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Drone Imagery
Economics
Martin Scholl
@zeit_geist
m@martin-scholl.com
Mapping Cost
will be zero.
Maps will be
made for
humans
machines.
• Started by Stephen Mather on Apr 2014
• self-described as “an Open Source Toolkit for
Processing Drone Imagery”
• 31 contributors
• installation takes 10m on EC2
• dead easy usage: ./run.pl in images directory
Open-

Drone-

Map
Point Cloud
Ortho-
photo.
…
(Textured)
Digital
Surface
Model
• OpenDroneMap makes drone imagery data
processing as easy as running a single command
• ~80pics take 1h10m on a 16-core EC2 machine
• but: several steps are quadratic in runtime

in # images and resolution
• performance improvements underway
• Where to host drone Orthophotos?
• OpenAerialMap is infrastructure for a “simple open
way to host and provide access to imagery”*
• Re-Initiated by HOT in 2015; grant from
Humanitarian Innovation Fund
• “supporting humanitarian organizations involved in
emergency preparedness and response
activities”**
* https://github.com/hotosm/OpenAerialMap
** https://docs.google.com/document/d/
1Cyj3x4MWzif3avAviELNaRThKhBdDoAA0sy38kwyH_g/edit
http://beta.openaerialmap.org/
http://beta.openaerialmap.org/
0. Search & Filter
http://beta.openaerialmap.org/
1. Select Area
0. Search & Filter
http://beta.openaerialmap.org/
1. Select Area
2. Download

Orthoimages0. Search & Filter
OpenAerialMap
• OpenSource Project & Infrastructure
• Solves rapid sharing of imagery data for

humanitarian purposes
• Clever data federation architecture by separating
indexing from data storage leveraging

Object Storage (Amazon S3)
• mostly satellite images & some drone imagery
• 1.1k images indexed yet
A Bigger Picture
• OpenDroneMap: free drone image processing
• OpenAerialMap: free 2D image hosting, etc.
• OpenTerrain: free terrain model hosting, etc.
• ArduPilot: free flight control & automation
• DIY Drones, OpenUAV, et. al.: free UAV blueprints
Drone Imagery
Economics
Drone Imagery Economics
101 w/ OpenDroneMap
• Drone w/ 4K camera: $1000 range
• Storing 250 high-res images: $0.01 / month

(Google Cloud Storage)
• Processing those images: 2h or ~$0.40

(AWS EC2 c4.x4large spot instances)
• 4k Camera @ 1cm resolution & 50% overlap:

250 pictures cover 0.2km2
5 times a day, 1 drone
surveying 0.2km2
Per Day Per Month Per Year
Drone* $0.92 $27.78 $333
Data Storage $0.05 $1.50 $117
Data
Processing
$2.00 $60.00 $720
Covered Area 1km2 30km2 360km2
Total Cost ~$3 $90 $1170
* 3y amortization
5 times a day, 1 drone
surveying 0.2km2
Per Day Per Month Per Year
Drone* $0.92 $27.78 $333
Data Storage $0.05 $1.50 $117
Data
Processing
$2.00 $60.00 $720
Covered Area 1km2 30km2 360km2
Total Cost ~$3 $90 $1170
* 3y amortization
Friedrichshain-
Kreuzberg:
20.16km2
3D Mapping Berlin*
Refresh
Rate
Year Month Week Day
# Drones 3 30 128 892
Monthly
Cost
$270 $2.700 ~$12.000 ~$80.000
* Berlin: 892 km2;
Drone month: $90 / 30km2
… even more numbers
Quadrocopter Airplane Landsat 8
Acquisition $1.000 $300.000 $850.000.000
Operations $600
$150.000
(pilot + …)
$30.000.000
Amortization 3 years 15 years 30 years
Per Year $900 ~$170.000 ~$60.000.000
http://robohub.org/price-wars-counting-the-cost-of-drones-planes-and-satellites/
http://spacenews.com/40841nasa-official-a-landsat-8-clone-would-cost-more-than-650-million/
$19
$19
space for iPhone

baseboard
Some Consequences
• Trade very accurate, highly-priced gear with

super-inexpensive smartphone-scale chips
• $100 autonomous drones mapping cost
approaches $0, becomes a “Big Data’esk game”
• Data Acquisition Cost < Total Derivable Value
• Guiding questions: how stale may imagery data
be? What else can we do with it?
Historic Mapping Shift?
• Maps used to be power tools of the world,

for humans, by humans.
• Machine Vision for Autonomous Systems has
different maps needs
• Maps will be built for autonomous systems,

human-scale map only a side-effect
Open Questions
• At some point, drone manufacturers will truly 

leverage smartphone market economics
• When will the first company deliver the autonomous

$100 drone with 8K+ video?
• How will legislation react to this?
• How will 100MP+ camera chips on $1000 drones
change the quality in the data collection game?
• OMG Privacy??
Summary
• Drones are quite cheap already. Economics works.
• Historic power shift in maps and maps’ users.
• Mapping cost will approach $0.
• 3D maps: machines & robots the primary user.
Thank you
Megapixels
0
4
8
12
16
2012 2013 2014 2015
iPhone Samsung Galaxy
Smartphone Cameras
Moore’s Law
• 2x transistor count every 1.5y
• translated into equiv speed up every generation
• Now Moore’s law works in “opposite direction”
• same performance, half the size every 1.5y
• 8 Core CPUs w/ less than 4Watt power draw
• Drones will become smaller & cheaper 

keeping the overall performance level

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(2015/09) Drone Imagery Economics

