2. The Indian water industry possesses a great array of opportunities in the Water industry. This report summarizes these
opportunities as well as the challenges within the following segments of the Indian water industry: drinking water, sewage
water and climate change related water issues.
3. India is home to 17.5 per cent of the world’s population, but
only has 4% of the world’s water resources at its disposal
This inherent lack of sufficient water resources is
reinforced by a rapidly growing demand for water which is
projected to overtake the availability of water throughout
the entire country within the next decades
Urbanization, increasing population, and rapid
industrialization means that demand for water is expected
to rise 20 per cent within the next decade. Moreover,
depletion of groundwater levels due to irrigation demand
in major river basins is expected to be a reality by 2050
A country is considered water-stressed if it has less than
1,700 cubic meters per person. In short, India is facing a
desperate situation of water shortage
POPULATION
WORLD INDIA
4. The total Indian water market is estimated to be worth around US$ 12 billion. While the
government sector contributes about 50 per cent of this, the private industrial sector provides the
remaining business. The overall water market is growing at 15-20 per cent every year
5. Indian projects
With the emphasis of the new government on creating 100 smart cities, this is a huge anticipated
demand of water. Smart cities create opportunities particularly for intelligent pumping solutions
and real time water monitoring.
Swach Bharat or Clean India, is a government project which deals with sanitation and water
treatment solutions
Ambitious projects like the Namami Gange Project (aiming at cleaning the Ganga River by 2020)
have been launched and the possibility for foreign investment is great. The project is vast and will
draw on the entire spectrum of water competences from water monitoring, to water management
and treatment
Since 1980 the Indian government has shown increased commitment to improving its water and
sanitation sector. By opening up for privatization, it is the hope that foreign technology and
knowhow will help India develop its water supply and water treatment systems
However, despite 100 per cent allowance for FDI for municipal water and wastewater treatment
projects, the water industry remains almost entirely controlled and managed by the state
6. Drinking Water & sanitation
The primary sources of drinking water which includes surface water and groundwater are
contaminated by different physical impurities, agricultural and industrial wastes, and
underground chemicals and minerals
In the Indian national budget for 2015-2016, investments in drinking water and sanitation amount
to US$ 1.05 billion. Private investments in water and sanitation amounted to US$ 135.1 million in
2013
Water borne diseases are widespread. Hence, there is a great scope and opportunity to do more,
which in turn means high market opportunities for private companies wanting to enter the Indian
drinking water industry
India is seen as one of the fastest growing bottled water markets in the world. The rising demand
is fuelled by a combination of safety and hygiene awareness coupled with higher disposable
incomes
India’s domestic water consumption is expected to triple from 2000 to 2050 and per capita water
consumption is expected to double from 89 litres/day in 2000 to 167 litres/day in 2050
7. Sewage Water
90 per cent of the total wastewater in India continues to be discharged without any treatment. To
make the numbers tangible, approx. 6.2 billion litres of untreated industrial wastewater is
generated every day across India. Furthermore, around 1.3 billion litres of raw sewage and 250
million litres of industrial effluent are added to the Ganges River daily
In 2012, nearly 40% of sewage treatment plants and pumping stations did not conform to operation
and maintenance standards. Many wastewater treatment facilities are closed due to improper
design and poor operation and maintenance. Thus, the market is growing at about 15-20 per cent
annually
Around 30 per cent of the wastewater generated in India’s major metropolitan cities is treated, and
the cities now face severe water shortages
India lacks sewage systems and wastewater management plants sufficient to meet the needs of its
growing urban population. In many cities the sewer systems are in appalling condition or simply
non-existing and need extensive maintenance or replacement
8. Climate Changes
Monsoon rain from June to September is the primary source of water in India, yet with
increasing climate variability, Indian monsoons are becoming less predictable and reliable
Increasing extremities in temperature, rising sea levels and disruptions to rainfall patterns
are of great concern to the Indian government as it is affecting the livelihood of especially the
population employed in agriculture and the coastal population. Due to this floods and
droughts, has increased over the past decades causing supplies to diminish
The melting of the Himalayan glaciers could result in water stress in the Ganges Basin and
agricultural production could be reduced by 4.5-9 per cent in the next three decades due to
climate change, according to the World Development Report 2010 on climate change
India launched its first National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) in 2008. It
identifies eight core “national missions” running through 2017. One of these missions is the
National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change which aims at gaining a better
understanding of climate science, impacts and challenges
9. Water Reclamation Plant
It is based on the practice of diverting industrial and other potentially toxic waste water
from the main domestic waste water stream. The domestic waste water is treated to
produce an effluent of adequate and consistent quality which is further treated to produce
safe potable water. In addition, it is important to continuously maintain a multiple-
barrier treatment sequence as a safeguard against pathogens and other potentially
harmful and unwanted contaminants
Intensive bio-monitoring programs and other tests are carried out on reclaimed water.
