This document provides a review for a semester exam covering topics in biology. It begins by defining the three types of variables in an experiment - controlled, manipulated, and responding variables. Next, it lists the eight characteristics of living things and provides examples. It defines homeostasis and discusses the importance of following safety procedures. The document then reviews experimental design and provides examples of descriptive, comparative, and experimental labs. It continues reviewing topics including the classification system, microscopes, cells, and more.

1. 2010 Semester Exam ReviewDay 1 patrickquinney@nisd.net

2. 1.)List, define and give an example of the 3 types of variables in an experiment.Slides 1-6 Textbook page 9 The three types of variables in an experiment are… A.) Controlled Variable B.) Manipulated Variable C.) Responding Variable Each of the variables will be covered in the next three slides. Redi’s experiment will be used as an example for each of the different types variables.

3. Controlled Variable Factor in an experiment that scientist purposely keep the same. In Redi’s experiment to disprove the theory of Spontaneous Generation his controlled variables were. Jars Type of meat Location Temperature Time

4. Manipulated Variable Factor in an experiment that a scientist purposely changes. These are also known as independent variables. In Redi’s experiment the manipulated variable or independent variable was the gauze covering that keeps the flies away from the meat.

5. Responding Variable Factor in an experiment that a scientist wants to observe, which may change in response to the manipulated variable; also known as a dependent variable In Redi’s experiment the Responding or Dependent variable was whether or not maggots appeared on the meat in the jars.

6. Diagram or of Redi’s Experiment

7. 2.)List the characteristics of all living things Living things are made up units called cells. Living things reproduce Living things are based on a universal genetic code. Living things grow and develop. Living things obtain and use materials and energy Living things respond to their environment. Living things maintain a stable internal environment. Taken as a group, living things change over time. Page 16 text book

8. Living things are made up units called cells. All Living things are composed of cells. Pictured here are the three types of muscle cells that humans have in them. There are many different types of cells that carry out very special and unique functions in living things.

9. Living things reproduce Sexual Reproduction Process by which two cells from different parents unite to produce the first cell of a new organism. Asexual Reproduction Process by which a single parent reproduces by itself. Budding is an example of asexual reproduction.

10. Living things are based on a universal genetic code. The universal genetic code for living things is DNA. Every organism is has its own genetic code.

11. Living things grow and develop

12. Living things obtain and use materials and energy

13. Living things respond to their environment. These people have responded to their environment by wearing warm clothes.

14. Living things maintain a stable internal environment. Sometimes when people become heated they sweat to maintain a stable internal environment. The maintaining of a stable internal environment is homeostasis.

15. Taken as a group, living things change over time. The process of evolution is change over time. Organisms change over time to make them better suited to survive in their environment.

16. 4.)Define homeostasis Homeostasis-Process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment. This person is shivering to help warm his body as it is too cold. Page 19 Textbook

17. 5.)When is it important to follow safety procedures? It is important to follow safety procedures all the time. Lab Safety is critical to ensure the safety of all persons.

18. 6.)Describe and give an example of: Descriptive Lab –Is a lab in which Scientist make observations and describe the what is observed in a lab. Jane Goodall was famous for her descriptive research of the Bonobo Ape.

19. Comparative Lab A lab in which a scientist is comparing different lab set ups to answer a hypothesis. In the lab pictured to the right the rate of photosynthesis is measured with the light source at different distance. This is a comparative lab because the rate of Photosynthesis is being measured at different distances. Comparing the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis

20. Experimental Lab Identify the problem Form Hypothesis Test Hypothesis Record and Analyze data State the Conclusion Repeat the Experiment

21. Label the Microscope Use the microscope pictured here to help you label the Microscope pictured on your review.

22. Prokaryotic / Prokaryote A prokaryotic cell is a cell that lacks unit membrane bound organelles.

23. Eukaryotic Cell A Eukaryotic Cell is a cell that has a nucleus an unit membrane bound organelles.

24. Heterotroph Organism that obtains energy from the food that it consumes; also called a consumer.

25. Autotroph Organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer.

26. Name the 7 levels of the classification system, in order. (Remember: King Philip….). Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

27. What are the 2 rules for using a dichotomous key?

28. 13.)USE THE FOLLOWING DICHOTOMOUS KEY TO IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING ORGANISMS. 1A. Hair present………………………………………………go to 2 1B. Hair absent………………………………………………..go to 4 2A. Tail present……………………………………………………Un 2B. Tail absent…………………………………………………go to 3 3A. Appendages present………………………………………….Deux 3B. Appendages absent……………………………………………Trois 4A. Tail present……………………………………………………Quatre 4B. Tail absent…………………………………………………..…Cinq Cinq Quatre Trois Cinq Un Deux

29. Day 2 Semester EXAM REVIEW

30. 10.)Are bacteria prokaryotic OR eukaryotic? Are they unicellular ORmulticellular? Bacteria are prokaryotic unicellular organisms. Remember prokaryotic organisms do not have a nucleus. Remember a unicellular organism is one that is composed of only one cell.

