The document analyzes the determinants of employment decisions among the elderly in Thailand using survey data from 1990-2007. A probit regression model was used to identify factors that influence whether elderly persons remain in the labor force. The analysis found that age, education level, gender, marital status and health significantly impact labor force participation. Living arrangements also have an effect, with those living alone or in multi-generational households more likely to work. The likelihood of employment decreases with pension income, household size and number of dependents.
Pittsburgh talk on Emergence and in Gauge/Gravity DualitiesSebastian De Haro
Talk given at the conference "Effective Theories, Mixed Scale Modeling, and Emergence", Center for Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburg, 2-4 October 2015.
Recent developments in gauge/gravity dualities suggest that RG flows and the dynamics of spacetime are intimately related. The direction along which the theory’s couplings ‘flow’, typically an energy scale, is reinterpreted as a dimension (spatial or temporal) in which fields can evolve. It is often claimed that space, time, and-or gravity ‘emerge’ from a lower-dimensional theory in this way.
The aim of this talk is to: (i) present a framework for discussing emergence in cases of duality; (ii) assess the claims of emergence in the best studied case of gauge/gravity duality: the AdS/CFT correspondence; (iii) comment on the possibility of carrying these ideas over to a cosmological context, viz. of de Sitter space-time.
Regarding (i): after introducing general notions of duality and emergence, I argue that these two notions preclude one another. Coarse-graining comes to the rescue, suggesting two possible ways in which emergence can take place in the case of dualities (and I argue that this exhausts the possibilities). (ii) Then I introduce holographic RG techniques as used in AdS/CFT. And I employ the general framework of dualities and emergence to assess in what sense these are cases of emergence. (iii) In the last part of the talk, I discuss the conjectured dS/CFT correspondence for cosmological scenario’s. After (a) discussing some of the difficulties for holographic theories of de Sitter spacetime, (b) I review current progress on two proposals for dS/CFT, and (c) discuss in what sense time can be said to emerge in such scenarios.
Pittsburgh talk on Emergence and in Gauge/Gravity DualitiesSebastian De Haro
Talk given at the conference "Effective Theories, Mixed Scale Modeling, and Emergence", Center for Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburg, 2-4 October 2015.
Recent developments in gauge/gravity dualities suggest that RG flows and the dynamics of spacetime are intimately related. The direction along which the theory’s couplings ‘flow’, typically an energy scale, is reinterpreted as a dimension (spatial or temporal) in which fields can evolve. It is often claimed that space, time, and-or gravity ‘emerge’ from a lower-dimensional theory in this way.
The aim of this talk is to: (i) present a framework for discussing emergence in cases of duality; (ii) assess the claims of emergence in the best studied case of gauge/gravity duality: the AdS/CFT correspondence; (iii) comment on the possibility of carrying these ideas over to a cosmological context, viz. of de Sitter space-time.
Regarding (i): after introducing general notions of duality and emergence, I argue that these two notions preclude one another. Coarse-graining comes to the rescue, suggesting two possible ways in which emergence can take place in the case of dualities (and I argue that this exhausts the possibilities). (ii) Then I introduce holographic RG techniques as used in AdS/CFT. And I employ the general framework of dualities and emergence to assess in what sense these are cases of emergence. (iii) In the last part of the talk, I discuss the conjectured dS/CFT correspondence for cosmological scenario’s. After (a) discussing some of the difficulties for holographic theories of de Sitter spacetime, (b) I review current progress on two proposals for dS/CFT, and (c) discuss in what sense time can be said to emerge in such scenarios.
Стандарт технического сопровождения LinuxWizardLWandWs
Презентация рассказывает о технической поддержке программных решений проекта, включающей комплекс таких услуг, как аудит сети заказчика, подбор оптимального решения, установка, настройка и адаптация ПО, абонементное обслуживание, выезды, консультации по телефону, электронной почте и онлайн, через систему регистрации заявок support.linuxwizard.ru.