In order to ensure successful direct reclamation, the multiple-barrier approach ensures
that at least two (in many cases three and more) effective removal processes are in place
for each crucial contaminant that could be harmful to human health or aesthetically
objectionable
10. There are various steps involved in this process in order to get clean and purified drinking water
out of the contaminated, drainage water. The steps involved are:
I. Powdered Activated Carbons
Powdered Activated Carbons can remove the blue-green algal derived taste and odour
compounds, geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol, to below detectable levels
Powdered Activated Carbon is most often dosed into the raw water stream, where it is pulled
out in the clarification step, or prior to the filtration step (i.e. after the clarifier) where it is
pulled out on the filter
Powdered Activated Carbon can be stored dry on site in bags or silos, to be mixed and utilised
only as required
Coal-based PACs have been shown to be the most effective for all-round potable water
treatment, including the removal of algal-derived tastes, odours and toxins, but some water
treatment plant operators prefer, for various reasons, to use either wood based or coconut
shell based Powdered Activated Carbons
11. II. Preoxidation and Coagulation
Oxidation is an electro-chemical process that accepts or takes (removes) electrons (e- ) from
an electron donor
• Pre-oxidation target contaminants, Taste and odor compounds, Color, Iron and
manganese, Microorganisms (possible disinfection side benefit), Micro-coagulation
• Target Contaminants Suspended and Colloidal Particles, Natural inorganics and
organics, Microorganisms, Natural Organic Matter, DBP Precursors, Color , T&O
Compounds, Regulated Inorganics, Arsenic (ions), Asbestos (particles)
• Pre-oxidation & Coagulation Multiple pretreatment removal objectives,
Turbidity Microbial pathogens, Disinfection Byproduct (DBP) precursors, Color , Taste
and odors, Condition water for downstream processes, Clarification, Filtration
• Pre-oxidants Ozone (O3), Chlorine (Cl2(g), NaOCl, Ca(OCl)2, HOCl), Chlorine
Dioxide (ClO2), Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4), Oxygen, Chloramines, Coagulation,
Coagulation mechanisms, Adsorption and destabilization, Adsorption and inter-particle
bridging, Precipitation and enmeshment (sweep floc), Coagulation target contaminants,
Suspended and colloidal particles, Natural organic matter (NOM), Inorganic
contaminants
12. III. Flocculation
he principle of flocculation in sewage is similar to flocculation in water purification. In colloid
chemistry, flocculation refers to the process by which fine particulates are caused to clump
together into a floc. The floc may then float to the top of the liquid (creaming), settle to the
bottom of the liquid (sedimentation), or be readily filtered from the liquid
The floccules that are formed after flash mixing with chemicals are made to coalesce into bigger
sizes by either air flocculation or mechanical flocculation. Both diffused air and mechanical
vertical draft tubes are used for air flocculation.
This process is best for optimum results. For optimum flocculation the coagulated water should
be subjected to a decreasing level of energy with time, theis so-called ‘tapered
energy’ flocculation provided in two or three equal size compartments
Flocculation is usually achieved by a continuous but much slower process of gentle mixing of
the floc with the water
13. IV. Dissolved Air Flotation
Wastewater is fed into a DAF system and hit with
a stream of “whitewater”, which is recirculated
clarified water from the DAF that’s super
saturated with dissolved air.
As these two mixtures blend together, microscopic
bubbles attach to solid particulates, giving them
enough buoyancy to surface in the DAF tank
As solids accumulate in a floating layer on the top
of the DAF tank, a skimmer gently nudges the
sludge toward a discharge hopper
Any solids that don’t float will sink to the “V”
bottom of the DAF tank. Settled solids are
concentrated and discharged by an automatically
controlled pneumatic drain valve
The clarified water flows out via an under-over
weir on either side of the DAF unit. Some of this
water is used in the recirculation loop while the
rest flows out of the vessel
14. Cross flow plate pack
• PCL Dissolved Air Flotation systems are characterized by high-built (tall) tanks with
inclined, corrugated plate packs.
