Micro Climate Analysis and Passive Design Bio Climatic Design and Thermal Comfort Radiant System Capacity Evaluation Low Energy Passive Design Strategy Matrix Net Zero Energy School Energy Modeling Case Study Low Energy Research Lab Energy Modeling Case Study VAV Thermal Diffuser Parametric Energy Modeling Analysis Plug Load Monitoring of Our Workstations Core & Shell Energy and Daylight Modeling to Net Zero Case Study Indoor and Outdoor Thermal Comfort Analysis

1. Building Simulation : Energy, Comfort, and Daylight Modeling
2016 April

2. Building Simulation Best of 2016:
1. Micro Climate Analysis and Passive Design
2. Bio Climatic Design and Thermal Comfort
3. Radiant System Capacity Evaluation
4. Low Energy Passive Design Strategy Matrix
5. Net Zero Energy School Energy Modeling Case Study
6. Low Energy Research Lab Energy Modeling Case Study
7. VAV Thermal Diffuser Parametric Energy Modeling Analysis
8. Plug Load Monitoring of Our Workstations
9. Core & Shell Energy and Daylight Modeling to Net Zero Case Study
10. Indoor and Outdoor Thermal Comfort Analysis

3. Micro Climate and Passive Design Tools

4. Micro Climate and Building Passive Study
Focuses on a high level study of the sites weather and natural ventilation
potential using a simplified CIBSE tool.
The study shows outdoor comfort improvements of shading, evaporation, air
movement or wind screens. It then highlights the potential cooling savings
and hours of free cooling from each façade (assuming different facades can or
cannot be operable) for natural ventilation.

5. Air Quality Constraints 2014 - Holborn
• Existing levels are
very high by EU
standards but
within limits under
WELL
• Out of office hours
acceptable for nat
vent today
• Future enhanced
air quality would
make nat vent
possible
throughout the day

6. Performance Analysis Microclimate

7. Design Communication From Sketch to Guideline

8. Months of the year
Jan Dec
Hours
in the
day
None
Small
Large
Heat imbalance
Cellular office study- CIBSE Nat Vent - Varying Free area

9. 2% of floor area
North East
South West

10. 0700 0900 1100
1300 1500 1700
June 21st – Summer Solstice
East elevation at
upper floors highly
exposed – gains
would deplete
thermal mass
Prolonged exposure
of south facade
Limited shade
benefits from trees
on upper levels
Looking at the site from the sun’s point of view - visible surfaces receive sunlight, hidden surfaces are in shade

11. Overshadowing
Seasonal Summary
WINTER SOLSTICE
SPRING EQUINOX
SUMMER SOLSTICE

12. Bioclimate Design and Thermal Comfort

13. Bioclimate Design
Climate design focuses on creating comfortable environments in tune with the local surroundings
• ASHRAE STANDARD 55:
– PMV Comfort & Air Movement (conditioned buildings)
– Adaptive thermal comfort (naturally-ventilated with no cooling)
• CBE Comfort Tools
– Visual representation of ASHRAE STANDARD 55
• CIBSE Overheating criteria
– British equivalent of ASHRAE STANDARD 55, gives failure criteria for naturally-ventilated (with no cooling) buildings
• Haute Qualité Environnementale (HQE)
– Green building standard with temperature/humidity requirement
• UTCI Outdoor Comfort
– Heat stress metric (similar to heat index) for outdoor environments
• IPCC Climate Change Weather Data
– IPCC Climate Simulation adjusted weather data for 2020, 2050, 2080
• Building Trend Data
– Air and surface temperatures trended from a high-mass, bump cooling, nat-vent, night-flush facility

14. ASHRAE Standard 55 for comfort air conditioning

15. ASHRAE Standard 55-2013, comfort air conditioning with elevated air speed

16. French HQE, WELL, standards for Humidity

17. Expanded Thermal Comfort Strategies

18. Conventional air conditioning

19. Hybrid ventilation with tempered air

20. Passive Strategies in Colorado Climate
Full Cooling and Standard thermostats
ANNUAL COOLING LOAD

21. Passive Strategies in Colorado Climate
Expanded thermostats with operable windows
(ASHRAE STD 55 Adaptive Comfort)
ANNUAL COOLING LOAD