This completely new approach to jQuery. I made a super simple tutorial about jQuery. From this you can take a syntax easier. Enjoy.
=> Please comment how you feel about this tutorial :)
Thank you very much.
เอกสารประกอบการสัมมนา The wisdom of finance by SICA 2nd เมื่อวันที่ 20-6-2558 ที่ผ่านมา หัวข้อ Price+volume เพื่อให้นักลงทุนเห็นความสำคัญของการวิเคราะห์ทางเทคนิค และนำไปใช้งานได้เหมาะสมกับการเก็งกำไรของนักลงทุน
Автор: Грег Шо
Организация Международная федерация по вопросам
старения, директор по международному
сотрудничеству
Название "NGO’s – Building Age Friendly Communities"
Дата: 18.09.12
Support Systems for Working Carers in Japan and Taiwan-Controls and Globalisation.
Masaya Shimmei, Research Fellow, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
Convergence or Divergence in Family Care between the East and the West: care, work, gender & state
Prof Yueh-Ching Chou, Institute of Health and Welfare Policy, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan
Carers and Work-Care Reconciliation International Conference
University of Leeds, 13th August 2013
Dr Ellina Samantroy's presentation at UNICEF Innocenti's Inception Scoping Workshop for Evidence on Educational Strategies to Address Child Labour in India & Bangladesh, held in New Delhi in November 2019.
Стандарт технического сопровождения LinuxWizardLWandWs
Презентация рассказывает о технической поддержке программных решений проекта, включающей комплекс таких услуг, как аудит сети заказчика, подбор оптимального решения, установка, настройка и адаптация ПО, абонементное обслуживание, выезды, консультации по телефону, электронной почте и онлайн, через систему регистрации заявок support.linuxwizard.ru.
This completely new approach to jQuery. I made a super simple tutorial about jQuery. From this you can take a syntax easier. Enjoy.
=> Please comment how you feel about this tutorial :)
Thank you very much.
เอกสารประกอบการสัมมนา The wisdom of finance by SICA 2nd เมื่อวันที่ 20-6-2558 ที่ผ่านมา หัวข้อ Price+volume เพื่อให้นักลงทุนเห็นความสำคัญของการวิเคราะห์ทางเทคนิค และนำไปใช้งานได้เหมาะสมกับการเก็งกำไรของนักลงทุน
Автор: Грег Шо
Организация Международная федерация по вопросам
старения, директор по международному
сотрудничеству
Название "NGO’s – Building Age Friendly Communities"
Дата: 18.09.12
Support Systems for Working Carers in Japan and Taiwan-Controls and Globalisation.
Masaya Shimmei, Research Fellow, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
Convergence or Divergence in Family Care between the East and the West: care, work, gender & state
Prof Yueh-Ching Chou, Institute of Health and Welfare Policy, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan
Carers and Work-Care Reconciliation International Conference
University of Leeds, 13th August 2013
Dr Ellina Samantroy's presentation at UNICEF Innocenti's Inception Scoping Workshop for Evidence on Educational Strategies to Address Child Labour in India & Bangladesh, held in New Delhi in November 2019.
Presentation of Study Conducted by VACHAN on Causes of Malnutrition
in District Planning and Development Committee and to Secretary, Governor of Maharashtra
Presentation made by government of Chile during Indonesia’s study visit to South America Social Policies on June 2012. The study tour was organized by UNDP/IPC-IG.
The Longevity Economy - The Missing (Employer) Dividend - Presentation to Australian Human Resources Institute Diversity & Inclusion Conference Sydney 3 May 2018
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...
2 t.k.-tk employment elderly thailand ppt
1. EMPLOYMENT BEHAVIOUR OF THE ELDERLY
IN THAILAND
Thuttai Keeratipongpaiboon
Department of Economics
School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London
The 11th IFA Global Conference on Ageing
28 May – 1 June 2012. Prague, the Czech Republic
International Federation on Ageing (IFA)
A part of the CSEAS Project
2. Structure
1 2 3 4
1 Introduction
2 Old-Age Employment Situation in Thailand
3 Determinant of Employment Decisions of the Elderly
4 Conclusion
2
3. Introduction
1 2 3 4
Significance of the Research
• Increasing longevity: longer period of retirement
• Thai elderly people cannot rely on their own savings and invisible pensions: need family supports
• Urbanisation has deteriorated strength of family relationship: what happen to Thai elderly people?