31. 11.)What is used to treat bacterial infections? Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections.

32. 12.)Are viruses living? A virus is a particle made up of nucleic acid, protein, and some cases lipids that can replicate only by infecting other cells. Viruses are not considered living organisms.

33. 13.) What must viruses do to reproduce or use energy? Viruses can only reproduce by infecting living cells.

34. 14.)What is used to prevent viral infections? Vaccines are used to prevent viral infections.

35. 15.)Protists can be found most likely in ______________. Protists can most likely be found in pond water. A protist is any organism that is not a plant, animal, a fungus, or prokaryote.

36. 16.)Characteristics of Protist Protists: Unicellular OR Multicellular Prokaryote OR Eukaryote Move with cilia/flagella OR don’t move Protist are unicellular /single celled. Protist are Eukaryotic meaning that the cell has a nucleus. Some protist can move with cilia or flagella. Cilia are short hair like projections Flagella is a long whip like tail.

37. 17.)Compare and contrast the animal and plant kingdom. Animal Kingdom consist of heterotrophic multi-cellular organisms. Plant Kingdom consist of autotrophic multi-cellular organisms that have the ability make their own food through the process of photosynthesis.

38. 18.) Put the following labels under the appropriate image. Some may be used more than once and some may have more than one label: Bacteria Plant Cell Animal Cell Prokaryote Eukaryote Virus Animal Cell Eukaryotic Plant Cell Eukaryotic Virus Bacteria Prokaryotic

39. 19. Circle the one that requires a host cell for grow & Reproduction _________________

40. 20.) PUT the steps of the LYTIC CYCLE below in order by labeling them #1-5. THEN WRITE THE DESCRIPTION FOR EACH STEP NEXT TO EACH PICTURE The description for each of the next steps is on the next 5 slides. 3 1 5 4 2

41. 20.) Continued Bacteriophage injects DNA into the Bacterium. Vocabulary: Bacteriophage is a virus that infects a bacteria.

42. 20. Continued The DNA from the Bacteriophage forms a circle.

43. 20. Continued Bacteriophage takes over bacterium’s metabolism causing synthesis of new bacteriophage proteins and nucleic acids.

44. 20. Continued Bacteriophage proteins and nucleic acids assemble into complete bacteriophage particles.

45. 20. Continued Bacteriophage enzymes lyses the bacterium’s cell wall, releasing new bacteriophage particles that can attack other cells.

46. Benchmark #1 Review Questions 4. Which of the following is an example of a prokaryotic cell? A. An animal cell B. A bacterial cell C. A fungal cell D. A plant cell

47. Benchmark #1 Review Questions 8. Students research unicellular, prokaryotic organisms that live in harsh environments such as volcanic hot springs, brine pools, and anaerobic black mud. Which of these groups is the students most likely researching? A. Archaebacteria B. Plantae C. Protista D. Eubacteria

48. Benchmark #1 Review Questions 10. A laboratory investigation included examing prepared slides of pond water. Single-celled organisms with a nucleus and either cilia or flagella were visible. These organisms probably belong to the kingdom… A. Animalia B. Fungi C. Plantae D. Protista

49. Benchmark #1 Review Questions 16. Streptococcus infection in a person’s throat can cause pain and fever. Streptococcus can be controlled by antibiotics. Streptococcus is a … A. virus B. bacterium C. protozoan D. fungus Remember bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics

50. Day 3 Semester EXAM

51. 1.) Where do fungi commonly live? Fungi are decomposers and are generally found in moist dark places.

52. 2.) Fungi Continued Fungi are multicellular. This means that they are made of more than one cell. Fungi are Eukaryotic. This means that fungi are composed of cells that have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Fungi are heterotrophic. This means that fungi cannot make their own food. Fungi are decomposers .

