, and hemispherical.
- Darcy's law and its applications to steady-state fluid flow in reservoirs, including for different fluid types and geometries.
This document provides an overview of coning in oil reservoirs. It defines coning as the upward movement of water and downward movement of gas into well perforations during production. Coning occurs when viscous forces overcome gravitational forces and deform the initial gas-oil and water-oil contacts near the well. The document outlines the problems caused by coning, factors that affect coning rates, methods for stabilizing cones or eliminating coning, and approaches for solving the coning problem, including critical rate calculations, breakthrough time predictions, and performance models.
This document discusses open channel hydraulics and includes the following key points:
1. It defines open channel flow and distinguishes it from pipe flow, noting open channels have a free surface subject to atmospheric pressure.
2. It describes the fundamental equations of open channel flow including the continuity equation (conservation of mass), energy equation (conservation of energy), and momentum equation (conservation of momentum).
3. It outlines different types of open channel flow including uniform, gradually varied, rapidly varied, steady and unsteady flow and provides examples of where these occur.
This document summarizes several mathematical models for calculating water influx from surrounding aquifers into oil and gas reservoirs, including the van Everdingen-Hurst model, Carter-Tracy model, and Fetkovich's method. It discusses the assumptions and approaches of each model, particularly focusing on their treatment of bottom-water drive systems where vertical flow effects are significant. The document also compares the different methods and provides step-by-step explanations of how to apply Fetkovich's model to predict cumulative water influx.
This document outlines topics covered in a reservoir engineering course, including:
1. PSS regimes for radial flow of single- and multi-phase fluids and the effect of well location.
2. The skin concept and using skin factors in flow equations.
3. The superposition principle for accounting for multiple wells, rate changes, boundaries, and pressure changes.
4. Applications of superposition include predicting pressure behavior for multiple wells, multi-rate wells, bounded reservoirs using image wells, and pressure changes.
5. Transient well testing provides reservoir properties through pressure response analysis.
The document covers reservoir engineering concepts including solutions to the diffusivity equation for radial flow of single-phase and compressible fluids. It discusses the pD and Ei-function solutions, and presents the unified steady-state flow regime equations for radial flow of single-phase and compressible fluids using the pD-function, m(p)-function, and pressure-squared approximations. It also covers the pseudo-steady state flow regime and relationships between pressure functions.
This document provides an overview of key topics in reservoir engineering 1, including Darcy's law and its applications to linear and radial flow models. It covers reservoir characteristics like fluid types, flow regimes, geometries, and properties. The steady-state flow regime is examined for linear and radial flow of incompressible, slightly compressible, and compressible fluids. Other topics include tilted reservoirs, fluid potential, multiphase flow, and pressure disturbances. Mathematical formulations are presented for unsteady-state and transient fluid flow analysis.
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY
Open channel flow: Types of flows – Type of channels – Velocity distribution – Energy and momentum correction factors – Chezy’s, Manning’s; and Bazin formula for uniform flow – Most Economical sections. Critical flow: Specific energy-critical depth – computation of critical depth – critical sub-critical – super critical flows
Non-uniform flows –Dynamic equation for G.V.F., Mild, Critical, Steep, horizontal and adverse slopes-surface profiles-direct step method- Rapidly varied flow, hydraulic jump, energy dissipation
The document discusses reservoir engineering concepts including Welge analysis and breakthrough determination. It describes how to construct fractional flow curves and use them with Welge analysis to determine water saturation profiles over time, the time to breakthrough, average water saturation, and cumulative water injection. The key steps are: 1) constructing the fractional flow curve; 2) drawing a tangent line to determine water saturation at the front and water cut; 3) using equations to calculate distance traveled and develop saturation profiles. Breakthrough occurs when the front reaches the production well, determined using pore volume and well spacing. Average saturation is found where the tangent intersects a water cut of 1.