• Possibility: a number of Thai elderly people have to be economically active for their own survival.
• Research aim: to study dynamic of employment behaviour of the elderly in Thailand
Methodology
• Data
• Socio-Economic Survey (SES) Data, 1990-2007 (National Statistical Office)
• Survey of the Older Persons in Thailand (SOP), 2007 (National Statistical Office)
• Secondary data from reliable sources
• Methodology
• Descriptive Analysis
• Econometric Analysis – using a Probit regression model
3
4. Situation of Population Ageing in Thailand
1 2 3 4
Old-age Dependency Ratio is on an upward trend: Thailand has the highest rate in the SEA region
14,0
Old-Age Dependency Ratio (% 65+/15-64)
12,0
10,0
8,0
6,0
4,0
2,0
0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Indonesia LAOS
Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore
Thailand Timor-Leste Viet Nam
Remark: an old-age dependency ratio is defined as a ratio of population 65+ per 100 population 15-64.
Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2011). World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision, CD-ROM Edition. 4
5. Summary of the Elderly in Thailand
1 2 3 4
Share of the Elderly by Living Arrangements, Thailand, 1990-2007 In 2007, the majority are:
• Attaining primary education or less
(91.78%)
• Female (56.27%)
• Household heads (59.87%)
• Married (60.68%)
• Able to go out without assistance
(healthy, 87.08%)
• Not working (58.09%)
• Not living in a household with pension
incomes (94.60%)
• Living in the Northeast (35.39%)
• Living with their children (60.39%)
Share of the Elderly by employment situation, Thailand, 1990-2007 • Living in three-generational households
(36.92%)
Average age of Thai elderly increased
from 69.15 (1990) to 69.72 years.
Remark: *excluding skipped generation households
Source: author’s own calculation from the 1990-2007 SES data
5
6. Old-Age Employment Situation
1 2 3 4
Labour Force Participation Rates, the World Regions, 2005
Age Group
Region/Country1 25-54 55-64 65+
Men Women Men Women Men Women
World 95.1 66.7 73.5 38.7 30.2 11.3
Developed Countries 91.9 75.3 63.9 44.9 13.4 6.3
Economies in Transition 90.7 81.3 52.6 31.2 14.2 7.8
Africa 96.2 61.0 86.5 48.3 57.4 25.8
Asia 96.3 64.2 77.6 35.4 38.0 13.2
Latin America and the Caribbean 94.3 64.3 76.1 37.2 37.2 13.7
Oceania 87.4 73.3 76.0 60.6 51.4 33.4
Thailand 95.9 82.2 81.8 65.7 41.0 21.7
Source: United Nations (2007, p.61, Table IV.2), Development in an Ageing World; Author’s own calculation from the ILO’s data, http://laborsta.ilo.org/ accessed on 12 march 2012.
• The labour-force participation rates of Thai elderly
persons are quite high; higher than the world
average.
• Almost one-fifth of Thai females aged 65 and over
were found in the workforce in 2005.
• The LFP rates of females are quite high
comparatively to Asia, LAC, Economies in Transition
and the World.
• The share of elderly in Thailand’s labour force is on
an upward trend; increasing from 3.7% to 7.0%
Source: summarised from the Ministry of Labour (2007), The Situation of Old-Age
Employment in Thailand.
during 1986-2006.
6
7. Old-Age Employment Situation
Situations of Old-Age Labour Force, Thailand, 1986-2006 1 2 3 4
•Trends: more females, more older elderly (65+), better educated.
•The majority are self-employed (60.97% in 2006). More elderly people are recently found in the private sector.
