The document provides an overview of the timeline of ancient Rome from its founding in 753 BC through the Late Roman Empire period from 193-337 CE. It includes images and descriptions of artifacts from this later imperial period like sarcophagi from the 2nd century CE, mummy portraits from Egypt, and architectural works from the Tetrarchy under Diocletian and the rise of Constantine including the Arch of Constantine in Rome.
My honors assignment for New Media Design III at Hofstra University. I was required to give a presentation on Saul Bass, one of the world's greatest designers. Video clips will not play.
My honors assignment for New Media Design III at Hofstra University. I was required to give a presentation on Saul Bass, one of the world's greatest designers. Video clips will not play.
Slide concept by Anthony DAscoli FOR EDUCA.docxjennifer822
*
Slide concept by Anthony D'Ascoli
FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY
For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Roman Empire at Greatest Extent
The Roman EraApril 21, 753 BCE – the legendary founding of Rome by Romulus & Remus753- 509 BCE – Roman monarchy 509 – 27 BCE – Roman Republican Period264 – 241 BCE First Punic War – Rome vs Carthage – Rome gains Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica218 – 201 BCE – Second Punic War – Hannibal invades Italy with elephants traveling through the Alps – Rome vs Carthage – Rome wins – gains southern Spain, coastal France and part of North Africa149 -146 BCE – Third Punic War – Rome vs Carthage – Rome wins – gains modern day Tunisia and names it Africa as Roman province- Carthage is destroyed
The Roman Era
88 – 79 BCE – First Roman Civil War – Marius vs Sulla – Sulla wins – implements first dictatorship without time limit73-71 BCE – Spartacus leads slave revolt – eventually crushed by Crassus60 BCE – formation of the First Triumvirate – Julius Caesar, Pompey & Crassus rule Rome illegally58 – 50 BCE – Gaul conquered by G. Julius Caesar49-46 BCE Second Roman Civil War – Caesar vs Pompey – Caesar wins – becomes dictator for life – beginning of end for Rome as a RepublicMarch 15, 44 BCE – Julius Caesar is assassinated by Senators led by Brutus and Cassius
The Roman Era43 BCE – Second Triumvirate formed by Octavian Caesar, Mark Antony and Lepidus in order to catch Caesar’s murderers31 BCE – Third Roman Civil War – Octavian vs Mark Antony & Cleopatra – Octavian wins becomes sole ruler of Roman world – Egypt becomes Roman province27 BCE – Octavian changes his name to Augustus (revered one) – Official End of Roman Republic: Rome becomes an Empire – Augustus its first Emperor27 BCE – 476 CE – Roman Imperial Period (Roman Empire)27 BCE – 68 CE – Julio-Claudian Dynasty rules in Rome (Augustus, Tiberias, Caligula, Claudius & Nero)64 CE – Great Fire in Rome – Nero blames and then persecutes Christians – Saints Peter and Paul are martyred69 – 96 CE – Flavian Dynasty rules Rome (Vespasian, Titus and Domitian)
The Roman Era
August 24, 79 CE – Mount Vesuvius erupts destroying Pompeii, Stabiae and Herculaneum96 – 180 CE – Reign of the 5 Good Emperors (Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius & Marcus Aurelius)98 – 117 – Reign of Trajan – Roman Empire reaches its largest extent180 CE – reign of Commodus ends the Pax Romana (200 years of peace in Rome)192 – 395 Late Imperial Period – decay in art and leadership with few exceptions193 – 235 – Severan Dynasty rules Rome (Septimus Severus, Caracalla, Macrinus, Elagabalus and Alexander Severus)235-284 – Rule of the Barracks Emperors (Emperors came from army) – chaotic period of rulers284 – 305 – Reign of Diocletian – forms tetrarchy (rule of 4) to stop chaos of succession- starts Great Persecution of Christians – destroys churches and kills many people
.
Codes of (un)dress and gender constructs from the Greek to t.docxmary772
Codes of (un)dress and gender constructs
from the Greek to the Roman world
he
By 6th c. BC: Greek male and female dress codes firmly established
Archaic kouros
and kore statues
demonstrate how
the body was
used in the
naturalization of
gender
constructs
The naked male
body in the
classical period:
the Doryphoros as
a heroic athlete-
warrior citizen
Male sexuality: conditions by the patriarchal ideology of
domination, it restricted sexual expression and freedom
in homosexual
relations
and heterosexual
relations
In the classical
period,
while the naked
male body was
idealized and
heroized,
the female naked
body was always
sexualized and
objectified.
