20100906140910 presentation1 photosynthesis
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Photosynthesis has two stages - the light reaction and the Calvin cycle. In the light reaction, chlorophyll and accessory pigments absorb light and pass the energy to chlorophyll a. This drives photophosphorylation which produces ATP and NADPH. In the Calvin cycle, CO2 is fixed by the enzyme rubisco into a 3-carbon compound which is reduced using ATP and NADPH from the light reaction. This produces glucose which is then converted into starch for long-term energy storage in the plant. Starch allows more efficient energy storage than glucose alone.
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AP Biology Photosynthesis - Calvin cycle
The Calvin cycle is the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis that uses energy from the light-dependent reactions to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into organic compounds. It consists of three phases: 1) carbon fixation where CO2 reacts with RuBP to form two 3-carbon compounds, 2) reduction where ATP and NADPH are used to reduce the compounds into G3P, and 3) regeneration of RuBP so the cycle can repeat. The cycle ultimately produces one G3P molecule per cycle while consuming 9 ATP and 6 NADPH to fix three CO2 molecules.
Glycolysis BIOLOGY
Glycolysis is a process that breaks down glucose into two pyruvate molecules, generating two ATP and two NADH molecules. Glucose is broken down through sequential enzyme-dependent reactions into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules from its original six carbons. The process requires a small initial investment of ATP to make glucose reactive for breakdown. It then proceeds in two phases: first, investing two more ATP molecules; second, yielding four ATP molecules through substrate-level phosphorylation, resulting in a net gain of two ATP.
Calvin cycle
The Calvin cycle fixes carbon dioxide into sugars using ATP and NADPH. It consists of three phases: carbon fixation using the enzyme rubisco, reduction of the fixed carbon, and regeneration of RuBP to restart the cycle. Carbon enters as CO2 and leaves as the three-carbon sugar glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate after going through the cycle three times. The cycle builds sugars from smaller molecules to provide organic compounds for the plant.
Dark reaction by sohail
This document summarizes the dark reaction, also known as the Calvin cycle or light-independent reactions of photosynthesis. It describes how the Calvin cycle uses carbon dioxide, ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce glucose through three phases - carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration. The carbon fixation phase incorporates carbon from CO2 into organic molecules. The reduction phase uses ATP and NADPH to convert the molecules into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). The regeneration phase recycles molecules to restart the cycle and produce more G3P, some of which leaves the cycle to form glucose.
AP Bio Ch. 10 Calvin cycle
The Calvin cycle is the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis that convert carbon dioxide and other molecules into glucose. It involves three phases: 1) carbon fixation where CO2 is attached to RuBP to form two 3-carbon molecules, 2) reduction where ATP and NADPH are used to incorporate the carbon and reduce the molecules to G3P, and 3) regeneration of RuBP so the cycle can repeat. The cycle converts 6 molecules of CO2 into one molecule of G3P, consuming 9 ATP and 6 NADPH per cycle.
Light independent reactions of photosynthesis
The Calvin cycle is the light-independent reaction of photosynthesis that converts the energy from ATP and NADPH produced during the light-dependent reactions into glucose. The cycle begins with carbon dioxide reacting with the five-carbon sugar RuBP to form an unstable six-carbon intermediate. This intermediate is then reduced and regenerated into two molecules of the three-carbon compound PGA. PGA is then converted into G3P using energy from ATP and NADPH, and G3P can be used to produce glucose or regenerate RuBP, using ATP.
Photosynthesis process (light and dark reactions)
1) Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts and involves two stages - the light reactions where sunlight is absorbed to make ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle where CO2 is fixed using these products to make glucose.
2) The light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts where photosystems capture light and transfer electrons down a transport chain, powering ATP production. Oxygen is released from water.
3) The Calvin cycle takes place in the chloroplast stroma and uses the ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to incorporate CO2 into organic compounds, specifically glucose, in three steps of fixation, reduction, and regeneration.
Melvin calvin cycle
The Calvin cycle is a light-independent process that fixes carbon dioxide into organic compounds like glucose. It occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts and consists of three phases - carbon fixation, reduction reactions, and regeneration of RuBP. Key enzymes include RuBisCO and regulatory enzymes like Rubisco activase and thioredoxin. The cycle incorporates one CO2 molecule into two 3-carbon G3P molecules, using energy from ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions. Five of the six carbons from G3P are used to regenerate RuBP so the cycle can continue fixing more carbon.