Source: summarised from the Ministry of Labour (2007), The Situation of Old-Age Employment in Thailand.
8. Old-Age Employment Situation
1 2 3 4
Old-Age Employment Situations Thailand by Living Arrangements, 2007
Source: author’s own calculation from the 2007 SOP data 8
9. Old-Age Employment Situation
1 2 3 4
The Situation of Old-Age Employment in Thailand, by Living Arrangements and Age Group, 2007
Percentage of Economically Active Elderly Persons
70
61.7
60
55.0
52.1 53.6
in Each Age Group (%)
50 47.3
45.6 45.0
42.6 43.0
39.5
40 33.4
35.6 35.6 35.6
33.0 34.0 32.4
31.1
29.6
30
26.8 25.1
22.4 23.4 21.6 23.3
20.7
20
16.8
13.8 15.1 13.7
14.1
10 6.7
5.1 7.6
6.4
0
Total Elderly (60+) Total Elderly (65+) 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80 and over
Age Groups (Year)
Three-or-More-Generational Households Two-Generational Households (excl. Skipped) Skipped Generation Households
One-Generational Households All Living Arrangements
Source: author’s own calculation from the 2007 SOP data 9
10. Old-Age Employment Situation
1 2 3 4
Reasons for Remaining in the Labour Force of the Elderly, by living arrangements, 2007
100%
80%
51.72 43.86 54.88 57.41
60% 54.83
40%
20% 41.49
36.35 34.83 34.60 33.20
0%
All Living Arrangements Three-or-More- Two-Generational S kipped Generation One-Generational
Generational Households Households (exc S kipped) Households Households
Still Healthy Looking after themselves/family Looking after their children
Noone can replace the job Not retire yet Having debt
Spend time Help child(ren)/ family members Others
Source: author’s own calculation from the 2007 SOP data 10
11. Old-Age Employment Situation
1 2 3 4
Reasons for Leaving the Labour Force of the Elderly, by living arrangements, 2007
100%
80%
60%
61.12
72.61 77.80
71.10 69.94
40%
20%
19.12
9.13 8.59 8.15 7.03
0%
All Living Arrangements Three-or-More-Generational Two-Generational Skipped Generation O ne-Generational
Households Households (exc Skipped) Households Households
Household working/ looking after family members S pouse/Child(ren) do not allow to work Waiting for next season
Too old Incapable for work with disability Illness
Voluntary idle Looking or waiting for a job Pension official
To rest Others
Source: author’s own calculation from the 2007 SOP data 11
12. Determinant of Old-Age Employment
Year Year 1 2 3 4
Variables Variables
1990 1994 1998 2004 2007 1990 1994 1998 2004 2007
I. Demographic Factors III. Household Characteristics
- Age -0.027*** -0.028*** -0.029*** -0.029*** -0.028*** - Central 0.049 0.050 0.073 0.048 0.126***
(-11.14) (-14.41) (-18.38) (-17.17) (-22.15) (0.61) (0.84) (1.19) (1.40) (3.78)
- Secondary Education -0.207*** -0.018 -0.012 -0.014 -0.037 - North 0.032 -0.022 0.050 0.040 0.122***
(-3.31) (-0.30) (-0.19) (-0.35) (-1.21) (0.39) (-0.38) (0.81) (1.14) (3.53)
- Bachelor’s Degree 0.011 -0.107 0.050 -0.038 -0.117*** - Northeast -0.013 0.055 -0.020 0.058 0.112***
(0.10) (-1.16) (0.43) (-0.73) (-2.64) (-0.16) (0.90) (-0.36) (1.62) (3.25)
- Master’s Degree or Higher 0.187 -0.024 -0.204** - South 0.170* 0.081 0.125** 0.127*** 0.187***
(1.40) (-0.16) (-2.45) (1.84) (1.25) (1.97) (3.21) (4.91)
- Male 0.118*** 0.056* 0.113*** 0.075*** 0.165*** - Rural -0.073* 0.000 0.013 -0.060*** -0.035**