In this study the kinematic wave equation has been solved numerically using the modified Lax
explicit finite difference scheme (MLEFDS) and used for flood routing in a wide prismatic channel and a nonprismatic
channel. Two flood waves, one sinusoidal wave and one exponential wave, have been imposed at the
upstream boundary of the channel in which the flow is initially uniform. Six different schemes have been
introduced and used to compute the routing parameter, the wave celerity c. Two of these schemes are based on
constant depth and use constant celerity throughout the computation process. The rest of the schemes are based
on local depths and give celerity dependent on time and space. The effects of the routing parameter c on the
travel time of flood wave, the subsidence of the flood peak and the conservation flood flow volume have been
studied. The results seem to indicate that there is a minimal loss/gain of flow volume whatever the scheme is.
While it is confirmed that neither of the schemes is 100% volume conservative, it is found that the scheme
Kinematic Wave Model-2 (KWM-II) gives the most accurate result giving only 0.1% error in perspective of
volume conservation. The results obtained in this study are in good qualitative agreement with those obtained in
other similar studies.
This document discusses three main types of high-head power plant developments: 1) Diversion canal type plants, which include a weir, canal intake, head race, headpond, penstock, powerhouse, and tailrace. 2) Plants fed by a pressure tunnel, which include a dam, intake, pressure tunnel, surge tank, penstock, powerhouse, and tailrace. 3) Plants with concentrated fall, where the powerhouse is located close to or within a high dam, with an intake, pressure conduit, and powerhouse as the main parts. Intake design is also discussed, including the importance of settling basins to prevent wear from sediment, and locating intakes in river bends to take
The document discusses open channel design for both rigid boundary and erodible channels. It describes the key steps in designing trapezoidal channels including determining depth, bed width, side slopes, and longitudinal slope. For rigid boundary channels, the most common design approach is to use Manning's equation to select dimensions that produce non-silting, non-scouring velocities. For erodible channels, two common methods are discussed: the permissible velocity method, which ensures the mean flow velocity is below erosion thresholds; and the tractive force method, which involves equating tractive forces to critical shear stresses of the channel material.
The document discusses drilling fluid systems used in oil and gas drilling. It describes the main components, including mud pumps that circulate drilling fluid, solids control equipment to remove cuttings from the fluid, and treatment/mixing equipment. It focuses on duplex and triplex mud pumps, explaining their piston configurations and how to calculate their flow rates and power requirements. Solids control equipment like shale shakers, hydrocyclones, centrifuges, and mud cleaners are also outlined.
The semi-annual near miss observation and hazard elimination documentation identifies potential hazards observed between March 1 and June 4, 2014. Hazards included slip, trip and fall risks from tools, cords, water and other debris; electrical shock from exposed cords; burns from hot surfaces, steam and welding; injuries from falling objects, pinch points, sharp edges and congested work areas; and safety risks associated with working at heights, around moving equipment and with multiple contractors on site. Actions taken to address hazards included cleaning, barricading, signage, briefing employees, adjusting equipment, and coordinating work.
This document discusses the importance of layers of protection in process safety. It provides an example where multiple layers of protection failed, resulting in a ruptured tank. Specifically, it summarizes that layers of protection include monitoring, procedures, alarms, interlocks, pressure equipment, and relief valves. It recommends never assuming alarms are faulty, understanding alarm status, properly maintaining relief valves, managing vent line pluggage, and being especially careful during non-routine operations when protections may be weaker.
This chapter discusses hydraulic jumps, which occur when supercritical flow transforms to subcritical flow in open channels. It introduces the concept of specific energy and defines critical depth and velocity. The chapter also describes how to determine the depth of a direct or submerged hydraulic jump using formulas involving the Froude number. Finally, it classifies hydraulic jumps as direct or submerged depending on whether the tailwater depth is below or above the jump.
This document summarizes key concepts from a drilling engineering course, including:
- Types of fluid flow such as laminar, turbulent, and transitional and how the Reynolds number distinguishes these.
- Rheological models for fluids including Newtonian, Bingham plastic, and power-law models. These describe the relationship between shear stress and shear rate.
- Determining rheological properties of drilling fluids using a rotational viscometer at different speeds.
- Factors that influence rheological properties like rotation, vibration, pulsing of mud pumps, and solid content.