  • 3. Maps will be made for humans machines.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6. • Started by Stephen Mather on Apr 2014 • self-described as “an Open Source Toolkit for Processing Drone Imagery” • 31 contributors • installation takes 10m on EC2 • dead easy usage: ./run.pl in images directory
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14. • OpenDroneMap makes drone imagery data processing as easy as running a single command • ~80pics take 1h10m on a 16-core EC2 machine • but: several steps are quadratic in runtime
 in # images and resolution • performance improvements underway • Where to host drone Orthophotos?
  • 15. • OpenAerialMap is infrastructure for a “simple open way to host and provide access to imagery”* • Re-Initiated by HOT in 2015; grant from Humanitarian Innovation Fund • “supporting humanitarian organizations involved in emergency preparedness and response activities”** * https://github.com/hotosm/OpenAerialMap ** https://docs.google.com/document/d/ 1Cyj3x4MWzif3avAviELNaRThKhBdDoAA0sy38kwyH_g/edit
  • 19. http://beta.openaerialmap.org/ 1. Select Area 2. Download
 Orthoimages0. Search & Filter
  • 20. OpenAerialMap • OpenSource Project & Infrastructure • Solves rapid sharing of imagery data for
 humanitarian purposes • Clever data federation architecture by separating indexing from data storage leveraging
 Object Storage (Amazon S3) • mostly satellite images & some drone imagery • 1.1k images indexed yet
  • 21. A Bigger Picture • OpenDroneMap: free drone image processing • OpenAerialMap: free 2D image hosting, etc. • OpenTerrain: free terrain model hosting, etc. • ArduPilot: free flight control & automation • DIY Drones, OpenUAV, et. al.: free UAV blueprints
  • 23. Drone Imagery Economics 101 w/ OpenDroneMap • Drone w/ 4K camera: $1000 range • Storing 250 high-res images: $0.01 / month
 (Google Cloud Storage) • Processing those images: 2h or ~$0.40
 (AWS EC2 c4.x4large spot instances) • 4k Camera @ 1cm resolution & 50% overlap:
 250 pictures cover 0.2km2
  • 24. 5 times a day, 1 drone surveying 0.2km2 Per Day Per Month Per Year Drone* $0.92 $27.78 $333 Data Storage $0.05 $1.50 $117 Data Processing $2.00 $60.00 $720 Covered Area 1km2 30km2 360km2 Total Cost ~$3 $90 $1170 * 3y amortization
  • 25. 5 times a day, 1 drone surveying 0.2km2 Per Day Per Month Per Year Drone* $0.92 $27.78 $333 Data Storage $0.05 $1.50 $117 Data Processing $2.00 $60.00 $720 Covered Area 1km2 30km2 360km2 Total Cost ~$3 $90 $1170 * 3y amortization Friedrichshain- Kreuzberg: 20.16km2
  • 26. 3D Mapping Berlin* Refresh Rate Year Month Week Day # Drones 3 30 128 892 Monthly Cost $270 $2.700 ~$12.000 ~$80.000 * Berlin: 892 km2; Drone month: $90 / 30km2
  • 27. … even more numbers Quadrocopter Airplane Landsat 8 Acquisition $1.000 $300.000 $850.000.000 Operations $600 $150.000 (pilot + …) $30.000.000 Amortization 3 years 15 years 30 years Per Year $900 ~$170.000 ~$60.000.000 http://robohub.org/price-wars-counting-the-cost-of-drones-planes-and-satellites/ http://spacenews.com/40841nasa-official-a-landsat-8-clone-would-cost-more-than-650-million/
  • 28.
  • 29. $19
  • 31. Some Consequences • Trade very accurate, highly-priced gear with
 super-inexpensive smartphone-scale chips • $100 autonomous drones mapping cost approaches $0, becomes a “Big Data’esk game” • Data Acquisition Cost < Total Derivable Value • Guiding questions: how stale may imagery data be? What else can we do with it?
  • 32. Historic Mapping Shift? • Maps used to be power tools of the world,
 for humans, by humans. • Machine Vision for Autonomous Systems has different maps needs • Maps will be built for autonomous systems,
 human-scale map only a side-effect
  • 33. Open Questions • At some point, drone manufacturers will truly 
 leverage smartphone market economics • When will the first company deliver the autonomous
 $100 drone with 8K+ video? • How will legislation react to this? • How will 100MP+ camera chips on $1000 drones change the quality in the data collection game? • OMG Privacy??
  • 34. Summary • Drones are quite cheap already. Economics works. • Historic power shift in maps and maps’ users. • Mapping cost will approach $0. • 3D maps: machines & robots the primary user.
  • 36. Megapixels 0 4 8 12 16 2012 2013 2014 2015 iPhone Samsung Galaxy Smartphone Cameras
  • 37. Moore’s Law • 2x transistor count every 1.5y • translated into equiv speed up every generation • Now Moore’s law works in “opposite direction” • same performance, half the size every 1.5y • 8 Core CPUs w/ less than 4Watt power draw • Drones will become smaller & cheaper 
 keeping the overall performance level