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The Calvin cycle is the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis that uses energy from the light-dependent reactions to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into organic compounds. It consists of three phases: 1) carbon fixation where CO2 reacts with RuBP to form two 3-carbon compounds, 2) reduction where ATP and NADPH are used to reduce the compounds into G3P, and 3) regeneration of RuBP so the cycle can repeat. The cycle ultimately produces one G3P molecule per cycle while consuming 9 ATP and 6 NADPH to fix three CO2 molecules.
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Glycolysis is a process that breaks down glucose into two pyruvate molecules, generating two ATP and two NADH molecules. Glucose is broken down through sequential enzyme-dependent reactions into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules from its original six carbons. The process requires a small initial investment of ATP to make glucose reactive for breakdown. It then proceeds in two phases: first, investing two more ATP molecules; second, yielding four ATP molecules through substrate-level phosphorylation, resulting in a net gain of two ATP.
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The Calvin cycle fixes carbon dioxide into sugars using ATP and NADPH. It consists of three phases: carbon fixation using the enzyme rubisco, reduction of the fixed carbon, and regeneration of RuBP to restart the cycle. Carbon enters as CO2 and leaves as the three-carbon sugar glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate after going through the cycle three times. The cycle builds sugars from smaller molecules to provide organic compounds for the plant.
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AP Bio Ch. 10 Calvin cycle
The Calvin cycle is the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis that convert carbon dioxide and other molecules into glucose. It involves three phases: 1) carbon fixation where CO2 is attached to RuBP to form two 3-carbon molecules, 2) reduction where ATP and NADPH are used to incorporate the carbon and reduce the molecules to G3P, and 3) regeneration of RuBP so the cycle can repeat. The cycle converts 6 molecules of CO2 into one molecule of G3P, consuming 9 ATP and 6 NADPH per cycle.
Light independent reactions of photosynthesis
The Calvin cycle is the light-independent reaction of photosynthesis that converts the energy from ATP and NADPH produced during the light-dependent reactions into glucose. The cycle begins with carbon dioxide reacting with the five-carbon sugar RuBP to form an unstable six-carbon intermediate. This intermediate is then reduced and regenerated into two molecules of the three-carbon compound PGA. PGA is then converted into G3P using energy from ATP and NADPH, and G3P can be used to produce glucose or regenerate RuBP, using ATP.
Photosynthesis process (light and dark reactions)
1) Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts and involves two stages - the light reactions where sunlight is absorbed to make ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle where CO2 is fixed using these products to make glucose.
2) The light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts where photosystems capture light and transfer electrons down a transport chain, powering ATP production. Oxygen is released from water.
3) The Calvin cycle takes place in the chloroplast stroma and uses the ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to incorporate CO2 into organic compounds, specifically glucose, in three steps of fixation, reduction, and regeneration.
Melvin calvin cycle
The Calvin cycle is a light-independent process that fixes carbon dioxide into organic compounds like glucose. It occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts and consists of three phases - carbon fixation, reduction reactions, and regeneration of RuBP. Key enzymes include RuBisCO and regulatory enzymes like Rubisco activase and thioredoxin. The cycle incorporates one CO2 molecule into two 3-carbon G3P molecules, using energy from ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions. Five of the six carbons from G3P are used to regenerate RuBP so the cycle can continue fixing more carbon.
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Cellular energy is obtained through breaking chemical bonds in foods like glucose. ATP is the main carrier of energy in cells, gaining phosphate groups for energy storage and losing them for energy release. Cellular respiration breaks down glucose and uses oxygen to produce ATP through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen through light-dependent and light-independent reactions in chloroplasts.
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The document discusses the Calvin cycle and how it uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 into sugar. It explains that CO2 enters the cycle and is converted into a three-carbon sugar called glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) through three phases: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of the CO2 acceptor. The cycle regenerates its starting material and fixes carbon from three CO2 molecules to produce one G3P molecule.