53. 3/5 Characteristics of Plants Plants are multicellular. This means that plants are made of more than one cell. Plants are composed of Eukaryotic cells. This means that the cells have a nucleus and unit membrane bound organelles. Plants are autotrophic this means that plants can make their own food. Plants make their own food by the process of photosynthesis.

54. 6.)What does autotroph mean? Plants are autotrophic this means that plants can make their own food. By carrying out the process of Photosynthesis plants are considered Autotrophic Organisms.

55. 7.)List the 3 functions of stems: Stems produce leaves branches and flowers. Hold leaves up to the sunlight. Transports materials between the roots and the leaves through veins.

56. 8.) . Define/Describe the following words: Vascular Tissue- Structures inside plants that transports materials. Xylem – Transports water. Phloem- Transports sugars and nutrients

57. xylem Xylem – Transports water.

58. phloem Phloem- Transports sugars and nutrients

59. Roots Absorb water and nutrients and anchor the plant to the ground.

60. Tap Root Primary root in some plants that that grows longer and thicker than other roots. Carrots are great examples of a plant that has a tap root.

61. Fibrous Roots Part of a root system in which roots branch to such an extent that no single root grows larger than the rest. Tap Root Fibrous Roots

62. 9.) . Define/Describe the following words. Stomata-Opening in the underside of the leaf that allows carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse in to and out of the leaf.

63. Guard cells Specialized cells in the epidermis that control the opening and closing of stomata by responding to changes in water pressure.

64. Transpiration The loss of water from a plant through its leaves. The water leaves through the stomata.

65. 10.)Label the following parts on the flower below: style ovary petal anther sepal

66. 11.) Which one part listed in question 10 is a male part of the flower? The male parts of a flower include the anther and a filament which together make up the stamen.

67. 12.)Which 2 parts listed in question 10 above are female parts of the flower? The female parts of the flower in number 10 include the ovary and style.

68. 13. Which seed in the pictures below is spread by wind? This seed is best adapted to be spread by the wind.

69. 14.)Match the following parts of the leaf cross section and their function: __R___ & ___S__: Site of most photosynthetic activity ___Q___: Epidermis- to protect ___T___: Stomata- allows gas exchange

70. 4 Which of these structures protects a leaf from drying out? The cuticle is the structure that prevents the leaf from drying out. The answer is Q.

71. Which of these characteristics might help a plant species survive in an area with limited sunlight? A Bright flowers B Large leaves C Short stems D Thick cuticles The picture to the right is a picture of plants of a tropical rainforest. In the rainforest plants mostly compete for sunlight. Notice the size of the leaves.

72. 18 The diagram shows a cross section of a leaf from a plant that most likely — A grows in the desert B floats on a pond C lives under trees D climbs up walls

73. . Name label for each phylum or subphylum of the Animal Kingdom using names below Mollusca

74. Kingdom Animalia Annelida

75. Kingdom Animalia Porifera

76. Kingdom Animalia Cnidaria

77. Kingdom Animalia Arthropoda

78. Kingdom Animalia Platyhelminthes

79. Kingdom Animalia Echinodermata

80. Kingdom Animalia Vertebrata

81. Kingdom Animalia Nematoda

82. Day 4 Ecology 1.) Define symbiosis. Symbiosis-Relationship in which two species live closely together. The picture of the Clown Fish and Sea Anemone are an example of a symbiotic relationship. (Mutualism)

83. 2.)List and define the three types of symbiosis. Mutualism-Symbiotic relationship in which both species are benefited by the relationship. Example: Clownfish and Sea Anemone. The Clownfish is protected by the stinging tentacles of the sea anemone and the sea anemone is cleaned by the clownfish.

84. Commensalism Commensalism- Is when one species is benefited by the relationship and the other is neither helped or harmed. Example: The Cattle Egrets are benefited by the relationship with the cattle as they are able to capture and eat insects that the cow stir up while grazing. The white birds are Egrets.

85. Parasitism Parasitism-Symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives in or on another organism and harms it. Example: Ticks often get on dogs or livestock and harm them as they suck out their blood. Ticks are the parasite Dogs are the host. This is a picture of a tick on a dog. The tick is sucking the dogs blood.

86. 3.)Identify the following as Mutualism (M), Parasitism (P) or Commensalism (C) _M___ honey guide bird & badger __P__ mistletoe & spruce tree __C__ cowbird & buffalo

87. 4.) Define Producer Producer-Organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to make food from inorganic compounds. Example: Plants Plants are considered producers because they carry out photosynthesis.