22. Passive Strategies in Colorado Climate
Expanded thermostats with operable windows
(ASHRAE STD 55 Adaptive Comfort)
Summertime automated night-flush
ANNUAL COOLING LOAD

23. Passive Strategies in Colorado Climate
0
1
2
3
4
5
Motorized Operable Windows - Night Flush Operable Windows - Expanded Thermal
Comfort
Fixed Windows - Standard Thermostats
Heating and Cooling Sensible EUI (No Ventilation Load)
Heating EUI Cooling EUI
• Annual Sensible Heating and
Cooling Energy
• Without night flushing, Natural
Ventilation is limited to shoulder
seasons, with less energy benefit
• Motorized windows + large diurnal
allow exposed concrete ceilings
and floors to cool overnight and ride
through daytime high temps

24. Radiant System Capacity Evaluation

25. Radiant Sizing & Recommended Client Engagement Questions
1.Radiant systems have limited capacities
2.Ideal scenario:
1.Allow a radiant system to do all cooling and
heating, ventilation air is neutral
2.Allows air to be simple, no VAV boxes
3.Client engagement on use and heat loads can
greatly impact the ability to simplify a design.

26. Barcol Radiant Panels

27. Price Radiant Panels

30. Capacity of Radiant Systems

31. Internal Loads – Typical and Recommended
Typical Recommended

32. Internal Loads – Typical and Recommended

33. Low Energy Passive Design Strategies

34. Providing Climate Appropriate Comfort
Minimize Active Systems Working with Natural Environment

35. Bioclimatic Design Approach
SHADE COOLING STORMWATER
MANAGEMENT
EFFECTIVE
USE OF WATER
WIND/
DUST MITIGATION
Minimize Active Systems Working with Natural Environment
SHADE STRUCTURES CONDENSATE WALL/
COOLING STONE
STREET INFILTRATION MOTION SENSOR WATER
FEATURE
PLANTING STRATEGY
STONE BERMS
MOTION SENSOR MISTER
CUSTOM CONCRETE PAVERS
MOTION SENSOR FAN
SHADE FROM TREES

36. Bioclimatic Design Approach
NATURAL VENTILATION & NIGHT
FLUSH
HIGH EFFICIENCY VRF
THERMALLY COOL
SHIKKUI PLASTER
ENVELOPE SURFACE THERMAL
TEMPERATURES
ELEGANT HVAC USER COMFORT EFFICIENT
Minimize Active Systems Working with Natural Environment
LIME PLASTER
CEILING FANS
PERSONAL COMFORT
SYSTEMS
SUPER WINDOWS (HEAT MIRROR)
REDUCED INFILTRATION INTEGRATED RADIANT CEILINGS HIGH EFFICIENCY HEAT PUMPS

37. Net Zero Energy Pathways – School

38. Charter School:: Site Weather Analysis
This report examines the local climate for the proposed project. The local building climate can reveal
opportunities for passive design strategies, and can set constraints on the proposed building design.
Weather data is sourced from San Francisco International Airport (the closest commercial weather station).
Report 9/9/2015
Site Temperature
Site Wind Rose
San Francisco has a cool-summer Mediterranean climate heavily influenced by
the Pacific Ocean. Some of the main features are:
• Low seasonal temperature change, mild summers and winters
• Consistent diurnal temperature swing
• Summers are clearer and dryer, winters a mix of cloudy and clear
The local microclimate of the school differs from the nearest weather-station (San
Francisco International Airport) by distance and exposure to the ocean. Some of
the main differences result in:
• Reduced diurnal swing
• Milder temperatures year-round
• Increased cloud cover, especially during summing
Site Cloud Cover
Site Temperature ranges from 50°F to 85°F during occupied hours
2014-2015 recorded weather data
compared to historical average data
Approximate annual comfort for outdoor temperatures:
Cold (32°F to 50°F), cool (50°F to 65°F), comfortable
(65°F to 75°F), warm (75°Fto 85°F), hot (85°F to 100°F)
The weather data shows medium levels of cloud cover. This will
reduce PV production but also likely reduce annual cooling needs