Glycolysis
This document discusses glycolysis, the process by which glucose is broken down into pyruvate to produce energy in the form of ATP. Glycolysis occurs in two phases - the investment phase which requires energy in the form of ATP, and the reward phase where ATP and NADH are produced. The 10 steps of glycolysis are described in detail, with glucose being broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, producing a net yield of 2 ATP molecules, 2 NADH molecules, and 2 pyruvate molecules. Pyruvate then undergoes further reactions in the mitochondria as part of cellular respiration.
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Photosynthesis converts sunlight into chemical energy through a series of light-dependent and light-independent reactions. The light reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH, which provide energy and electrons to drive the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle fixes carbon from carbon dioxide into organic three-carbon sugars like glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, using the ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions. One sugar molecule is used for growth, while five are recycled to regenerate the starter molecule for the next round of the Calvin cycle.
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Calvin cycle
The Calvin cycle occurs in two stages: carbon fixation and reduction. During carbon fixation, the enzyme RuBisCO incorporates carbon from CO2 into RuBP to form unstable 6-carbon compounds. These 6-carbon compounds are then split into two 3-carbon molecules which are reduced using electrons from NADPH and energy from ATP. The 3-carbon molecules are then rearranged to regenerate RuBP, completing the cycle. The Calvin cycle uses energy from the light reactions in the form of ATP and NADPH along with CO2 to produce organic compounds like glucose.
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The C3 cycle, also known as the Calvin cycle, occurs in the dark phase of photosynthesis and involves fixing carbon dioxide into organic molecules like glucose. It consists of three main stages: fixation, reduction, and regeneration. During fixation, the enzyme rubisco incorporates CO2 into ribulose bisphosphate, producing two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate. These are then reduced using ATP and NADPH in the reduction stage. Finally, the cycle is regenerated as the original ribulose bisphosphate is reformed, allowing it to fix another CO2. The C3 cycle is essential for carbon assimilation in photosynthesis and the primary producer of organic compounds and food energy in plants. It occurs in all photosynthetic organisms
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The document discusses different types of photosynthesis including C3, C4, and CAM photosynthesis. It explains the light reactions and Calvin cycle of C3 photosynthesis. The light reactions produce ATP and NADPH through noncyclic and cyclic electron pathways in the thylakoid membranes. The Calvin cycle uses the ATP and NADPH to fix carbon dioxide and reduce it to produce carbohydrates. It also describes how C4 and CAM photosynthesis have adaptations that allow them to more efficiently fix carbon dioxide in hot or dry environments.
10 - Photosynthesis
انرژی روی زمین توسط خورشید تأمین می شود. گیاهان و ارگانیسمهای خاص از طریق فرآیندی که فتوسنتز نامیده میشود، انرژی خورشید را توسط اندامکهای سلولی ویژهای به نام کلروپلاست به مولکول های آلی تبدیل می کنند. در این فصل ، من در مورد این روند به طور مفصل صحبت خواهم کرد.
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Life on earth is powered by sun. Plants and specific organisms convert the energy of the sun by specialized cellular organelles called chloroplasts into organic molecules through a process which is called photosynthesis. In this chapter, I will talk about this process in details.
Krebs cycle
The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and is a series of chemical reactions that generates energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide. It was discovered by Hans Adolf Krebs in 1937 and is also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle. Each turn of the cycle produces ATP, NADH and FADH2 that are used in cellular respiration to produce more ATP for the cell. Acetyl CoA links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle by entering the cycle in the first step of condensing with oxaloacetate.
C3 pathway in plants.
The document summarizes the Calvin cycle and light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. It describes how photosynthesis uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds like glucose. The light reactions generate ATP and NADPH using pigments in the thylakoid membrane, and the Calvin cycle uses these products to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into 3-phosphoglycerate and then reduce it to form glucose and regenerate the starter molecules. The cycle requires 6 turns to produce one glucose molecule from carbon dioxide using a total of 18 ATP and 12 NADPH.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the central pathway for glucose degradation that produces energy in the form of ATP. During glycolysis, one molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, with the release of energy that is used to form two ATP and two NADH molecules. Glycolysis occurs in ten steps involving several enzymes and is the first metabolic pathway discovered, with the work of Louis Pasteur and others establishing its key reactions. The pathway allows for energy production under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
Dark reactions
1. The Calvin cycle fixes carbon dioxide into carbohydrates using energy from light reactions that produce ATP and NADPH.
