presented by Zhang Yue in Asia Water Week 2013, manila 11-13 March 2013

1. Policies Posed to Support Urban Water
Reuse, a Chinese Perspective
ZHANG Yue,
General Director of Urban Water Administration Office,
Ministry of Housing & Urban-rural Development, P.R. China

2. Outline
1. Background
2 Development of wastewater treatment in P R C2. Development of wastewater treatment in P.R.C
3. Reclaimed water usage in P.R.C: current status
4. Reclaimed water in Beijing
5 Ambitions and strategic measures5. Ambitions and strategic measures

3. (1) About China: Rapid growth in the past 3 decades
1. Background
 Population: 1.35 billion (2011)
 Total GDP : 8.30 trillion US Dollar，average annual growth rate: 10%
 Urbanization rate: 51.27% (2011), average annual growth rate: 1%, about 13.5
500050
U b i ti t & P C it GDP
( ), g g ,
million people move to cities
400040
e
Urbanization rate & Per Capita GDP
Urbanization Rate(%) Per Capita GDP(US $)
2000
3000
20
30
PerCapitaGDP
UrbanizationRate
1000
2000
10
20
00
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011

4. 1. Background
Rapid urbanization has great impact on
urban water
 Freshwater demand: more severe water
shortage crises and groundwater depletion;
Beijing urban growth prediction by
g g p ;
 More impervious land: urban flooding;
 More wastewater produced: water pollution
Beijing urban growth prediction by
modeling
0
1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 Ground water overexploited
i B iji
2005 2020 2035 2050
‐12
‐8
‐4
0
in Beijing
‐24
‐20
‐16
Groundwater level drop in Beijing

5. Freshwater resources Per20000
(2) Water resources shortage: a key
1. Background
Freshwater resources Per
capita (m3)
18089
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000(2) Water resources shortage: a key
constrain for China
 Total freshwater resources: 2.8 trillion m3
h
9200
18089
9044
2315
5050 2093
1330
2000
4000
6000
8000(ranking 5th in the word)
 Freshwater resources per capita: less than 2100
m3 (ranking 100th in the word)
Data Source: The World Bank indicator 2011
and Beijing water resource bulletin 2011
(3) Resources & environmental pressure:
increasing significantly
 Water pollution: not been addressed effectively Water pollution: not been addressed effectively.
 Extreme weather and natural disaster: happen
frequently due to climate change.
Urban flood frequencies in China (

6. Chi t i t t t t t d t k
2. Development of wastewater treatment
China government view wastewater treatment and water reuse as a key
strategy to address the current water resources crisis, urban water
pollution and rapid urbanizationpollution and rapid urbanization
(1)Prioritized environmental protection and resource saving as the basic national
policies by legislation and various documents.
(2)Financial support
 380 billion RMB (about 60 billion dollars) was invested for wastewater treatment
d t f iliti t ti f 2005 t 2010 70 billi RMBand water reuse facilities construction from 2005 to 2010 , 70 billion RMB was
subsidized by central government.
 430 billion RMB will be invested for wastewater treatment and water reuse
facilities construction from 2011 to 2015

7. Wastewater treatment capacity increased considerably
 21st century has witnessed the significant growth of both WWTP(about 7 times)ce tu y as w t essed t e s g ca t g owt o bot WW (about 7 t es)
and its capacity (about 6.5 times)
 3340 WWTP has been built with a total capacity of 142 million m3/d in 657
cities and 1627 counties.
160004000
 42.2 billion m3 wastewater was treated in 2012 (country and town not included),
population equivalent is estimated to be 600 million approximately.
14265
12000
14000
3000
3500
3/d)
)
Wastewater Treatment Plant Treatment Capacity
6000
8000
10000
1500
2000
2500
city(10,000m3
WWTP(unit)
481
3346
2213
2000
4000
500
1000
Capac
W
481
00
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Year