(2.67) (1.72) (4.19) (3.32) (8.83) (-1.65) (0.02) (0.39) (-3.72) (-2.46)
- Household Head 0.177*** 0.262*** 0.188*** 0.273*** 0.228*** - Live in Three-or-More- -0.040 -0.017 -0.125*** -0.056*
(3.37) (6.90) (7.11) (12.40) (12.23) Generational Household (-0.69) (-0.41) (-3.07) (-1.84)
- Married 0.191*** 0.220*** 0.173*** 0.177*** 0.156*** - Live in Two-Generational -0.085 -0.208*** -0.154*** -0.230*** -0.198***
(4.81) (6.87) (7.13) (7.73) (8.42) Household (-1.65) (-5.72) (-5.51) (-9.10) (-9.35)
- Able to go out by Themselves 0.269*** - Live in Skipped Generation 0.288*** 0.280*** 0.309*** 0.254*** 0.295***
without Assistance (10.98) Household (4.39) (5.92) (7.46) (7.63) (10.00)
- Access to Medical Welfare -0.014 0.004 - Household Size -0.210*** -0.205*** -0.186*** -0.213*** -0.256***
(-0.40) (0.11) (-10.76) (-9.73) (-13.61) (-15.37) (-22.38)
II. Economic Factors - Household In the Agricultural 0.086** 0.114*** 0.102*** 0.430*** 0.386***
- Pensions (Yes) -0.086 -0.145** -0.066 -0.145*** -0.114*** Sector (2.25) (3.57) (4.15) (20.47) (20.59)
(-1.23) (-1.99) (-1.27) (-3.05) (-3.09) - Number of Recipients in -0.119*** -0.133*** -0.129*** 0.001
- Transfer Payments (Yes) 0.024 -0.026 0.012 -0.026 Household (-4.96) (-7.05) (-7.50) (0.12)
(0.61) (-0.88) (0.58) (-1.31) - Number of Earners in Household 0.431*** 0.493*** 0.465*** 0.438*** 0.494***
- Poverty (Yes) 0.055 0.093** 0.036 0.080*** 0.024 (15.17) (19.82) (23.57) (27.01) (34.02)
(1.27) (2.50) (1.01) (2.67) (0.90) Number of Observations 2,279 5,861 6,913 15,478 20,120
- Savings (Yes) 0.007 -0.017 0.014 -0.003 -0.012 Wald Chi-Squared 474.66 894.06 1085.73 1883.94 2785.62
(0.22) (-0.67) (0.60) (-0.21) (-0.73) Probability > Chi-Squared 0.0000*** 0.0000*** 0.0000*** 0.0000*** 0.0000***
Pseudo R-Squared 0.4974 0.5670 0.5660 0.6041 0.6240
Log Pseudo-Likelihood -796.59 -1724.72 -1986.62 -4175.35 -5144.71
Source: author’s own calculation from the 1990-2007 SES data
12
13. Determinant of Old-Age Employment
1 2 3 4
Significant Factors:
•Demographic Factors: age(-), male(+), household head(+), married(+), healthy(+)
•Economic Factors: pensions(-), poverty(+)
•Household Characteristics: rural(-), agricultural(+), household size(-),
one-generational households(+)
Key Findings:
•The elderly living in one-generational households are more likely to be economically
active than those staying in other living arrangements.
•Implying: the presence of adult children is one of the key factors in the older persons’
decision to continue or to quit working.
13
14. Conclusions
1 2 3 4
Conclusions
• The labour-force participation rates of the elderly have been increasing over these two decades.
• The majority of employed older persons are male, aged between 60-69, low-educated, married and
self-employed.
• Elderly persons living in one-generational households are more likely to be economically active than
those staying in other living arrangements.
• The main reason for remaining in the workforce is financial i.e. poverty and low family support.
Another reason is that they are too healthy to retire.
• The key factor of labour-force withdrawal is health problems; they are too old to work.
Policy Implications
• Although working could contribute to the country’s economic development, elderly employment
should be also considered in its social aspects.