2. Enzymes of the Calvin cycle regenerate the 5-carbon sugar RuBP from 3-carbon glyceraldehyde-3-P in chloroplasts.
3. Overall, 3 molecules of CO2 are fixed into one molecule each of two 3-carbon glyceraldehyde-3-P, with the remaining carbons recycled to regenerate 3 molecules of RuBP to continue the cycle.
9 - Metabolism and Transfering Energy - Part Two
سلولهای زنده برای انجام بسیاری از وظایف خود به انتقال انرژی از منابع خارجی نیاز دارند. همه ارگانیسمها باید از طریق فتوسنتز و تنفس سلولی این انرژی را از مولکول های آلی موجود درغذا بدست آورند. تنفس با استفاده از اکسیژن و تولید ATP، باعث شکستن این سوخت میشود. مواد زائد این نوع تنفس، دی اکسید کربن و آب، مواد اولیه فتوسنتز هستند. در این اسلاید، من سعی می کنم چگونگی برداشت سلولها از انرژی ذخیره شده در مولکولهای آلی و استفاده از آن برای تولید ATP از طریق تنفس سلولی را توضیح دهم.
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Living cells require transfusions of energy from outside sources to perform their many tasks. All organism need to obtain this energy from organic molecules of food through photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Respiration breaks this fuel down, using oxygen and generating ATP. The waste products of this type of respiration, carbon dioxide and water, are the raw materials for photosynthesis. In this slide, I try to explain how cells harvest this energy stored in organic molecules and used it to generate ATP through cellular respiration.
Bio 100 Chapter 6
Photosynthesis involves two stages: the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. In the light reactions, solar energy is absorbed by pigments like chlorophyll and used to produce ATP and NADPH. In the Calvin cycle, ATP and NADPH fuel the reduction of carbon dioxide into carbohydrates like glucose. Photosynthesis is essential as it produces oxygen and food for all organisms on Earth.
Bioenergetics
Bioenergetics is the study of energy transformation within living organisms. The human body converts chemical energy from nutrients like carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into ATP through three main energy systems. The ATP-PCr system produces ATP for the first 5 seconds of exercise. Anaerobic glycolysis produces ATP without oxygen for 30-45 seconds through the breakdown of glucose. The aerobic system continuously produces ATP through slow glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, and beta oxidation of fats, providing energy for sustained activity lasting longer than 45 seconds.
Cellular Respiration
The document describes the process of cellular respiration which occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis converts one glucose molecule into two pyruvic acid molecules while producing ATP and NADH. The Krebs cycle further breaks down pyruvic acid to extract more energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and FADH2. Finally, the electron transport chain uses the electrons from NADH and FADH2 to power ATP synthesis, producing about 36 molecules of ATP per glucose molecule through the entire cellular respiration process.
Photosynthesis ppt 1
Photosynthesis uses light energy, carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen. The light reaction uses chlorophyll and light energy to split water, producing ATP, NADPH and oxygen. The dark reaction, or Calvin cycle, uses the ATP and NADPH to convert carbon dioxide into glucose, which is then used or stored as starch in the chloroplast stroma.
Photosynthesis 1
Photosynthesis uses light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds like glucose. It occurs in two stages - the light-dependent reactions where light energy is captured to make ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent reactions where CO2 is incorporated into organic compounds through the Calvin cycle. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and other pigments that absorb light for use in the photosystems. The energy from light drives electron transport and chemiosmosis to produce ATP, then electrons are transferred to NADP+ to form NADPH. These products fuel the Calvin cycle to reduce CO2 into glucose using the energy from ATP and NADPH.
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Cellular energy is obtained through breaking chemical bonds in foods like glucose. ATP is the main carrier of energy in cells, gaining phosphate groups for energy storage and losing them for energy release. Cellular respiration breaks down glucose and uses oxygen to produce ATP through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen through light-dependent and light-independent reactions in chloroplasts.