39. Charter School:: Site Renewable Capacity
This report estimates the Net Zero Energy potential for this project. Shown is the early stage analysis of the site.
The project consists of a mix of new construction and renovation of an existing high school. The project goal is to
achieve net-zero energy of the new and renovated spaces using on-site PV exclusively.
Report 9/9/2015
Project Scope
Site PV Capacity
The PV availability limits the building’s annual energy use to a maximum of
350,000 kWh (equivalent to approx. 25 kbtu/sf).
The best (lowest) building energy use estimates at this stage are 260,000 kWh
(equivalent to approx. 20 kbtu/sf which would require a 200 kW PV system

40. Charter School:: Net Zero Energy
This report shows the energy use intensity (EUI) target for the building to achieve net-zero energy using rooftop mounted PV
panels. EUI is calculated as the amount of energy the building uses in one year, divided by the building square-footage. Net-
zero energy is defined here as offsetting all building energy use with on-site PV generation over the course of a full year.
Preliminary modeling results and inputs are displayed as conceptual, early-stage estimates of the EUI for School. These
results will be refined as the design process progresses.
Report 9/9/2015
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Energy
Use
Intensity
(kBtu/sf-yr)
EUI Benchmarking - SFUSD High Schools
Lick School Net
Zero EUI Target:
20-25 kBtu/sf-yr
Recommended Energy Savings Strategies for Net Zero Energy
Plug Loads
• All newly purchased equipment should have an energy star rating
• Implement nighttime plug load controls in applicable spaces
Lighting
• Implement automated or light-diffusing shades to maximize daylighting
• Install efficient LED lighting with aggressive daylighting design
Nightflush
• Implement a night-flushing strategy to pre-cool building
Initial Building Assumptions
Occupant
Density
28 sf/person
Outside Air 15 CFM/person
Plug Load 0.7 W/sf
Lighting Power 0.7 W/sf
Heating /
Cooling Setpoint
70°F – 75°F
Heating /
Cooling Setback
67°F – 78°F
Energy Benchmarking – Measured data for SFUSD High Schools
Preliminary Peak Load Results
Preliminary Energy
Model Inputs and
Results

41. Targeting Holistic Energy Use – Lab Research Institution

42. Potential Site Shade Elements
Existing Buildings and Potential Future Buildings
Project Existing Bld
Future
N

43. Annual Insolation Maps
Total Annual Irradiation From Sun and Sky Falling on Building Skin and Surroundings
View From Southwest View From Southeast
These cumulative irradiance maps show the annual sum of solar energy
striking the building skin at various orientations and surfaces. This can inform
decisions about exterior shading, or help identify locations for solar PV panels.

44. Annual Positions of the Sun in the Sky
Sunpath Diagram for Portland Latitude Sunpath Diagram Projected into Digital Model Skydome

45. Energy End Use Break Down
Plugs
29%
Lights
8%
Heating
24%
Cooling
7%
Fans / Pumps
18%
Process Steam
4%
Elevators
1%
Ext Ltg
1%
Hot Water
8%
140kBtu/sf
Typical Design Low Energy Design
130

46. Energy End Use by Program Area

47. Energy End Use by Program Area

48. 7.9 8.1 8.0 8.3 8.6 8.4
5.7 6.0
6.6
5.5 5.7
6.3
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
West Saw
Tooth
East Saw
Tooth
Flat West Saw
Tooth
East Saw
Tooth
Flat West Saw
Tooth
East Saw
Tooth
Flat West Saw
Tooth
East Saw
Tooth
Flat
Vertical Vertical Vertical No Shades No Shades No Shades Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal Horiz +
Vertical
Horiz +
Vertical
Horiz +
Vertical
Solar Peak Load Watts/sf
South Façade Saw-Tooth
Balancing South Façade Shading with HVAC Needs
Watts/sf