• Water is introduced into the plate packs in a cross-flow configuration, reducing the
distance solids have to float to be effectively separated.
• Wastewater enters the plate pack heavily laden with flocculated contaminants and
exits devoid of suspended and colloidal solids.
15. SLUDGE DEWATERING GRID
The Dewatering Grid is a rectangular framework of angular steel plates that lock
sludge in place as it rises to the surface. Only when sludge has thickened enough to
rise above the top edge of the grid can it be skimmed and pushed to the float hopper.
The grid helps:
• Eliminate pre-mature migration of solids
• Reduce shearing and re-entrainment of solids
• Generate drier sludge
16. ANGLED AIR DISSOLVING TUBE
• The air dissolving tube is where Whitewater is generated.
• This short expansion in the recirculation piping allows clarified effluent and a small
volume of compressed air to mix until saturation is achieved.
• The angled configuration allows for increased water and air interface so saturation
occurs almost instantly.
• This design works so well that we’re constantly retrofitting competitors Whitewater
pumps with our upgraded aeration system.
17. V. Rapid Gravity Filtration
• Rapid gravity filters employing graded sand are washed by separate use of air and
water through the bed by reverse flow and the used wash water is removed by a
wash water collection channel.
• The air breaks up the surface scum and dirt is loosened from the surface of the sand
grains. This is followed by an upward flow of water at a carefully selected velocity to
expand and fluidise the bed.
• In the UK the practice is to use wash rates to produce 1–3% bed expansion. The
rates are viscosity dependent and therefore are affected by water temperature, with
higher rates used at warm water temperatures.
• Filters comprising deep bed coarse homogeneous sand rely upon the application of
air and water together in the wash phase, followed by a water rinse.
• In such filters the washwater collection channel sill is about 500 mm above the sand
and the sill has a large forward chamfer to allow locally suspended sand to drop out
as flow approaches the weir crest.
18. • To remove as much of the dirty backwash
water as possible from the top of the filter
before it is refilled and put to use, it is usual
to allow the filter influent (clarified water)
into the filter and to flow across the top of the
bed from the side remote from the wash water
collection channel as the last stage of
backwashing. This is called ‘surface-flush’ or
‘cross-wash’
• At the end of the wash the used wash water is
rapidly discharged to waste via flap gates in
one side wall.
• The total amount of wash water used has an
important bearing on the economy of a
treatment works, especially in relation to the
net yield of a source. The total wash water
used should normally not exceed 2–2.5% of
the treated water output on the basis of 24
hour filter runs.
19. VI. Ozonation
• Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent and has many uses in water treatment, including
oxidation of organic chemicals. Ozone can be used as a primary disinfectant.
• The performance of ozonation relies on achieving the desired concentration after a
given contact period
• Ozone reacts with natural organics to increase their biodegradability, measured as
assimilable organic carbon. To avoid undesirable bacterial growth in distribution,
ozonation is normally used with subsequent treatment, such as biological filtration or
granular activated carbon (GAC), to remove biodegradable organics, followed by a
chlorine residual, as ozone does not provide a disinfectant residual.
• Ozonation has become popular in North America partly because of its superiority
over chlorination. It enhances the coagulation process despite its inherent weakness
in leaving practically no residual in the distribution system.
20.
21. VII. Biological Activated Carbon Filtration (BAC)
• Granular activated carbons are utilised, in conjunction with ozone, in an advanced water
treatment process known as the “Biological Activated Carbon” (BAC) process.
• The basis of this process is the breakdown, by oxidation with ozone, of a wide range of organic
species into compounds which are degraded biologically on bacterial biomass which has developed
on the surface of the activated carbon, and the adsorption of the non-biodegraded organic species,
by conventional adsorption processes.
The adsorption capacity performs three functions in the BAC process:
• Adsorption of substrates, nutrients and oxygen, and their concentration and retention on the
carbon surfaces, to allow extended contact time between the contaminant and the biomass. This
promotes biodegradation even when the concentrations of substrate and nutrient in the influent
water are too low to support bacterial growth on their own.
• Adsorption of toxic compounds, protecting the biomass from the undesirable effects of their
presence.
• Chemical reduction of oxidants/disinfectants (e.g. ozone, chlorine) by GAC at the inlet to protect
the biomass from the effects of these compounds.