This document provides an overview of a reservoir engineering course covering topics like:
- PSS and skin concepts for radial flow of single- and multi-phase fluids
- Turbulent versus laminar flow and models for turbulent/non-Darcy flow
- The concept of superposition and its applications, including effects of multiple wells, rate changes, boundaries, and pressure changes
- Transient well testing methods and the information they provide about a reservoir's properties
This document outlines key concepts in reservoir engineering related to fluid flow regimes including unsteady-state flow, pseudosteady-state flow, and the use of skin and shape factors to account for non-ideal reservoir conditions. Specific topics covered include solutions to the diffusivity equation, radial flow equations for slightly compressible and compressible fluids, and modifications to account for wellbore skin effects and different flow geometries. The document provides equations and examples for analyzing fluid flow and pressure distribution during different flow regimes.
This document provides an overview of reservoir engineering concepts related to coning and critical flow rates in vertical wells. It discusses various empirical correlations that can be used to predict critical oil rates for gas, water, and combined gas-water coning scenarios. These include correlations developed by Meyer-Garder, Chierici-Ciucci, Hoyland-Papatzacos-Skjaeveland, Chaney et al., Chaperson, and Schols. It also covers breakthrough time correlations and methods for predicting water production performance and the rise of the oil-water contact after breakthrough occurs.
This document provides an introduction to a 15-lecture course on open channel hydraulics. Open channel flows occur in rivers, canals, and sewers where the surface is unconfined. The course will cover steady uniform flow, steady gradually-varied flow, steady rapidly-varied flow, and unsteady flow. Students will learn about flow properties, conservation of energy and momentum in open channels, uniform flow in prismatic channels, gradually-varied non-uniform flow, structures in open channels, and flow measurement. The goal is for students to understand open channel flows and waves and be able to solve common problems.
This document provides an overview of reservoir engineering fundamentals including:
- Three types of reservoir fluids based on compressibility: incompressible, slightly compressible, and compressible.
- Three flow regimes in reservoirs: steady-state, unsteady-state, and pseudosteady-state.
- Common reservoir geometries that influence fluid flow including radial, linear, spherical, and hemispherical.
- Darcy's law and its applications to steady-state fluid flow in reservoirs, including for different fluid types and geometries.
This document provides an overview of coning in oil reservoirs. It defines coning as the upward movement of water and downward movement of gas into well perforations during production. Coning occurs when viscous forces overcome gravitational forces and deform the initial gas-oil and water-oil contacts near the well. The document outlines the problems caused by coning, factors that affect coning rates, methods for stabilizing cones or eliminating coning, and approaches for solving the coning problem, including critical rate calculations, breakthrough time predictions, and performance models.
This document discusses open channel hydraulics and includes the following key points:
1. It defines open channel flow and distinguishes it from pipe flow, noting open channels have a free surface subject to atmospheric pressure.
2. It describes the fundamental equations of open channel flow including the continuity equation (conservation of mass), energy equation (conservation of energy), and momentum equation (conservation of momentum).
3. It outlines different types of open channel flow including uniform, gradually varied, rapidly varied, steady and unsteady flow and provides examples of where these occur.
This document summarizes several mathematical models for calculating water influx from surrounding aquifers into oil and gas reservoirs, including the van Everdingen-Hurst model, Carter-Tracy model, and Fetkovich's method. It discusses the assumptions and approaches of each model, particularly focusing on their treatment of bottom-water drive systems where vertical flow effects are significant. The document also compares the different methods and provides step-by-step explanations of how to apply Fetkovich's model to predict cumulative water influx.
This document outlines topics covered in a reservoir engineering course, including:
1. PSS regimes for radial flow of single- and multi-phase fluids and the effect of well location.
2. The skin concept and using skin factors in flow equations.
3. The superposition principle for accounting for multiple wells, rate changes, boundaries, and pressure changes.
4. Applications of superposition include predicting pressure behavior for multiple wells, multi-rate wells, bounded reservoirs using image wells, and pressure changes.