49. Therma-Fuser VAV
Energy Savings

50. Energy & HVAC Benefits of Therma-Fuser VAVs
Energy Cost Savings Higher Comfort
First Cost Savings

51. Energy Savings Study 2016
Saving energy across regions
Building: 4 Story Office
Building Area: 68,800 sf office building
HVAC System: VAV Distribution,
Packaged Unit and HW Boiler
Software: EnergyPlus 8.3.0 in
OpenStudio 1.8
Location: 18 US cities

52. Energy Savings to ASHRAE 90.1
1. Adjust the terminal units to have lowest
turndown ratios that match the
minimum ventilation requirement.
2. Adjust the total static pressure at the
supply fan to be 1.0 in. w.c. lower than
conventional VAV.

53. Energy Savings to Conventional Systems
1. Two Air Handling Units, East West
vs 90.1 One per Floor
2. Diverse Occupancy, Lighting and
Equipment Schedules
4 Space Types 12 Space Types

54. Los Angeles, CA - Building HVAC Energy Use – ASHRAE 90.1 Approach vs. Detailed Modeling Approach
Energy Savings Results

55. Los Angeles, CA - Building HVAC Energy Cost – ASHRAE 90.1 Approach vs. Detailed Modeling Approach
Energy Cost Savings Results

56. HVAC
Energy
Cost
Savings
[%]
Energy Savings Results Across Cities

57. HVAC Cost Savings to Conventional System Operations

58. HVAC Energy Savings to ASHRAE 90.1 2013

59. ASHRAE 90.1 2013 – Percent HVAC Energy and Energy Cost Savings of Therma-Fuser VAV
HVAC Cost Savings to ASHRAE 90.1 2013

60. Plug Load Monitoring of Our Workstations

61. 25 Watts 25 Watts 25 Watts 25 Watts 25 Watts
65 Watts 65 Watts
100 Watts
90 Watts 115 Watts 150 Watts
What Are Plug Loads in Offices?
These are rated power uses
What is Reality?

62. We Measured Ourselves

63. We Measured Ourselves

64. Equipment Use

65. We Measured Ourselves
775 sf, 1020 Watts max
(890W avg max)
12 people
64 sf/person
1.3 W/sf

66. Equipment Use in Offices
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
CA Offices
USA Offices
(ASHRAE 90.1)
Integral Group
(MEP Engineers)
Our Workstations

67. Equipment
Rated Power
Measured
Maximum
Average
Maximum
Watts 1525 1020 888
People 12 12 12
Watts/person 127 85 74
Floor Area 775 775 775
Watts/sf 2.0 1.3 1.1
% of Rated 100% 67% 58%
At a High Density 65 sf/person

68. California
Code
Office
USA
Engineering
Standard
Office Space
Equipment
Rated Power
Measured
Maximum
Average
Maximum
Watts 2244 1620 1525 1020 888
People 12 12 12 12 12
Watts/person 187 135 127 85 74
Floor Area 775 775 775 775 775
Watts/sf 2.9 2.1 2.0 1.3 1.1
% of Rated 147% 106% 100% 67% 58%
At a High Density 65 sf/person

69. 2.0 W/sf
1.0 W/sf
0.5 W/sf
1.5 W/sf
Measured: 85 W/person
65 sf/person
1.3 W/sf
At High Density 65 sf/person

70. 2.0 W/sf
1.0 W/sf
0.5 W/sf
1.5 W/sf
At High Density 100 sf/person
Measured: 85 W/person
100 sf/person
0.9 W/sf

71. 2.0 W/sf
1.0 W/sf
0.5 W/sf
1.5 W/sf
At High Density 150 sf/person
Measured: 85 W/person
150 sf/person
0.6 W/sf

72. 2.0 W/sf
1.0 W/sf
0.5 W/sf
1.5 W/sf
At High Density 200 sf/person
Measured: 85 W/person
200 sf/person
0.4 W/sf