• Ideally, older persons should continue working as long as they wish and as long as their ability and
competency allow them to do.
14
15. Thank You
Thuttai Keeratipongpaiboon
Department of Economics
SOAS, University of London
Email: 231827@soas.ac.uk
15
17. Living Arrangements of the Elderly
Share of the Elderly, by Living Arrangements and Regions of Residence, 1990 & 2007
1990 2007
• The majority of elderly people in Bangkok live in two-generational households. Meanwhile, the majority of
older persons in the Northeast and Central regions live in three-generational households.
• Trend: more elderly people are found in one-generational households in every region.
• Skipped generational households are mostly found in the Northeast and North regions; an upward trend.
• The average size of household is decreasing in every region. This is because of a delay of marriage and
changing value towards having children. Source: author’s own calculation from the 1990 and 2007 SES data
17
18. Factors affecting Family Relationship
Key factors to decrease the importance of family: Industrialisation, Urbanisation and Migration
- Family - Wage Employment - Parental
Productive of Individuals Power
+
Industrialisation Enterprise -
Cost of Home- Joint/Stem
produced Goods + Female - Family
Labour
- +
Demand for Force
+ Participations - +
+ Female Labour
+ Ability to Care
Universal Per Capita Purchase + of the
+ +
Primary and - Income - Privacy/Care Elderly
+ Fertility
Secondary + +
Schooling +
- Child Survival Availability of
+
Caregivers
+ Filial Piety +
Housing
Urbanisation - Availability
+
+ Separation of
Migration the Generations
Remarks: - Straight and single-headed arrows show casual relationships that run from the cause to the effect; meanwhile, curved and double-headed
arrows represent correlated factors,
- A sign shown next to the arrow demonstrates a relation between factors. The net impact of factors can be calculated by multiplying the
signs. For example, if there is a negative sign between factor A and B, and also a negative sign between factor B and C, the relationship of
factors A and C is positive.
Source: Mason (1992), Figure 1 18
19. Regional Population Ageing in Thailand
Shares of the Elderly and Old-Age Dependency Rations, Thailand, 2000-2025
Share of the Elderly (%) Old-Age Dependency Ratio (%)
Region
2000 2010 2020 2025 2000 2010 2020 2025
Whole Kingdom 9.43 11.90 17.51 21.22 14.30 17.61 26.58 33.28
Bangkok 7.88 11.28 20.40 26.97 10.61 16.06 30.68 42.50
Central (excl.BKK) 9.84 11.63 16.98 20.80 14.54 16.87 25.18 31.83
North 11.09 13.43 20.16 24.21 17.02 19.65 31.02 39.08
North-East 8.71 11.93 16.95 20.12 13.62 17.99 25.92 31.67
South 9.41 10.76 14.61 17.45 15.06 16.42 22.45 27.28
Source: Author’s own calculation from the Thailand’s Population Projection 2000-2030 provided by NESDB 19
20. Age Profiles of Household Savings
Age Profiles of Savings (Whole Kingdom), by ages of household heads, 2007
household per capita income household per capita consumption exp enditure
household saving ratio x 100
household per capita income
Source: Author’s own calculation from the 2007 SES data provided by NSO 20
21. Old-Age Poverty
Share of the Poor Elderly (60+), by Region, Thailand, 1990-2007
Total Elderly People Share of Poor Elderly People to Total Elderly People (%) • Poor if household per capita income is
Regions below the poverty line
(%) 1990 1994 1998 2004 2007
Whole Kingdom 100.00 25.61 20.96 18.14 13.55 12.82 • The majority of poor elderly people
Bangkok 100.00 7.14 2.34 1.79 1.79 1.55 are in the Northeast region.
Central (excl.BKK) 100.00 21.93 10.97 13.25 7.95 5.26 • Rich households have positive
North 100.00 26.85 19.77 15.97 19.77 14.18 savings; meanwhile, poor households
North-East 100.00 30.61 32.18 27.10 17.65 20.40 are likely to face the problem of
South 100.00 31.29 18.63 15.36 10.36 9.55 insufficient income.
