Simon Upton's is director of Environment at the OECD. Here is the presentation he gave on April 10th for the launch of the first Environmental performance review of Colombia. Inequalities, commodities boom, precious biodiversity and green growth. http://www.oecd.org/env/country-reviews/colombia2014.htm

1. Environmental
Performance
Reviews
Simon Upton
Director, Environment
10 APRIL 2014
Environmental
Performance Review
of Colombia

2. Environmental
Performance
ReviewsSurfing the commodities boom
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0
10
20
30
40
50
%change(2000-11)
USD1000(2005pricesandPPP)
GDP per capita in 2011 and % change in total GDP (2000-11)
GDP per capita % change

3. Environmental
Performance
ReviewsOne of the world’s most unequal countries
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
Gini coefficient of household disposable income,
2010 or latest available year

4. Environmental
Performance
ReviewsStrong commodity prices
0%
4%
8%
12%
2001 2006 2011
% share of value added
Contribution to GDP growth
Other
Metal
ores
Coal
Oil and
gas

5. Growth in mining
Environmental
Performance
Reviews
0
3 000
6 000
9 000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
1 000 ha
8% of the continental
land area
Land titled for mining (cumulated ha)

6. Mining exploration
Environmental
Performance
Reviews
Mining titles 2012
Titles
granted
Titles and
applications

7. Coal, metal and other mining
2%
Oil and gas
extraction
43%
Manufacture of metals
13%
Manufacture of electrical
machinery and motor vehicles
Manufacture of chemicals
and chemical products
4%
Other
manufacturing
13%
Printing and publishing
3%
Transport
4%
Human health activities
9%
Other
4%
Total: 174 419 tonnes
Environmental
Performance
ReviewsHazardous waste generation
Renewables
Generation of hazardous waste by type of activity in 2011

8. Natural resources under pressure
from agriculture
Environmental
Performance
Reviews
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
% of land area
Forest area in 2011

9. Land use
area
(estimated)
1500160018001850192019702000

10. Natural resources under pressure
from agriculture
Environmental
Performance
Reviews
0,00
0,20
0,40
0,60
0,80
1,00
1,20
1,40
1,60
1,80
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Pacific Orinoquía Caribbean Andean Amazon
million ha
Forest area (1990)
Forest area (2005)
Forest area (2010)
Average annual deforestation rate (1990-2010)
% of 1990 forest area
Forest area and average annual deforestation by region

11. Livestock grazing
Environmental
Performance
Reviews
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
million head of cattle
Increase in stock units

12. Land holding
Environmental
Performance
Reviews
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Mexico Uruguay Paraguay Peru
Gini index
Land holding
concentration
Source: FAO Gender and Land Rights Database; Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi.

13. Environmental
Performance
ReviewsUrbanisation is growing
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1961
1964
1967
1970
1973
1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1991
1994
1997
2000
2003
2006
2009
2012
2015
2018
2021
2024
2027
2030
2033
2036
2039
2042
2045
2048
million inhabitants
Urban
Rural
Population trends: projections to 2050

14. Environmental
Performance
ReviewsUsing water more efficiently
0 20 40 60 80
Pacific
Orinoquia
Magdalena-Cauca
Carribean
Amazon
% urban population
% average annual runoff
%
Distribution of surface water resources and population
by hydrographic area
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2008 2019
billion m3
Water abstractions by major uses:
2008 and projections to 2019
Manufacturing industry
Public water supply
Agriculture and aquaculture

15. Environmental
Performance
ReviewsAccess to water and sanitation
0
25
50
75
100
Urban Rural Urban Rural
Safe drinking water Basic sanitation
Population with access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
1993 and 2010
1993 2010
%
MDG targets 2015
Urban
Rural
Urban
Rural

16. 0
25
50
75
100
Water supply
%
Households connected to water supply
and sewer systems, 2003-12
2003 2012
Sewerage
Environmental
Performance
ReviewsAccess to water and sanitation
Urban
Rural
Rural
Urban

17. Environmental
Performance
Reviews
The effects of climate change
on precipitation
Change in precipitation
2071-2100
vs
1971-2000

18. Environmental
Performance
Reviews
Planned expansion of fossil fuel
power generation
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1990 1995 2000 2005 2011 2020
TWh
Electricity generation, 1990-2011
and projections to 2020 (baseline scenario)
Hydro Biofuels and waste
Natural gas Oil products
Coal and coal products
Thermal
plants
Hydroelectric
plants

19. Low CO2 emission intensity – for now
Environmental
Performance
Reviews
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
COL NOR FRA ITA TUR CHL MEX JPN USA CAN AUS
t/USD 1 000 (2005 PPP)
Energy-related CO2 emissions intensity, 2011

20. Low CO2 emission intensity – for now
Environmental
Performance
Reviews
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Transport
Manufacturing and construction
Residential, commercial
and public services
Other energy industry own use
Energy-related CO2 emissions by sector,
2000-11
Mt
Electricity and heat
Agriculture and
forestry

21. Environmental
Performance
ReviewsGrowth in road transport
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
United
States
Australia Canada Norway Japan Mexico Chile Turkey Colombia
% change
vehicles/
100 inhabitants
Road vehicle stock per capita, 2010
Passenger cars Other % change 2000-10

22. Lower taxes on diesel than petrol
Environmental
Performance
Reviews
Fuel prices in Colombia and selected
OECD countries, 2012
0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
3,00
Norway
Turkey
UnitedKingdom
France
Switzerland
Japan
Chile
Colombia-Bogotà
UnitedStates
Mexico
USD/litre
Unleaded petrol Diesel for commercial use

23. Petrol vs diesel
Environmental
Performance
Reviews
-0,3
0,0
0,3
0,7
1,0
1,3
1,7
2,0
-1 000
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
5 000
6 000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
% of GDP
COP billion
2005 prices
Petrol Diesel Total % GDP
(right axis)
Fuel subsidies
It is estimated that diesel subsidies accounted for 65% of total fuel
subsidies in 2011.

24. Air pollution has significant impacts on
human health and the economy
Environmental
Performance
Reviews
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Bogotá Medellín Bucaramanga National standard WHO standard
µg/m3
Annual mean concentrations of Particulate Matter (PM10) in three cities

25. Environmental
Performance
Reviews
Low municipal waste generation
but high landfill rate
Municipal waste generation, 2011
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
200
400
600
800
COL BRA JPN MEX CHL TUR NOR FRA GBR USA
%
kg/capita
Waste per capita % landfilled (right axis)

26. Environmental
Performance
ReviewsWaste – municipal waste generation
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Sanitary landfills Recovery* Other** Private final consumption
(right axis)
million tonnes
* Mainly carried out by treatment plants not complying with adequate technical standards. Excludes recovery from households, commerce and industrial sources (about 1.8 millions tonnes in 2010).
** Includes waste disposal in non-controlled sites and water bodies, and waste burning in open areas.
Generation and treatment of municipal waste
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
Private final consumtion
(right axis)
Index 2005 = 100
(constant prices)

27. Environmental
Performance
ReviewsEnvironmentally related taxes
-2,0
-1,0
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
Mexico
Colombia
UnitedStates
Chile
Japan
France
SouthAfrica
Norway
Brazil
Turkey
% of GDP
Energy products Motor vehicles Other
OECD countries and selected non-member economies, 2011

28. Environmental
Performance
Reviews
Mobilising resources to develop and
manage protected areas
0
20
40
60
80
100
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Total SINAP resources Domestic government budget to national natural parks
International co-operation Other domestic sources
COP million
2011 prices
Sources of funding for protected areas