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The document discusses the Calvin cycle and how it uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 into sugar. It explains that CO2 enters the cycle and is converted into a three-carbon sugar called glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) through three phases: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of the CO2 acceptor. The cycle regenerates its starting material and fixes carbon from three CO2 molecules to produce one G3P molecule.
Glycolysis
This document discusses glycolysis, the process by which glucose is broken down into pyruvate to produce energy in the form of ATP. Glycolysis occurs in two phases - the investment phase which requires energy in the form of ATP, and the reward phase where ATP and NADH are produced. The 10 steps of glycolysis are described in detail, with glucose being broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, producing a net yield of 2 ATP molecules, 2 NADH molecules, and 2 pyruvate molecules. Pyruvate then undergoes further reactions in the mitochondria as part of cellular respiration.
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Photosynthesis converts sunlight into chemical energy through a series of light-dependent and light-independent reactions. The light reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH, which provide energy and electrons to drive the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle fixes carbon from carbon dioxide into organic three-carbon sugars like glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, using the ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions. One sugar molecule is used for growth, while five are recycled to regenerate the starter molecule for the next round of the Calvin cycle.
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The Calvin cycle is the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis that fixes carbon from carbon dioxide into organic compounds. It was discovered by Melvin Calvin and involves three stages: carboxylation of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate, and regeneration of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate. The cycle uses energy from ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions to convert CO2 into glucose, which provides energy for the plant.
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Cellular respiration is a series of reactions that occur in cells to break down glucose and produce ATP. It involves glycolysis in the cytoplasm, which produces 2 ATP and 2 pyruvate. The pyruvate then enters the mitochondria, where it undergoes oxidative decarboxylation and the Krebs cycle, producing more ATP, NADH, and FADH2. These electron carriers are used in the electron transport chain to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, driving ATP synthesis. Aerobic respiration is more efficient at producing ATP than anaerobic respiration such as lactic acid or alcohol fermentation, which occur without oxygen.
Calvin cycle
The Calvin cycle occurs in two stages: carbon fixation and reduction. During carbon fixation, the enzyme RuBisCO incorporates carbon from CO2 into RuBP to form unstable 6-carbon compounds. These 6-carbon compounds are then split into two 3-carbon molecules which are reduced using electrons from NADPH and energy from ATP. The 3-carbon molecules are then rearranged to regenerate RuBP, completing the cycle. The Calvin cycle uses energy from the light reactions in the form of ATP and NADPH along with CO2 to produce organic compounds like glucose.
C3 cycle
The C3 cycle, also known as the Calvin cycle, occurs in the dark phase of photosynthesis and involves fixing carbon dioxide into organic molecules like glucose. It consists of three main stages: fixation, reduction, and regeneration. During fixation, the enzyme rubisco incorporates CO2 into ribulose bisphosphate, producing two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate. These are then reduced using ATP and NADPH in the reduction stage. Finally, the cycle is regenerated as the original ribulose bisphosphate is reformed, allowing it to fix another CO2. The C3 cycle is essential for carbon assimilation in photosynthesis and the primary producer of organic compounds and food energy in plants. It occurs in all photosynthetic organisms
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Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in two stages: the light-dependent reactions where light energy is captured to make ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent reactions where carbon dioxide is incorporated into organic compounds to make glucose. The rate of photosynthesis depends on factors like light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, temperature, and amount of chlorophyll present. Photosynthesis is essential as it provides the primary source of energy and organic molecules on Earth.
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The document discusses different types of photosynthesis including C3, C4, and CAM photosynthesis. It explains the light reactions and Calvin cycle of C3 photosynthesis. The light reactions produce ATP and NADPH through noncyclic and cyclic electron pathways in the thylakoid membranes. The Calvin cycle uses the ATP and NADPH to fix carbon dioxide and reduce it to produce carbohydrates. It also describes how C4 and CAM photosynthesis have adaptations that allow them to more efficiently fix carbon dioxide in hot or dry environments.