Source: Author’s own calculation from the 1990-2007 SES data
Share of Poor Elderly People, by Region, Thailand, 1990-2007 Age Profiles of Household Savings, by Income Groups, Thailand, 2007
100
50
Household Saving Rate (%)
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
Age of Household Head
1st Decile 2nd Decile 3rd Decile 4th Decile 5th Decile
6th Decile 7th Decile 8th Decile 9th Decile 10th Decile
household per capita income household per capita consumption exp enditure
household saving rate x 100
household per capita income
Source: Author’s own calculation from the 1990-2007 SES data Source: Author’s own calculation from the 2007 SES data 21
22. Fertility in Thailand
Source Central
Whole
Bangkok (exclude North Northeast South
and Year Kingdom
Bangkok)
Census
1960-19642 6.48 n/a1 6.06 6.36 6.97 6.52
2 1
1965-1969 6.19 n/a 5.32 5.71 7.20 6.48
3
1970-1974 5.41 3.15 4.75 4.74 6.78 5.95
3
1975-1979 3.88 2.40 3.43 3.23 4.88 4.59
4
1989 2.28 1.30 2.02 1.98 2.78 2.85
5
2000 1.82 1.17 1.53 1.76 2.15 2.25
2010-20506 1.85 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
7
SPC
1
1964-1965 6.30 n/a 5.90 6.47 6.61 6.02
1974-1976 4.90 3.46 4.11 3.74 6.25 6.12
1985-1986 2.73 1.74 2.49 2.25 3.10 4.05
1989 2.41 1.41 2.17 2.06 2.87 3.31
1991 2.17 1.13 1.95 1.97 2.67 2.98
1995-1996 2.02 1.26 1.66 1.89 2.44 2.85
Remarks: 1 Bangkok was included in the Central region during 1960-1969;
2 1970 Census with Own Children Estimate, National Statistic Office;
3 1980 Census with Own Children Estimate, National Statistic Office;
4 1990 Census with Own Children Estimate, National Statistic Office;
5 2000 Census with Indirect Method Estimate, National Statistic Office;
6 The United Nations (2009a), World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision;
7 Survey of Population Change, National Statistical Office.
Source: adapted from Table 1 in Prachuabmoh and Mithranon (2003). 22
23. Alternative Old-Age Dependency Ratios
Name Description
The Standard The proportion of total elderly population to total working-age
population
Type 1 The proportion of total elderly population to economically
active working-age population
Type 2 The proportion of non-economically active elderly population to
economically active working-age population
Type 3 The proportion of non-economically active elderly population to
economically active population aged 15 and over
Type 4 The proportion of non-economically active elderly population to
total working-age population
23
24. Alternative Old-Age Dependency Ratios
Standard and Alternative Old-age Dependency Ratios, the World, 1980-2020
Estimates Projections
Source: Author’s calculation, using the data of the International Labour Organization, http://laborsta.ilo.org/, accessed on 1 March 2010. 24
25. Alternative Old-Age Dependency Ratios
Standard and Alternative Old-age Dependency Ratios, Thailand, 1980-2020
Estimates Projections
Source: Author’s calculation, using the data of the International Labour Organization, http://laborsta.ilo.org/, accessed on 1 March 2010. 25
26. Natural Increases and Net Migration
Estimates (1950-2010) and Projections (2010-2050), Thailand
Thailand
1,200
1,000
800
('000) persons
600
400
200
0
1950-55
1955-60
1960-65
1965-70
1970-75
1975-80
1980-85
1985-90
1990-95
1995-00
2000-05
2005-10
2010-15
2015-20
2020-25
2025-30
2030-35
2035-40
2040-45
2045-50
-200
-400
Natural Increase Net Migration
Remark: Natural Increase = Births – Deaths
Source: Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat,
World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision, http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm accessed 8 March 2012.
26