Philosophy is defined as the quest for truth through logical reasoning rather than empirical observation. The main branches of philosophy are metaphysics, epistemology, and axiology. Metaphysics deals with the nature of reality and being. Epistemology is the study of knowledge and how we know what is true. Axiology studies values and determines what is considered good. Ethics is derived from axiology and examines the morality of human actions.

1. WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?

2.  Philosophy is derived from the Greek words
“philo” meaning love, “sophos” meaning wise
and “Sophia” which means wisdom. It is
defined in so many ways by different
authors. But for the purpose of shall define it
as the quest for truth based on logical
reasoning aside from factual observation of
this lecture we the nature’s multifarious
phenomena.

3. THE BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
1.Metaphysics
2. Epistemology
3. Axiology

4. 1.Metaphysics
Metaphysics was first introduced by
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) as meta physika which
simply means “with the things of nature,”
As a branch of Philosophy it deals with
the nature of being and reality , essence,
truth , space , time , causation, essence of
god, as well as the origin and purpose of the
universe.

5.  Metaphysics is somewhat related to
epistemology and asks the question “What is
real?”
 Are the things that are real only the things
that can be touched and measured?
 Behaviorists vs. existentialists

6. 2.Epistemology
 Epistemology is derived from the Greek
words “episteme” meaning knowledge and
“logos” which means the study of. It is
synonymous with the Latin word “scientia”.
Basically it deals with the study of
knowledge.
 Epistemology—”How do we know what is
true?”
 This is a live question today—Do we listen to
standardized test results to determine how
much students know, or read their portfolios?

7. 3.Axiology
 Axiology deals with the problems of values. It
seeks to rationalize the questions like what is
value? What are the values to be desired in
living and the likes.
 Axiology is the study of values; it asks the
question of “What is good?” From axiology,
we arrive at an understanding of “What is
good?”
 We get ethics from the study of axiology

8. 4.Logic
 Logic is derived from the Greek words
“Logia” meaning argument and “logike”
meaning the art of reasoning. It is basically
the science and art of correct thinking and
correct reasoning.

9. Ethics
 Ethics as defined earlier is the art and science
that deals with the morality of human acts.
 Human Act - act that proceeds from the
deliberate free will of man.
 Acts of Human - acts proper to man as
man.

10. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN ACTS
 Elicited Act - finds adequate cause in the will alone- completed in the
will.
Ex. I wish I could fly.
 wish - simple love of anything
-all acts begin with a wish
 Intention- purposive tendency of the will towards a thing regarded as
realize whether it is or not.
Ex. I am going to court her
 Election – the selection of the will of the precise means to be employed
in carrying out an intention.
Ex. I am sending her a bunch of roses.
 Use- employment by the will power to carry out its intention s by
selected means.
Ex. I am sending roses either E. Behaves, Petals andTwigs, etc.
 Fruition - enjoyment of a thing willed or done.
 -satisfaction.

11.  Commanded – done through the coordination of
body and mind.
a.internal – done by the powers of the mind
under the command of the will.
Ex.To remember, to control anger
b. external – acts effected by bodily powers
under command of the will.
Ex.Walking, speaking, writing
c. mixed – employment of bodily and mental
powers
Ex. Study
 *All human acts are internal
 *All external acts are mixed