10 - Photosynthesis
انرژی روی زمین توسط خورشید تأمین می شود. گیاهان و ارگانیسمهای خاص از طریق فرآیندی که فتوسنتز نامیده میشود، انرژی خورشید را توسط اندامکهای سلولی ویژهای به نام کلروپلاست به مولکول های آلی تبدیل می کنند. در این فصل ، من در مورد این روند به طور مفصل صحبت خواهم کرد.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Life on earth is powered by sun. Plants and specific organisms convert the energy of the sun by specialized cellular organelles called chloroplasts into organic molecules through a process which is called photosynthesis. In this chapter, I will talk about this process in details.
Krebs cycle
The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and is a series of chemical reactions that generates energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide. It was discovered by Hans Adolf Krebs in 1937 and is also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle. Each turn of the cycle produces ATP, NADH and FADH2 that are used in cellular respiration to produce more ATP for the cell. Acetyl CoA links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle by entering the cycle in the first step of condensing with oxaloacetate.
C3 pathway in plants.
The document summarizes the Calvin cycle and light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. It describes how photosynthesis uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds like glucose. The light reactions generate ATP and NADPH using pigments in the thylakoid membrane, and the Calvin cycle uses these products to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into 3-phosphoglycerate and then reduce it to form glucose and regenerate the starter molecules. The cycle requires 6 turns to produce one glucose molecule from carbon dioxide using a total of 18 ATP and 12 NADPH.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the central pathway for glucose degradation that produces energy in the form of ATP. During glycolysis, one molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, with the release of energy that is used to form two ATP and two NADH molecules. Glycolysis occurs in ten steps involving several enzymes and is the first metabolic pathway discovered, with the work of Louis Pasteur and others establishing its key reactions. The pathway allows for energy production under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
Dark reactions
1. The Calvin cycle fixes carbon dioxide into carbohydrates using energy from light reactions that produce ATP and NADPH.
2. Enzymes of the Calvin cycle regenerate the 5-carbon sugar RuBP from 3-carbon glyceraldehyde-3-P in chloroplasts.
3. Overall, 3 molecules of CO2 are fixed into one molecule each of two 3-carbon glyceraldehyde-3-P, with the remaining carbons recycled to regenerate 3 molecules of RuBP to continue the cycle.
9 - Metabolism and Transfering Energy - Part Two
سلولهای زنده برای انجام بسیاری از وظایف خود به انتقال انرژی از منابع خارجی نیاز دارند. همه ارگانیسمها باید از طریق فتوسنتز و تنفس سلولی این انرژی را از مولکول های آلی موجود درغذا بدست آورند. تنفس با استفاده از اکسیژن و تولید ATP، باعث شکستن این سوخت میشود. مواد زائد این نوع تنفس، دی اکسید کربن و آب، مواد اولیه فتوسنتز هستند. در این اسلاید، من سعی می کنم چگونگی برداشت سلولها از انرژی ذخیره شده در مولکولهای آلی و استفاده از آن برای تولید ATP از طریق تنفس سلولی را توضیح دهم.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Living cells require transfusions of energy from outside sources to perform their many tasks. All organism need to obtain this energy from organic molecules of food through photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Respiration breaks this fuel down, using oxygen and generating ATP. The waste products of this type of respiration, carbon dioxide and water, are the raw materials for photosynthesis. In this slide, I try to explain how cells harvest this energy stored in organic molecules and used it to generate ATP through cellular respiration.
Bio 100 Chapter 6
Photosynthesis involves two stages: the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. In the light reactions, solar energy is absorbed by pigments like chlorophyll and used to produce ATP and NADPH. In the Calvin cycle, ATP and NADPH fuel the reduction of carbon dioxide into carbohydrates like glucose. Photosynthesis is essential as it produces oxygen and food for all organisms on Earth.
Bioenergetics
Bioenergetics is the study of energy transformation within living organisms. The human body converts chemical energy from nutrients like carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into ATP through three main energy systems. The ATP-PCr system produces ATP for the first 5 seconds of exercise. Anaerobic glycolysis produces ATP without oxygen for 30-45 seconds through the breakdown of glucose. The aerobic system continuously produces ATP through slow glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, and beta oxidation of fats, providing energy for sustained activity lasting longer than 45 seconds.
Cellular Respiration
The document describes the process of cellular respiration which occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis converts one glucose molecule into two pyruvic acid molecules while producing ATP and NADH. The Krebs cycle further breaks down pyruvic acid to extract more energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and FADH2. Finally, the electron transport chain uses the electrons from NADH and FADH2 to power ATP synthesis, producing about 36 molecules of ATP per glucose molecule through the entire cellular respiration process.