88. 5.)Define Consumer Organism that relies on other organisms for its energy and food supply; also called a heterotroph. These cows are consumers because they rely upon the grass for their food supply.

89. 6.) Define Decomposer Organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter. Mushrooms and other Fungi are considered decomposers as they break down decaying plant and animal matter.

90. 7.) Define Food Web. Network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem. It is important to remember that the arrows in a food web or chain indicate the direction that energy moves.

91. 8.) Define Ecology Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment.

92. 9.) Define Habitat The area in which an organism lives, including the biotic and abiotic factors that affect it. Biotic = Living factor, plants, and animals. Abiotic=Non living factors such as stones, soil, weather, and temperature. The Polar Bears Habitat is in the far North and the biotic factors may include snowshoe hare , artic fox, carribou, seals, and other organisms. The abiotic factors will include the cold temperature, snow and ice.

93. 10.) Define Biosphere Part of Earth in which life exists including land water and air or atmosphere. BIO= Live or Living Sphere=is what the earth is or a ball. The word biosphere literally means living sphere.

94. 11.) Define population Population-Group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area. The population sign indicates the human population for Waterloo.

95. 12.) Look at the food chain below and answer the following questions: Plant Insect Frog  Snake Hawk Producer 1st Consumer 2nd Consumer Tertiary Consumer quaternary (40) consumer

96. 12 Some plants have a hard waxy coating on their leaves that helps prevent water loss. In which environment do these plants most likely grow? These plants would mostly like be found in an environment in which there is limited water such as a desert environment. This cactus has a thick waxy cuticle to prevent water loss as it is found in a desert and water is limited. It even has sharp thorns to prevent other organisms from eating it.

97. 13.) Define and give an example of a limiting factor. Factor that causes the growth of a population to decrease. A drought may cause a population to decrease in size as it is a time with limited or no rainfall.

98. 15.) Define abiotic factor and give an example: Physical or non living factor that shapes an ecosystem. Examples Weather Temperature Water Stone/Rocks

99. 16.) Define Biotic and give an example Biological influence on organisms within an ecosystem. Is anything that is living within an ecosystem.

100. 17.) Put a box around plants 18.) Put a circle around all organisms except for plants. 19.) Primary consumers. Ants; decomposers. Secondary Consumers. Lizards; Texas Horned Lizards. Third level consumers Snakes; Coyote; Hawks 4th Level Consumers Coyote; Hawk

101. 20.) Which animals belong to more than one tropic level? SNAKE HAWK

102. 21.) What was the original source of energy in the food web? The sun is the original source of energy for the food web.

103. 22.) The box lists some characteristics of a plant that has adapted to conditions in its environment. To which type of environment is the plant best adapted? The type of environment that this plant is most suited to live in is that of a tundra or very cold region. Perhaps it is a plant such as lichens.

104. 23.) What is Biomass? Total amount of living tissue at a trophic level.

105. 24.) What is an ecological pyramid? Diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter within each trophic level.

106. 25.) As you move up the ecological pyramid does the biomass increase or decrease? When moving up the pyramid the biomass decreases. You can see that the Biomass obviously decreases.

107. 26.) Draw and label an energy ecological pyramid with 7000 Kc at the first level. (Follow the 10% law) 7Kc 70Kc 700Kc 7000 Kc

108. 27.) The picture shows a certain plant’s adaptations. In which environment (biome) would these adaptations be most beneficial? This plant is best adapted to live in a dessert biome. It is designed to be able to quickly store water. In addition it has a thick waxy skin to prevent water loss.

109. 28.) Draw a box around the leaf type is most likely to help a plant survive in an arid or dry habitat. This plant is most likely going to be able to survive in an arid or dry habitat as it has a thick waxy cuticle that prevents water loss and is able to store water in its thick leaves when water is available.

110. 29.) Draw a circle around the leaf type most likely to help a plant species survive in an area with limited sunlight. This plants leaf structure is designed to help it to survive in an environment that has limited sunlight. Its large size allows it to absorb the maximum amount of light.

111. 30.) Benchmark #1 Review Questions 14. The graph presents the populations of two different species in an ecosystem over a period of several years. Which statement is a possible explanation for the changes shown? A. Species A is better adapted to this environment. B. Species A is a predator of species B. C. Species B is better adapted to this environment. D. Species B is a parasite that has benefited from species A.

112. According to the diagram, gases released during animal respiration contain carbon atoms that will most likely become part of … A. the ozone layer B. glucose molecules C. root respiration D. ocean uptake