5. Transient well testing provides reservoir properties through pressure response analysis.
The document covers reservoir engineering concepts including solutions to the diffusivity equation for radial flow of single-phase and compressible fluids. It discusses the pD and Ei-function solutions, and presents the unified steady-state flow regime equations for radial flow of single-phase and compressible fluids using the pD-function, m(p)-function, and pressure-squared approximations. It also covers the pseudo-steady state flow regime and relationships between pressure functions.
This document provides an overview of key topics in reservoir engineering 1, including Darcy's law and its applications to linear and radial flow models. It covers reservoir characteristics like fluid types, flow regimes, geometries, and properties. The steady-state flow regime is examined for linear and radial flow of incompressible, slightly compressible, and compressible fluids. Other topics include tilted reservoirs, fluid potential, multiphase flow, and pressure disturbances. Mathematical formulations are presented for unsteady-state and transient fluid flow analysis.
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY
Open channel flow: Types of flows – Type of channels – Velocity distribution – Energy and momentum correction factors – Chezy’s, Manning’s; and Bazin formula for uniform flow – Most Economical sections. Critical flow: Specific energy-critical depth – computation of critical depth – critical sub-critical – super critical flows
Non-uniform flows –Dynamic equation for G.V.F., Mild, Critical, Steep, horizontal and adverse slopes-surface profiles-direct step method- Rapidly varied flow, hydraulic jump, energy dissipation
The document discusses reservoir engineering concepts including Welge analysis and breakthrough determination. It describes how to construct fractional flow curves and use them with Welge analysis to determine water saturation profiles over time, the time to breakthrough, average water saturation, and cumulative water injection. The key steps are: 1) constructing the fractional flow curve; 2) drawing a tangent line to determine water saturation at the front and water cut; 3) using equations to calculate distance traveled and develop saturation profiles. Breakthrough occurs when the front reaches the production well, determined using pore volume and well spacing. Average saturation is found where the tangent intersects a water cut of 1.
In this study the kinematic wave equation has been solved numerically using the modified Lax
explicit finite difference scheme (MLEFDS) and used for flood routing in a wide prismatic channel and a nonprismatic
channel. Two flood waves, one sinusoidal wave and one exponential wave, have been imposed at the
upstream boundary of the channel in which the flow is initially uniform. Six different schemes have been
introduced and used to compute the routing parameter, the wave celerity c. Two of these schemes are based on
constant depth and use constant celerity throughout the computation process. The rest of the schemes are based
on local depths and give celerity dependent on time and space. The effects of the routing parameter c on the
travel time of flood wave, the subsidence of the flood peak and the conservation flood flow volume have been
studied. The results seem to indicate that there is a minimal loss/gain of flow volume whatever the scheme is.
While it is confirmed that neither of the schemes is 100% volume conservative, it is found that the scheme
Kinematic Wave Model-2 (KWM-II) gives the most accurate result giving only 0.1% error in perspective of
volume conservation. The results obtained in this study are in good qualitative agreement with those obtained in
other similar studies.
This document discusses three main types of high-head power plant developments: 1) Diversion canal type plants, which include a weir, canal intake, head race, headpond, penstock, powerhouse, and tailrace. 2) Plants fed by a pressure tunnel, which include a dam, intake, pressure tunnel, surge tank, penstock, powerhouse, and tailrace. 3) Plants with concentrated fall, where the powerhouse is located close to or within a high dam, with an intake, pressure conduit, and powerhouse as the main parts. Intake design is also discussed, including the importance of settling basins to prevent wear from sediment, and locating intakes in river bends to take
The document discusses open channel design for both rigid boundary and erodible channels. It describes the key steps in designing trapezoidal channels including determining depth, bed width, side slopes, and longitudinal slope. For rigid boundary channels, the most common design approach is to use Manning's equation to select dimensions that produce non-silting, non-scouring velocities. For erodible channels, two common methods are discussed: the permissible velocity method, which ensures the mean flow velocity is below erosion thresholds; and the tractive force method, which involves equating tractive forces to critical shear stresses of the channel material.