Centauromachy (late 5th c.
Bassae): the Greek female is
defenseless and sexualized
(must be defended by Greek
men).
Gendered
nakedness in
mythological
scenes:
the Greek
male is
always
heroized
Amazonomachy (4th c.
Halikarnassos): the non-
Greek female is wild and
sexualized (must be
dominated by Greek men).
Aphrodite (Roman Venus): at first fully dressed
The gradual disrobing of Aphrodite in monumental statues, late 5th to
4th c. BC (Roman copies)
“Venus Genetrix”,
original late 5th c. BC
“Venus of Capua”,
original 4th c. BC
Aphrodite of Knidos,
original 4th c. BC
Late 5th c. onwards: minor goddesses were also represented sexualized in
statues, but only Aphrodite appeared entirely naked by the 4th c. BC.
Nike (Victory), late
5th c., Olympia.
Aphrodite of Knidos by
Praxiteles, 4th c. (Roman copy)
Aphrodite “Beautiful
Buttocks”, Roman
copy (Greek ca. 300).
Doryphoros and
Aphrodite of Knidos
(Knidia or Knidian
Aphrodite), Roman
copies.
What main
differences do you
observe?
Was her nakedness
really threatening to
patriarchy (Andrew
Stewart)?
Or, in what ways
was her nakedness
aligned with
patriarchal ideology?
Could she have been
empowering for
women?
The traditional visual
presence of a divine
statue at the far end of
a rectangular temple
was very different
(Olympian Zeus)
Aphrodite of Knidos was displayed in an unusual temple (round plan), so as to
be seen from all sides, like a beautiful object.
The original
Aphrodite of
Knidos is lost.
Numerous
Roman copies
of the Knidian
Aphrodite exist
(with variations
in details).
“Colonna
Venus” Vatican
Museums.
“Ludovisi
Venus”,
Palazzo
Altemps, Rome
(only the torso
is ancient, the
rest is 17th-c,
restoration.)
Capitoline Venus, Rome
Medici Venus, Florence
Variations on the
“Venus pudica” type,
Greek Hellenistic
originals, Roman
copies.
Are they more modest
or also more shamed?
Latin pudore: modesty,
chastity, shame.
Greek aidos: shame,
modesty
(aidion=vagina)
There is no male “pudicus”
type in Greco-Roman
sculpture.
These unequal gender
constructs are still around
today,
to the detriment of all of us!
There is no male
“pudicus” type in Greco-
Roman sculpture.
An effec.
Ancient Egypt1The Civilization of the Nile River V.docxdurantheseldine
Ancient Egypt
1
The Civilization of the Nile River Valley: Egypt
Geography – Isolated by deserts on both sides.
The Nile’s periodic flooding made civilized life possible in Egypt. During drought or famine, Egypt was the place to go because Egypt always has water (cf. the story of Joseph and his brothers in Genesis).
The kingdom was divided into two parts: Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt (Upper Egypt is in the south), with Lower Egypt being a bit more cosmopolitan than Upper Egypt.
Unlike Mesopotamia, stone was plentiful.
2
Pre-Dynastic Egypt: There is some evidence that very early on (3400-3200 BC), Egypt was influenced by Mesopotamia (corresponds to Jemnet Nasr period at Uruk). The evidence includes:
the use of rectangular sun-dried mud-brick in building,
the use of cylinder seals only during this time (Egypt usually used stamp-seals before and after this period),
pictographic writing (the “idea” comes from Mesopotamia),
the idea of kingship, social stratification and specialization,
certain kinds of painted pottery,
and pictures of twisted animals and battling with animals.
This contact may explain Egypt’s sudden explosion into a complex, advanced civilization with writing. The use of mud-brick is peculiar, noting the abundance of stone. There is evidence, however, that the development begins in Upper Egypt (i.e., the south). Two distinct cultures, the Upper, with social stratification and royal artistic expression, etc., and the Lower, with contacts in Palestine, etc.
Egypt seems to go from the Neolithic to a complex civilization overnight. Linear development is not apparent. Agriculture appears to be introduced from outside.
The Pharaoh (the king) is somehow responsible for the yearly success of the Nile. His throne was Isis, the wife of Osiris and the mother of Horus. The king is identified with Horus.
Egypt seeks to portray changeless continuity over thousands of years. This is somewhat true, but not entirely accurate. Ancient Egypt went through a few periods of relative chaos or lack of centralized power. Egypt, however, as is well known, chose not to usually record such periods for posterity.