8. Average load rate of WWTP increased steadily
90.0%
82.4%
85.0%
90.0%
73 4%
76.6%
78.6% 79.1%
75 0%
80.0%
69.8%
73.4%
70.0%
75.0%
60 0%
65.0%
60.0%
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Year

9. Pollutants removed increased gradually
12000
CODcr BOD5 SS
1000
ammonia-nitrogen total nitrogen total phosphorus
8000
10000
al(1000tons)
CODcr BOD5 SS
600
800
al(1000tons)
2000
4000
6000
ollutantsremova
200
400
Pollutantsremov
0
2000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Po
year
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
P
year
year CODCr removal BOD5 removal SS removal
Ammonia-N
removal
Total-N
removal
Total-P
removal
2007 5263 2244 3348 315 208 56
2008 6444 2710 4221 423 292 66
2009 7757 3272 4983 548 418 85
2010 9185 3953 6043 704 577 105
2011 10215 4426 6784 830 704 123
2012 10792 4716 7398 923 811 131

10. Pollutants removed increased gradually
WWTP capacity, annual wastewater treated and pollutants removal increase from 2007 to 2012
193%
291%
136%
Ammonia-N removal
Total-N removal
Total-P removal
113%
110%
121%
CODCr removal
BOD5 removal
SS removal
85%
136%
0% 50% 100% 150% 200% 250% 300%
capacity
annual wastewater treated
year capacity
annual wastewater
treated
CODCr removal BOD5 removal SS removal ammonia-N Tota-N Total-P
Annual increase of WWTP capacity, annual wastewater treated and pollutants removal (2007-2012)
treated
2008 19.0% 25.7% 22.4% 20.8% 26.1% 34.5% 40.8% 18.5%
2009 13.9% 20.3% 20.4% 20.7% 18.1% 29.6% 43.0% 29.7%
2010 19.6% 23.3% 18.4% 20.8% 21.3% 28.4% 38.2% 22.3%
2011 9.1% 15.0% 11.2% 12.0% 12.3% 17.9% 21.9% 17.3%
2012 4.4% 9.9% 5.6% 6.6% 9.1% 11.2% 15.2% 7.0%

11. Pollutants removed increased gradually
60.00
Pollutants concentration in effluent (mg/L) Pollutants removal rate
50.00
90.00%
95.00%
100.00%
40.00
80.00%
85.00%
20.00
30.00
65.00%
70.00%
75.00%
10.00
55.00%
60.00%
0.00
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
CODcr BOD5 Ammonia-N SS Total-N Total-P
50.00%
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
CODcr BOD5 Ammonia-N
SS Total-N Total-P

12. 3. Reclaimed water in China: current status
Annual water supply and reclaimed water usage in 657 cities ( for gardening, road
50.2 50.0 49.7 50.8 51.3 51.6
5 50%
6.00%
6.50%
50.0
60.0
llionm3)
cleaning , toilet flushing and some industrial cooling)
4 00%
4.50%
5.00%
5.50%
30.0
40.0
mount(inbil
1 6 1 9 2 3 2 3 2 7 3 1 2 50%
3.00%
3.50%
4.00%
10.0
20.0
tersupplyam
1.6 1.9 2.3 2.3 2.7 3.1
2.00%
2.50%
0.0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Wat
year
f h l i i i l i d d i f l i d f h
(Estimated)
fresh water supply in cities reclaimed water used ratio of reclaimed water to fresh water

13. Besides, large amount of high quality reclaimed water were used for
3. Reclaimed water in China: current status
Besides, large amount of high quality reclaimed water were used for
agriculture, landscape and ecology
Gaobeidian Lake, BeijingGaobeidian Lake, BeijingGaobeidian WWTP
River sumplement,, Beijing River sumplement,, Beijing Waterscape, Tianjin
Parks Using reclaimed water, Qingdao Waterscape, Shijiazhuang Parks Using reclaimed water, Hefei

14. 4. Reclaimed water in Beijingj g
Beijing highly valued the importance of reclaimed water.
Taking the reclaimed water into the consideration of the balance ofTaking the reclaimed water into the consideration of the balance of
water resources allocation, which resulted in the relief of water
resource crisis and reduction of pollutants discharge simultaneously.
In 2012, reclaimed water usage in Beijing was 750 million m3,
which is nearly 60% of the total wastewater treated and accounting
for 20% of all the water consumed (including agriculture).