The document discusses drilling fluid systems used in oil and gas drilling. It describes the main components, including mud pumps that circulate drilling fluid, solids control equipment to remove cuttings from the fluid, and treatment/mixing equipment. It focuses on duplex and triplex mud pumps, explaining their piston configurations and how to calculate their flow rates and power requirements. Solids control equipment like shale shakers, hydrocyclones, centrifuges, and mud cleaners are also outlined.
The semi-annual near miss observation and hazard elimination documentation identifies potential hazards observed between March 1 and June 4, 2014. Hazards included slip, trip and fall risks from tools, cords, water and other debris; electrical shock from exposed cords; burns from hot surfaces, steam and welding; injuries from falling objects, pinch points, sharp edges and congested work areas; and safety risks associated with working at heights, around moving equipment and with multiple contractors on site. Actions taken to address hazards included cleaning, barricading, signage, briefing employees, adjusting equipment, and coordinating work.
This document discusses the importance of layers of protection in process safety. It provides an example where multiple layers of protection failed, resulting in a ruptured tank. Specifically, it summarizes that layers of protection include monitoring, procedures, alarms, interlocks, pressure equipment, and relief valves. It recommends never assuming alarms are faulty, understanding alarm status, properly maintaining relief valves, managing vent line pluggage, and being especially careful during non-routine operations when protections may be weaker.
An Investigation Into the Root Cause of a Spill From Procuring and Handling o...Turlough Guerin GAICD FGIA
An intermediate bulk container (IBC) was punctured during
its handling, releasing a refined oil product onto land
at a large construction site in an environmentally sensitive region of Australia. Understanding and controlling the risks from fuel, oil, and chemical spills on the current project was of critical importance, as part of the project’s overall approval,
and ongoing compliance was dependent upon the project’s commitment to minimize all chemical and petroleum hydrocarbon spills everywhere on the site. The telehandler or forklift did not pierce the plastic of the IBC directly, as was
expected to be the case; rather, one of the tines had caught on the underside of the metal base plate (pallet), despite numerous controls being in place at the time of spill, revealing a previously unreported mechanism for a fluid spill from the
handling of petroleum hydrocarbons and related chemicals.
The investigation
team used a
root cause analysis
(RCA) technique,
based on the fishbone
or Ishikawa
diagram, which was undertaken in a thorough
manner with 12 expert contributors from the
project to identify the underlying cause: an inadequate
inspection process. Applying the safety
controls hierarchy to close out the incident,
given that IBCs could not be eliminated from
the project, and two engineering solutions were
put in place to prevent spills from occurring
from piercing by telehandler tines. Administrative
controls (i.e., those least effective) applied
included the introduction of quality assurance
checks for the verification of IBC condition at
various stages throughout the chain of custody.
Defining kpi in terms of unsafe acts/conditions and near miss Faiz Khan
This document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) for measuring safety performance, including lagging and leading indicators. It describes lagging indicators like recordable injuries and spills that measure past performance, as well as leading indicators like safety inspections and trainings that predict future safety. The document outlines a tiered framework from API RP 754 for indicators, ranging from infrequent Tier 1 events with highest consequences to more common Tier 4 measures of management system performance. Selection of the right mix of lagging and leading KPIs is important for continuous safety improvement.
This document discusses near miss reporting and examples of unsafe acts and conditions. It provides a non-exhaustive list of unsafe acts like operating equipment without permission, defeating safety devices, or not using protective equipment. Unsafe conditions include lack of guarding, inadequate lighting, or faulty equipment. Contributing factors are also examined, like lack of skills/knowledge from inadequate training, job factors like poor equipment maintenance, and personal factors such as distractions. Complacency is highlighted as a major threat. The document advocates for measures to improve skills/knowledge through training, supervision, and setting examples. It also stresses the importance of considering attitudes like behaviors, values, standards, and judgments.