73. 25 Watts 25 Watts 25 Watts 25 Watts 25 Watts
65 Watts 65 Watts
100 Watts
90 Watts 115 Watts 150 Watts
What Are Plug Loads in Offices?
67% of Equipment Used at Once
Recommended 85 Watts/person

74. 25 Watts 25 Watts 25 Watts 25 Watts 25 Watts
65 Watts 65 Watts
100 Watts
90 Watts 115 Watts 150 Watts
67% of Equipment Used at Once
Recommended 85 Watts/person
What Are Plug Loads in Offices?
60 Watts 77 Watts 100 Watts

75. Office Density Drives Design
85 Watts/person
50
sf/person
100
sf/person
150
sf/person
200
sf/person
1.7 W/sf 0.9 W/sf 0.6 W/sf 0.4 W/sf

76. 775 sf, 1020 Watts max
(890W avg max)
12 people
64 sf/person
1.3 W/sf
Office Density Drives Design

77. Daylighting and Glare Visual Comfort – Office Park in Bay Area
Net Zero Energy Pathways – Same Project

78. Office Core and Shell

79. Daylighting Example Strategies
Automated Interior Fabric Shades for Visual Comfort in Low-angle Sun Conditions

80. 40 41 31 24 24 20 24
15
6
7
7
55
47
38
31
24
20
31
-5
5
15
25
35
45
55
65
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
LEED
Baseline
ASHRAE-90.1 2007
CDP Design Energy
Use
LEED Platinum
Design Energy Use
Reach Energy Use
for ZNE Design
ZNE Electric ZNE Electric COST ZNE Energy /
Carbon
Energy
Use
Intensity
[kBtu/sf-yr]
Annual Energy Use [kBtu/sf-yr]
Current Project 2015 Office Energy Use Targeting
Annual Gas Energy
Annual Electrical Energy
*NZE cost is based on offsetting 80% of the energy annually.
*NZE Emissions is equal to offsetting the total energy consumed on-site with solar PV.
7

81. $/kWh Blend
Option A: PG&E Grid ONLY $0.200
Option B: ½ Office Roof & Garage Whole Roof $0.170
Option C: T-Structure Garage, PPA Off-Site $0.134
Option D: T-Structure Garage, East & West Facades Garage, PPA Off-Site $0.132
Option E: ½ Office Roof, T-Structure Garage, East, West Facades Garage $0.120
Roof
Garage
South West Facade
South East Facade
Off Site PPA (not shown)
Current Project 2015 Office Net Zero Pathways

82. Indoor and Outdoor Thermal Comfort – Boulder CO Office

83. Natural Ventilation and Night Flush Study
HoneyBee – EnergyPlus Model
N
• East and West Exposed Facades
• Natural Ventilation through 15% of
window area
• R-16 Walls – Gyp Exposed
• Exposed Floor – 30% Carpeted
• Exposed Concrete Ceiling

84. Based on ASHRAE standard 55.1 2013,
Site weather for Boulder, CO
Adaptive Thermal Comfort in Buildings

85. Natural Ventilation and Night Flush Modeling
0
1
2
3
4
5
Motorized Operable
Windows
Operable Windows Fixed Windows Fixed Windows - Standard
Thermostats
Heating and Cooling Sensible EUI (No Ventilation Load)
Heating EUI Cooling EUI
• Annual Sensible Heating and
Cooling Energy
• Control issues cause slight raise in
heating when night flushing
• Without night flushing, Natural
Ventilation is limited to shoulder
seasons, with little energy benefit

86. Annual Cooling Load – Fixed Windows
Standard thermostats

87. Annual Cooling Load – Fixed Windows
Same thermostats as building with operable windows

88. Annual Cooling Load – Natural Ventilation with Operable Windows
Lack of motorized windows removes night flush capability

89. Annual Cooling Load – Natural Ventilation with Motorized Windows
Night Flush: Mid May through September