15. 4. Reclaimed water in Beijing
Structure of total water consumption in Beijing in 2000-2012(including agriculture)
0.00
0 10
4.00
4.50
n m3)
0.10
0.15 0.20 0.21 0.26 0.36 0.48 0.60 0.65 0.68 0.71 0.75
3.00
3.50
n (in billion
4.04 3.79
3 38
2.00
2.50
nsumption
3.31 3.38 3.25 3.19 3.17 3.00 2.91 2.90 2.89 2.89 3.00
1.00
1.50
water con
0.00
0.50
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Total w
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
year
new water reclaimed water

16. 4. Reclaimed water in Beijing
Reclaimed water usage in different sectors in Beijing in 2011
21 10%
4.20%
21.10%
35.20%
39 40%39.40%
industrial cooling
agricultural irrigationagricultural irrigation
waterscape supplement
municipal (grassland irrigation, car washing, road and toilet flushing)

17. Reclaimed water has became reliable and stable “second water source” for Beijing
4. Reclaimed water in Beijing
Municipal tap water supply and reclaimed water usage in Beijing (agricultural irrigation not included)
1 52 1.56 1.58 1.63
80.0%
90.0%
1.60
1.80
1.43 1.43
1.52
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
1.20
1.40
1.60
lionm3)
0 60
0.65 0.68 0.71 0.7534.71%
42.10% 42.81% 43.72% 44.84% 45.85%
40.0%
50.0%
0.80
1.00
olume(inbil
0.50
0.60
20.0%
30.0%
0.40
0.60
Watervo
0.0%
10.0%
0.00
0.20
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
yearmunicipal tap water supply
reclaimed water supply
ration of reclaimed water to municipal tap water

18. 5. Ambitions and strategic measures
(1) Ambitions for 2015
 R i i d d Raising wastewater treatment standard;
 Invest 30.4 billion RMB in reclaimed water facilities;
 Capacity building: increasing 26.8 million m3/d and reaching a capacity of 40
million m3/d in 2015.
 More than 15% wastewater should be reclaimed and reused in the national
level;
 100% wastewater in Beijing should be reclaimed and reused in Beijing;
 The effluent from the major WWTP in Beijing should meet the IV water body
criteria (CODCr ≤ 30mg/L, BOD5 ≤ 6mg/L, total-N ≤ 10mg/L, ammonia-N( g , g , g ,
≤ 1.5mg/L, total-P ≤ 0.3mg/L )

19. 5. Ambitions and strategic measures
(2) Legislation
 “Water Law of P.R. China (2002)”: China encourage reclaimed water production and
usage.
 “Circular Economy Promotion Law of P. R. China (2009): China encourage reclaimed
water production and usage. In some area, using municipal tap water for road cleaning,
l d i i ti d l d h ld b t i t d hibit dgrassland irrigation and landscape should be restricted or prohibited.
 “China State Council’s Inform Regarding Urban Water Saving and Water Pollution
Control (2000[36])”: Reclaimed water production and usage facilities should be
planned and built with WWTP simultaneously in water deficient area.planned and built with WWTP simultaneously in water deficient area.