Near miss reporting is low, with less than 20% of incidents typically reported. Reasons for low reporting include fear of punishment, lack of follow up, and belief that near misses are normal. Improving near miss reporting can benefit safety by revealing unsafe conditions and helping prevent injuries. Actions to improve reporting include establishing a reporting system, investigating incidents and taking corrective actions, and ensuring no penalty for reporting. Senior management must also support near miss reporting for it to be successful.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
A model for predicting rate and volume of oil spill in horizontal and vertica...Alexander Decker
- The document describes the development of a mathematical model to predict the rate and volume of oil spills from horizontal and vertical pipelines.
- The model was derived using principles of fluid mechanics and conservation of energy. It relates parameters like leak pressure, radius, density, and height to calculate flow rate and volume of spilled oil.
- The model was validated by comparing predictions to experimental data collected from laboratory tests with diesel oil flowing through a horizontal pipe with five induced leak points. The model values showed good agreement with experimental measurements.
This document summarizes a study on process-based geological modeling of a submarine turbiditic reservoir in the Ostra oil field located offshore Brazil. The study uses a Channel Center-line Trajectory (CCT) modeling approach to generate 3D geological models representing the complex depositional features observed. The CCT workflow involves interpreting channel centerlines from seismic data, then using rules to build a stratigraphic grid with properties conditioned to well logs. History matching to production data was done to validate the dynamic model. The results demonstrate the CCT method can produce realistic geological models capturing heterogeneities important for flow simulation in turbiditic reservoirs.
Erosion Rate Prediction in Single and Multiphase Flow using CFDIRJET Journal
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Research on the Trajectory of Oil Spill in Near-shore Area
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org ||Volume 4 Issue 4 || April 2015 || PP.68-74
www.ijesi.org 68 | Page
Research on the Trajectory of Oil Spill in Near-shore Area
Liang-jun GAO
(School of Petrochemistry and Energy Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan Zhejiang 316022,
China)
Abstract: The diffusion trajectory of three common oil-spills was numerical simulated in the dock area and
open water in this paper. Vortexes appeared in simulated diffusion trajectory of oil-spills in the dock area, which
was attributed to the effect of water flow and shoreline. Whereas a ribbon diffusion trajectory was observed
when the diffusion trajectory was simulated in open water, and the diffusion direction of oil-spill is along the
direction of water flow.
Keywords: Oil Spill; Nearshore; Proliferation; Trajectory
I. INTRODUCTION
For exploring oil spill trajectory, theoretical researches and numerical simulation has been studied by
scientists, and the most of theoretical basis is Fay's "Three Equilibrium Equations"[1, 2]
. Many oil spill simulation
systems are using oil particle model [3, 4]
, by integrating numerical simulation and GIS technology, a range of
marine oil spill simulation systems have been developed, such as the OILMAP system that can be simulated oil
spill fate and behavior and traceable back to the push, which was developed by ASA
(Applied Science Associates, Inc.) in the 1980s; The company also launched the SIMAP (Spill impact model
analysis package) system consists of a biological effects module. Norwegian Industrial Technology Research
Institute has developed the OSCAR (oil spill contingency and response) system that can simulate the degree of
pollution of the coastline caused. Australia OSTM system based on OILMAP completed, and includes a
hydrodynamic model HYDROMAP. The simulation results this system obtained show that the effects of the
geostrophic flow in oil spill trajectory simulation are very important. As can be seen from the above description,
the international oil spill simulation systems developed earlier and more mature, with higher forecast accuracy
of oil spill trajectories. But they are mainly used in large-scale simulation of oil spills at sea, and a large range of
the analog waters, but the accuracy of these systems used in a small amount of oil spill and near-shore oil spill
simulations needs to be verified. The domestic use of oil spill simulation systems are generally based on the
post-secondary development of OILMAP [5-7]
. These systems are widely used in fixed open waters. Some
researchers have studied the oil spill trajectory in rivers and lakes [8, 9]
. But research on the oil spill trajectories
above does not consider the impact of shoreline adsorption and bottom friction [10]
on the oil spill trajectory.
Through the analysis of the relevant literature, the current oil spill trajectory simulation systems used widely in
open waters, while they are used in large marine oil spill trajectory simulations, they have a high degree of
accuracy and extremely reliable. However, the oil spill occurred in the near-shore terminals generally have a
small amount, complex factors and other characteristics. Therefore, the study of the oil spill trajectory
simulation in marina area becomes necessary.