22. VIII. Granular Activated Carbon Filtration (GAC)
• Granular Activated Carbons are utilised in potable water treatment in fixed-bed
gravity absorbers, or in pressure vessels.
• Granular Activated Carbons can be readily installed in existing filter beds, either as
a replacement for coal type filter media in dual media filters (where some of the
sand may be removed as well) or as a replacement for a large portion of the sand in
mono-media filters.
• Granular Activated Carbon can also be utilised in a post-adsorption mode, i.e.
subsequent to conventional water treatment processes, either in gravity systems or
in pressure vessels
• Granular Activated Carbon, in conjunction with Ozone, is also used in an advanced
water treatment process called the Biological Activated Carbon (B.A.C.) Process.
23. IX. Ultrafiltration
• Ultrafiltration (UF) is a membrane filtration process similar to Reverse Osmosis, using
hydrostatic pressure to force water through a semi-permeable membrane.
• Ultrafiltration (UF) is a pressure-driven barrier to suspended solids, bacteria, viruses,
endotoxins and other pathogens to produce water with very high purity and low silt
density.
• Ultrafiltration (UF) is used to remove essentially all colloidal particles (0.01 to 1.0
microns) from water and some of the largest dissolved contaminants.
• The pressure-driven membrane processes discussed in this fact sheet are microfiltration
(MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), and reverse osmosis (RO).
24. X. Disinfection and Stabilisation
• Chemical stabilization with slaked or quick lime consumes little power but much
energy in the lime. Disinfection can be achieved with high dosage. Sludge mass and
fuel consumption for transportation is increased. Application is limited to small
plants.
• Auto-thermal thermophilic aerobic digestion (ATAD) of thickened sludge is compact,
but power consumption is even higher. Disinfection is achievable.
• External pump recirculation for digester mixing requires much power. Internal draft
tubes or gas injection are far more efficient.
• Disinfection can be achieved by pre-pasteurization with modest power and heat
consumption. Most of the heat should be recovered.
25. THE INNOVATION PRINCIPLES USED
Combine: Join or merge to form a single unit or substance.
• By using different process like Powdered Activated Carbons, Peroxidation and
Coagulation, Flocculation, Dissolved Air Flotation, Sludge dewatering grid,
Ozonation, BAC, GAC which primarily used for different uses. By combining all of
them we bring out our innovation of drainage water filtration.
• Here, we are using two systems that is one a water purification system and other is
a sewage water treatment plant by combining these two systems we can purify the
drainage, sewage water into pure drinking water.
26. Adjust: adjustment made to an existing product, usually made for greater appeal or
functionality. A modification may include a change to a product's shape, adding a
feature or improving its performance.
• We are using some processes with little change like ultra-filtration which is similar
to reverse osmosis but a little change is made to reverse osmosis.
• Instead, of using two different systems into purification of the sewage system we can
adjust it by doing the same using a water reclamation plant where we can send all
the waste water into it at once and get the purified water at once.
27. Utilize : to put to use
• With the help of this innovation we can easily convert the waste water into drinking
water which can help millions of people.
• Instead of purifying the impure water we can utilize the water reclamation process
by which we can purify the waste water.
• Here, we also utilize the modern day technology to purify the waste water and make
it available to be utilized for drinking.
28. Maximize: To make the maximum use out of the given product.
• We can maximize this project to every village in India by collaborating with the local
or the central government by which we can maximize the utilization of the project
and get a change in our nation and even the other nations by expanding it to other
nations and can help people with it.
Minimize
• Minimize the usage of water as there is very scarcity of water that is being faced by
few nation and can soon be a major problem in our nation and as well as the other
nations across the globe. Yes, it will cost more to fetch the advance technology to
conduct this project but this will come very handy in the near future and it will be
useful to our coming generations.
29. • Comparison
• This project can make water from ay waste water other than the Bill Gates
Company which only makes drinking water from toilets.
• Also it uses modern technology like BAC, GAC and ultra-filtration which give
correct results whereas the old companies use osmosis which in return can cause
health problems.
30. Conclusion
• Our world has a population of 7.7 Billion in which millions of people die due to
scarcity of water by using this project we can be the helping hands to these millions
of people. India which has a population of 17.4 of which world has took many majors
to eradicate the drinking water abidance but fails to do so, more than 35% of the
population drink water which contains bacteria and algae which cause diseases. By
using this project, we can eradicate this problem by placing this water purification
centres in every village by the help of our government.