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Photosynthesis ppt 1
Photosynthesis uses light energy, carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen. The light reaction uses chlorophyll and light energy to split water, producing ATP, NADPH and oxygen. The dark reaction, or Calvin cycle, uses the ATP and NADPH to convert carbon dioxide into glucose, which is then used or stored as starch in the chloroplast stroma.
Photosynthesis 1
Photosynthesis uses light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds like glucose. It occurs in two stages - the light-dependent reactions where light energy is captured to make ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent reactions where CO2 is incorporated into organic compounds through the Calvin cycle. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and other pigments that absorb light for use in the photosystems. The energy from light drives electron transport and chemiosmosis to produce ATP, then electrons are transferred to NADP+ to form NADPH. These products fuel the Calvin cycle to reduce CO2 into glucose using the energy from ATP and NADPH.
Photosynthesis (form 4 biology)
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in chloroplasts and involves the absorption of light by chlorophyll to energize electrons that drive a series of chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds, such as glucose. These compounds can then be used to fuel plant growth and metabolism. Photosynthesis releases oxygen as a byproduct and is essential for producing the oxygen needed for aerobic respiration in animals and humans.
BIOLOGY FORM 4 CHAPTER 6 - NUTRITION PART 3
- Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant leaves and involves two stages: the light-dependent reactions where light energy is captured to make ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent reactions where CO2 is fixed into sugars like glucose.
- The key reactants are water and carbon dioxide, and the key products are oxygen, glucose, and water.
- Many scientists over centuries contributed to understanding photosynthesis through experiments, including its dependence on light and involvement of water as a source of electrons.
BIOLOGY FORM 4 CHAPTER 6 - NUTRITION PART 1
1. A balanced diet consists of water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, mineral salts, vitamins, and dietary fiber. Each nutrient has specific functions and sources.
2. Carbohydrates provide energy and are stored as glycogen or starch. Lipids also provide energy and are stored as fat. Proteins are needed for growth, repair, and making enzymes and antibodies.
3. Mineral salts like calcium, iron, and phosphorus help cells function properly and are obtained from foods like milk, meat, and grains. Vitamins aid chemical reactions in the body and are obtained from various food sources.
Photosynthesis
The light-dependent reactions convert solar energy to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. These products are then used in the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) to fix carbon dioxide into sugars. Therefore, the function accomplished by the light-dependent reactions is energy storage. The answer is A.
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Photosynthesis presentation
The document summarizes key aspects of photosynthesis. It describes:
1) The two main stages of photosynthesis - the light-dependent reactions where light energy is captured to form ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where carbon is fixed into sugars.
2) The role of chlorophyll, carotenoids, and other pigments in absorbing light and driving photosynthesis.
3) How the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis are used in the light reactions to generate ATP.
4) The steps of the Calvin cycle including carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of RuBP.
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The Calvin cycle is the light-independent phase of photosynthesis that assimilates carbon from CO2 into organic compounds. It occurs in three stages in chloroplasts: 1) CO2 fixation into 3-phosphoglycerate catalyzed by RuBisCO, 2) reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate using ATP and NADPH from the light reactions, and 3) regeneration of RuBP from glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate using ATP to restart the cycle. One turn of the cycle produces one molecule of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate that can be used for carbohydrate biosynthesis.
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1. The document discusses various types of photosynthesis including non-cyclic and cyclic photophosphorylation, C3 and C4 pathways, and CAM pathway.
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Biochemistry lecture notes metabolism_glycolysis & pentose phosphate pathway
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Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It takes place in two stages: the light-dependent reactions where light energy is captured to form ATP and NADPH using chlorophyll, and the light-independent reactions of the Calvin cycle where carbon from carbon dioxide is incorporated into organic compounds to form glucose. C4 and CAM plants have evolved adaptations to concentrate carbon dioxide and increase photosynthetic efficiency under hot and dry conditions.