1 The oil spill dispersion model under the near-shore hydrological conditions
The main content of oil spill dispersion modeling under the near-shore hydrological conditions is simulated
oil spill occurred in the dock area. By establishing a simplified near-shore (extended from the shore to 50m)
model of environmental conditions to simulate and analyze the diffusion of oil spill trajectory.
2. Research on the Trajectory of…
www.ijesi.org 69 | Page
1.1 Modeling
Taking a depot located in Zhoushan Port as the background to create a simplified model of near-shore
environmental conditions. Crude oil, fuel oil and diesel were used as the diffusion to build the model. The nature
of the oil required for the experiment shown in Table 1.
Tab1 the main properties of the test oil [11]
Parameter
Oil species
Density [kg/m³] Dynamic viscosity [Pa·s]
Crude Oil 810 0.08
10#Diesel Oil 850 0.003825
180# Fuel Oil 985 0.1773
Establish a simplified model based on the following principles:
1) Ignoring the local variations of the quay and considered it is approximately flat. In the marina there has a
2000t’s berth; its length is 125m, so only take the spilled oil near the shoreline as research subjects;
2) The model area is mainly controlled waters surrounded booms within the near-shore hydrological
conditions (the sea water flowing is onshore flow, the tide is irregular semidiurnal, the water temperature is 15
℃, constant wind field model), ignoring the effects of wave residual current;
3) Assuming the leak width of 1m, oil leakage rate of 1m / s, steady oil leak;
4) Embankment perpendicular to the sea. Influence on the movement of the spilled oil caused by the
adsorption of shoreline is considered;
5) The material used in the construction of the dock is cement. There is no shear stress and the roughness
height is 1.5mm, roughness constant is 0.5.
1.2 Numerical simulation
The theoretical analysis and the establishment of computational models are included in this section.
Theoretical analysis based primarily on near-shore tidal wave nonlinear equations, combined with the impact of
spilled oil caused by wind field transformation matrix. Numerical simulation with a depot located in Zhoushan
Port as the background, using software for modeling and post-processing.
1.2.1 Theoretical model
Stratification of Seawater density in the coastal region was not significant, Two-dimensional flow
mathematical model can be used for simulating the flow field. The continuity and momentum equations are as
follows:
The continuity equation: 0
x H u H v
t x y
(1)
The momentum equations: ( ) ( )
xw xb
t t
H u H u H u z u u
u v f vH gH H v H v
t x y x x x y x
(2)
( ) ( )
yw yb
t t
H v H v H v z v v
u v f vH gH H v H v
t x y y x x y x
(3)
Considering the impact of wind field on the sea surface, then:
The wind stress equation:
co s sin
sin co s
U W
(4)
In the equations: u , v - The average flow velocity along the perpendicular direction of the x and y,m/s;
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xw
, yw
- Wind stress in the x direction and the y direction;
xb
, yb
- The bottom floor stress in the x and y directions of the seabed;
tv
- Turbulent viscosity coefficient;
f - Coriolis force coefficient;
U - The oil film drifts velocity under the action of wind, m / s;
W- Wind speed of 10m on the sea, m / s;
- Wind factor, generally take 3% -4%;
cos sin
sin cos
- Wind field transformation matrix;
The initial conditions: 0( , , 0) ( , )h x y h x y ; (5)
( , , 0) ( , , 0) 0U x y V x y . (6)
The boundary conditions: The fixed boundary normal vector 0nU , 0nV ; (7)
Open borders
( , , ) ( , , )
( , , ) ( , , )
A
A
u x y t u x y t
v x y t v x y t
. (8)
1.2.2 Calculation model
Using Gambit to modeling and meshing, and set the boundary conditions. Where the boundary condition of
water boundary (water-inlet) and spill boundary (oil-inlet) types are velocity-inlet, 50m from the shoreline will
be set at the distal (far), outputting a two-dimensional model (Export 2-D (XY) Mesh). The simplified model
used is shown in Fig1.