4
Map of Egypt
5
Egyptian history begins with King Narmer
Narmer united Upper and Lower Egypt
He is likely the same person as Menes
Mizraim is often the Hebrew name for Egypt
The combination of the two crowns appears.
This is the beginning of the First Dynasty, and of Egyptian history
He established his capital at the new city of Memphis (= neutral ground)
It was a new city, said to have arisen out of the ground when Narmer diverted the Nile.
The royal burial grounds of Saqqara and Giza are located nearby.
The uniting of Egypt is commemorated on the Palette of King Narmer (fig. 2.3)
Egyptian artistic canon for relief figures is manifested:
head and feet in profile, with one foot forward, but eye and shoulders shown frontally (cf. fig. 2.2)
This is the beginning of Egypt’s Bronze Age
It is also the beginning of Egy.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
2. Timeline: April 21, 753 BC: legendary foundation of Rome 753-509 BC: Monarchy (Etruscan kings) 509-27 BC: Republic (up to Julius Caesar) 27 BC-96 CE: Early Empire (Augustus and Flavian dynasty) 96-192 CE: High Empire (Trajan, Hadrian & Antonine dynasty) 193-337 CE: Late Empire (Severan dynasty and soldier emperors up to Constantine I) Model of ancient Rome
There is a change is Roman burial customs, ties into the gradual Christianization in the society. Along with Christianity, there is a rise of other religions. Before this, Romans were creamated, this changes along with a stronger belief in the afterlife. Coffins called sarcophagus. It becomes fashionable for pagans to be buried as well. The images that are on pagan coffins are classical mythology images. This one displays the myth of Orestes, famous for slaying his mother and her lover. Images stand for righteousness and justice. There are several scenes – the murder of the mother, the lover, and a scene with a god. Associated with pattern books. There are two types of sarcophagus design: eastern and western. Western is Roman, carved on three side.
Eastern was carved on four sides because it would be placed in the center of the room so all sides could be seen. Images are an imitation of classical architectural design. Depiction of gods – center is Venus, and Helen of Troy. This sarcophagus is of a Greek woman – her image is on top of the sarcophagus. These types of tombs would be of the wealthy that would have many extended family visitors to their tombs.
Over time, style changes.
Egypt was also part of the Roman empire, the mummy types of burials still exist. Later types of mummy cases show more paintings and images of the deceased on the front. This was an upper class burial. The people are usually young that are depicted. The technique of painting is called encaustic – where colored pigment is mixed with hot wax.
These portraits are the way all Roman figures are painted throughout the Roman empire.
Much more detail seen in the development of Roman art. There was art created in PaxRomana, declared in 13 BC, established the rule of emperors in Rome. After the PaxRomana begins to crumple, there is discomfort among Romans, so emperors end up only reining for as short as a few months. The individualized portraits reflect the struggles of this period, shows a sense of concern, or suspicion. Each time a new emperor is established, there are new images created that would be set up around Rome. The great number of different emperor images created at this time explains the emphasis on the individualistic qualities in the face.
Halves that have a system of government – there was a ruler of the area, called the Augustus, and the two rulers underneath were called Caesars. There was a push to have the daughter of the Caesar marry the Augustus to solidify the ties of ruling. There were four larger areas, ruled by Tetrarchs.
With the political change, came large changes in art, there were images set up around Rome of the four tetrarchs. These images would have been placed on public buildings.
The difference in the faces of the figures shows the Augustus as older with a beard, and the Caesar as younger without a beard. Otherwise, they are exactly the same in height and clothing style. It is a period of somewhat abolishing all past traditions and styles.
After Diocletian retired from being emperor, he built a palace, resembling a Roman military defensive castle. There is a central courtyard, decorated with pediment.
Emphasis of displaying the Roman emperor as a super human figure.
Civil war erupts between the tetrarchs, and Constantine comes to power – becomes one of the most powerful Roman emperors. He initiated a building project, and created coinage that depicted Constantine himself. Behind him, was a god that he believed in – thought of as religious authority.
This was one of the first monuments erected. This was a triumphant arch. Images show his victory at the Milevian bridge – the night before the battle, a sign of the cross appeared to Constantine in a dream, from then on he would adopt Christianity alone. This was controversial because no other Roman emperor adopted Christianity.
Constantine’s arch was built to celebrate his victory over other contenders to be emperor of Rome
Images from classical mythology – of Hercules slaying a lion. Figures shows in a variety of views, including profile views
In the center is Constantine, head broken off over time, flanked by images of his court and the Roman population. This was a popular image shown of an emperor just coming to power. Unatural movements of bodies.