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Bacterial photosynthesis involves light-harvesting pigments that capture light energy and transfer it to reaction centers. The energy is converted to electrons that are fed into an electron transport chain, generating a proton motive force used by ATPases to make ATP. There are five photosynthetic bacterial groups classified based on 16S rRNA, including oxygenic cyanobacteria/prochlorophytes and anoxygenic purple bacteria, green sulfur bacteria, heliobacteria, and green gliding bacteria. Oxygenic photosynthesis results in O2 release and CO2 removal using two photosystems, while anoxygenic photosynthesis uses bacteriochlorophyll and one photosystem to generate ATP without O2 production.
Photosynthesis
This document summarizes key aspects of photosynthesis. It describes that photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Light energy is captured and used to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into sugars, with oxygen as a byproduct. The process takes place in chloroplasts and involves two stages - the light reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the dark reactions where CO2 is fixed into sugars. Pigments like chlorophyll and accessory pigments harvest light energy which is used to power electron transport and produce chemical energy carriers.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in two phases - the light-dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced to store energy, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where carbon is fixed from carbon dioxide into organic compounds like glucose using the ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions. Environmental factors like light intensity, temperature and oxygen concentration can affect the rate of photosynthesis. Photorespiration occurs when oxygen is used instead of carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle, preventing glucose production.
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2) Under anaerobic conditions, fermentation pathways like lactic acid and alcohol fermentation allow glycolysis to continue by regenerating NAD+ from NADH.
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Biochemistry lecture notes metabolism_glycolysis & pentose phosphate pathway
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20100906140910 presentation1 photosynthesis
- 2. What are the process occurs in photosynthesis? How starch is synthesize?
- 3. THYLAKOID Chloroplast Dark reaction occurs Light reaction occurs STROMA
- 4. Light Reaction o Light energy Chemical energy o Chlorophyll & accessory pigments absorb slightly different color of light and pass its energy to central chlorophyll molecule (Chlorophyll a) to do photosynthesis. o Two forms of chlorophyll a molecules (a) P700 in PSI (700 nm) (b) P680 in PSII(680 nm) o Role of Photosystem :Provide sufficient energy to boost the photoactivated electron to an energy level high enough accepted by NADP : pump proton across thylakoid membranes.
- 7. Photosynthesis: Pathway of Carbon Fixation STARCH
- 9. CO2 combines with the phosphorylated 5-carbon sugar ribulose bisphosphate (RUBP) reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (RUBISCO) resulting 6-carbon compound breaks down into two molecules of 3-phosphoglyceric acid (PGA). PGA molecules are further phosphorylated (by ATP) and are reduced (by NADPH) to form phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL). Enzyme responsible for fixing 200 bilion tons of CO2 anually
- 10. Phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL) serves as the starting material for the synthesis of glucose and fructose. Glucose and fructose Polysaccharide Synthesis starch & cellulose Travel to other part of the plant As Monomer Sucrose
- 11. CARBOXYLATION REDUCTION REGENERATION CO2 + H20 3-phosphoglycerate ATP + NADPH ADP + Pi NADP+ Triose PhosphateSucrose, Starch ATP ADP
- 12. Equation of sugar glucosE 6CO2 + 12H2O C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2
- 13. CH2O~PChlorophyll H20 O2 CH2O~P H20 CO2 + H2O (CH2O)n ATP [ADP + Pi], NADP+ + NADPH Light
- 14. Reduction Process in Calvin cycle
- 15. • Adds a phosphate from ATP to the 3-PGA • removes hydrogen from NADPH and adds it to the 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate • In this reduction, a phosphate is removed • resulting NADP+, ADP, and Pi can be recycled to the light reactions • These steps demonstrate why the light reactions and Calvin cycle are interdependent
- 16. Why convert Glucose to Starch?
- 17. • products of photosynthesis are assembled in plant to make glucose • Glucose (C6H12O6) is a monosaccharide or single sugar • plant uses glucose as short-term energy storage • converted into a polysaccharide called starch, allowing the plant to store most of the energy collected in photosynthesis in the chemical bonds between the sugars
- 18. • When the plant needs energy, the bonds holding the glucose molecules together are broken, and energy is released • Starch is a better way to store energy because it has more bonds to hold potential energy and it can be stored in large amounts without disturbing the rest of the plant.