1-a 1-b
Fig1 a partial simplified schematic diagram of calculation model
(a- the schematic diagram of initial flow field; b- the partial schematic diagram of the grid)
1.3 Analysis
Adopt ANSYS for the post-processing of the model. Select k-epsilon model and the VOF method to
simulate the running track after the oil spill.
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2-a
2-b
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2-c
2-d
Fig 2 the range of the spill schematic
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(a- the schematic of the range after 1s; b- the schematic of the range after 20s;c- the schematic of the range
after 40s; d- the schematic of the range after 1min. From left to right: crude oil, 10# diesel oil, 180#fuel oil)
For the same oil, spill oil is mainly concentrated in the vicinity of the exit as a group throughout the process
of spill. In the beginning 20s, the scope of the spill is rapidly expanding according to this shape.
For different kinds of oil,the basic shape of the oil spill centralized area is similar, but there still exists
differences. During diffusion process, two symmetrical vortexes are forming near the axis of the outlet. The
formation of vortex is mainly due to the impact of water flow to the oil and the wall, in which the affect of the
water flow plays a major role. With the proliferation continues, Center of the vortex moves along the
exponential curve. The density of fuel oil is greater than crude oil and diesel oil, the shape of the vortex is
clearer, the same as diffusion range.
II. COMPARISONS
The main content is to compare the simulation results and which under the open water environmental
conditions, including two aspects such as the diffusion region and the trajectories of oil particles (As shown in
Figure 3, 4).
2.1 The differences in diffusion areas of spill
Fig 3 the oil spill extended area under two environmental conditions
As can be seen in Fig 2-d and Fig 3, oil spill occurred in open water, distributed like tape along the flow
direction, only small amount of the oil accumulate in the front of the export. With the increase of oil spills time,
the regional of oil distributed increases gradually and began to disperse. But the oil spill occurred near the
marina waters is relatively concentrated. This is mainly affected by shoreward flow and the wall. Thus, the
recycling method will be different.
2.2The differences in oil particles trace
4-a 4-b
Fig 4 the traces of oil particles under two environmental conditions
(a- the traces of oil particles under the near-shore hydrological conditions,
b- the traces of oil particles under the open water environmental conditions)
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Through the analysis of Fig 4 can be known, the oil spill occurred in the area near the pier affected by the
vortex. The existence of vortex makes the oil spill was reunited and limits the proliferation of regional of oil.
Center of the vortex changing as time increases. But for oil spills occurred in open waters, by the impact of
water, the trajectory of spill is changed, its direction tends to follow the movement of water, and gradually
spread radically.
III. CONCLUSIONS
1) Compared with the oil spill occurred in open sea, the diffusion range of the oil spill occurred in the dock
area is relatively small, mainly concentrated in the vicinity of the oil spill exit. The oil spill occurred in the open
water has farther distance, which is determined by the speed of the water flow and oil spill. The reason for this
phenomenon is the different movement state of oil spills.
2) On the motion state of oil spills, for the oil spill occurred in the dock area, vortexes will form in the
diffusion process, which makes the oil to be diffused like groups. But for the oil spill occurred in the open water,
it spread like ribbon along the flow direction, the range of its influence is larger. This also makes the recovery
process in two cases is different.
3) In selecting recovery methods, large recycling equipments can be used in open water, such as oil spill
recovery vessels. During recovery, it is possible to achieve better results recovered against the direction of flow.
When recycling the oil spill occurred in the dock areas, as the complex topography, it is not appropriate to use
large-scale recycling equipments. Using oil fence to control the area of the accident and recycling flexibility by
a small recovery unit will be more appropriate.
4) When simulated the trajectories of spilled oil in near-shore, the bottom friction is not taken into account.
Therefore, bottom friction effects on the oil spill trajectory needs further study.
Acknowledgements : The study was supported by the Welfare Technology Research Project of Zhejiang
Province (No. 2011C31009), the Science and Technology Project of Zhoushan (special) (No. 2013C41012) and
the Science and Technology Project of Zhoushan (No. 2012C21025).
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