20. 5. Ambitions and strategic measures
(2) Legislation
 “China State Council’s Inform Regarding the Promotion of Water Tariff
Reform (2004[36])”: Reclaimed water production and usage facilities should
b l d d b ilt ith WWTP i lt l i t d fi i tbe planned and built with WWTP simultaneously in water deficient area.
Safety of using reclaimed water should be guaranteed. Using price leverage
to promote the using of reclaimed water.
 “T h l d P li f R l i d W t (i d b Mi i t f H i “Technology and Policy for Reclaimed Water (issued by Ministry of Housing
and Urban-rural Development and Ministry of Science and Technology in
2006)”: providing powerful policy support from many perspectives including
planning construction operation monitoring and technic innovationplanning, construction, operation, monitoring and technic innovation.
 “Technical Guidelines for Reclaimed Water in Urban Area(issued by Ministry
of Housing and Urban-rural Development in 2012)”: comprehensive
guidance for reclaimed water including technical route preferred processingguidance for reclaimed water including technical route, preferred processing
technic, construction, O&M and risk reduction.

21. 5. Ambitions and strategic measures
(3) Various national Criteria
 Reclaimed Water Usage Classification
 Reclaimed Water Quality for Municipal Use
 Reclaimed Water Quality for Landscape Reclaimed Water Quality for Landscape
 Reclaimed Water Quality for Groundwater Recharging
 Reclaimed Water Quality for Industrial Use
 l i d li f i l l i i Reclaimed Water Quality for Agricultural Irrigation
 Reclaimed Water Quality for Grassland Irrigation
 Design Standard for Reclaimed Water in Buildings
 Design Standard for Reclaimed Water Engineering

22. 5. Ambitions and strategic measures
(4) Promotion of reclaimed water facilities building
 Continue on capacity building of Reclaimed water facilities.
Beijing Gaobeidian WWTP and Reclaimed Water Plant Beijing Reclaimed Water Plant Planning
Existin
gUnder construction
Planne
dd

23. 5. Ambitions and strategic measures
(5) Concentration on technology advancement
 advanced treatment, P, N removal; advanced treatment, P, N removal;
 Membrane technology, Ozone disinfection
 More funding from “National Special Research Project on Water”

24. 5. Ambitions and strategic measures
(6) Reclaimed water friendly policies from economic perspective
 Subsidize from central government for the reclaimed water plant construction
(up to 30%-40%);
 Operation subsidize from government;
 Tax-free policy for reclaimed water plant.p y p
 Competitive tariff ( no water resource charges, no wastewater treatment
charges)
water tariff RMB/m3
reclaimed water charge RMB/m3
Comparison of water tariff and reclaimed water charge
city
water tariff, RMB/m reclaimed water charge, RMB/m
domestic industrial others special domestic industrial landscape
Beijing 3.7 5.6 5.4 41.5 1.0 1.0 1.3
Tianjin 2.9 4.6 4.6 18 1.1 1.3 1.5
Xi'an 1.95 2.25 2.55 6.5 1.17 1.17 1.17
Qingdao 1.6 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0Qingdao .6 .0 .0 .0 .0
Shijianzhuang 2.6 3.7 3.5 24.7 1.0 1.0 1.0
Data source: Zheng Xingcan, the World Bank report on North China Water Quality Study Program: Urban Water Reuse Study, 2010.

25. 5. Ambitions and strategic measures
(7) Awareness raising and public participation
 Some potential industrial users and residents cannot accept reclaimed water
mentally ;
 Through various media, explain importance of water reuse and reliability of
reclaimed water;
 Paying attention to demonstration projects
 Invite people to visit urban water reuse facilities

26. Reclaimed Water Plant in Beijing
Qinghe Reclaimed Water Plant in Beijing, largest using Membrane Jiuxianqiao Reclaimed Water Plant in Beijing
Wujiacun Reclaimed Water Plant in BeijingBeixiaohe Reclaimed Water Plant in Beijing, using RO

27. Grassland Irrigation Agricultural Irrigation
Reclaimed Water Usage in Beijing
Reclaimed Water Filling Auto-service Station in
Road Flushing
Beijing
Road Flushing
北京排水

28. Reclaimed Water Usage in Beijing
Huaneng Power Plant using reclaimed water for cooling The Bird Nestle using reclaimed water for landscape
Beitucheng River using reclaimed water for supplementYuanmingyuan Park using reclaimed water for landscape