Nasal discharge, also known as rhinorrhea, is a common symptom that can be caused by a variety of conditions related to the ear, nose, and throat (ENT). It is the result of excess mucus production in the nasal cavity, which can be caused by inflammation or infection of the nasal passages.
Common causes of nasal discharge include allergies, colds, sinus infections, and nasal polyps. Allergies can cause the nasal passages to become inflamed and produce excess mucus, leading to a runny nose. Colds and sinus infections can also cause inflammation and infection, leading to nasal discharge.
Nasal polyps are growths in the nasal cavity that can obstruct airflow and cause chronic inflammation and excess mucus production. Other less common causes of nasal discharge include foreign bodies in the nasal cavity, tumors, and hormonal changes during pregnancy.
Treatment for nasal discharge depends on the underlying cause. For allergies, antihistamines and nasal corticosteroids may be recommended. For colds and sinus infections, decongestants, saline nasal sprays, and antibiotics may be used. Nasal polyps may require surgical removal.
In addition to nasal discharge, other symptoms that may be present with ENT-related conditions include nasal congestion, headache, facial pain or pressure, cough, and sore throat. If nasal discharge is persistent, accompanied by other symptoms, or affects quality of life, it is important to seek medical evaluation by an ENT specialist.
Rhinitis commonly known as a stuffy
nose,
is the medical term describing
irritation and inflammation of some internal areas of the nose .
It is the inflammation of the nasal mucosa.
Acute Rhinitis is also known as the common cold.
It may be bacterial or viral.
It may be classified as acute & allergic .
It usually lasts 5 to 7 days.
It may be bacterial or viral or irritants.
Which is caused by Rhinoviruses and Coronaviruses , or bacterial sinusitis .
Nasal discharge, also known as rhinorrhea, is a common symptom that can be caused by a variety of conditions related to the ear, nose, and throat (ENT). It is the result of excess mucus production in the nasal cavity, which can be caused by inflammation or infection of the nasal passages.
Common causes of nasal discharge include allergies, colds, sinus infections, and nasal polyps. Allergies can cause the nasal passages to become inflamed and produce excess mucus, leading to a runny nose. Colds and sinus infections can also cause inflammation and infection, leading to nasal discharge.
Nasal polyps are growths in the nasal cavity that can obstruct airflow and cause chronic inflammation and excess mucus production. Other less common causes of nasal discharge include foreign bodies in the nasal cavity, tumors, and hormonal changes during pregnancy.
Treatment for nasal discharge depends on the underlying cause. For allergies, antihistamines and nasal corticosteroids may be recommended. For colds and sinus infections, decongestants, saline nasal sprays, and antibiotics may be used. Nasal polyps may require surgical removal.
In addition to nasal discharge, other symptoms that may be present with ENT-related conditions include nasal congestion, headache, facial pain or pressure, cough, and sore throat. If nasal discharge is persistent, accompanied by other symptoms, or affects quality of life, it is important to seek medical evaluation by an ENT specialist.
Rhinitis commonly known as a stuffy
nose,
is the medical term describing
irritation and inflammation of some internal areas of the nose .
It is the inflammation of the nasal mucosa.
Acute Rhinitis is also known as the common cold.
It may be bacterial or viral.
It may be classified as acute & allergic .
It usually lasts 5 to 7 days.
It may be bacterial or viral or irritants.
Which is caused by Rhinoviruses and Coronaviruses , or bacterial sinusitis .
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CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
7. COMMON COLD (CORYZA)
a) Airborne droplet infection
b)Caused by several viruses
A. Adenovirus
B. Picorna virus such as
i. Rhinovirus
ii. Coxsachie
c) Incubation period : 3-4 days
Illness lasts 2-3 weeks.
8. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
COMMON COLD
1. Nasal Itching
2. Nasal Blockage
3. Rhinorrhea
4. Chills and rigors
5. Low grade fever
Initially nasal discharge watery and profuse then
goes to form thick mucopurulent due to
secondary infection due to Strepto. Haemolyticus ,
H. Influenzae, Kleb. Pneumoniae
9. BACTERIAL RHINITIS
Non Specific Infection
1. Primary : Seen in Children and Causative Org. are
Pneumococcus, Streptococcus, and
Staphylococcus. May form a tenaceous
membrane over nasal mucosa which bleeds on
removal.
2. Secondary: Due to secondary bacterial infection
over the acute viral infection. Causative Org. are
Pneumococcus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus
and H.Influenzae.
o Diphtheritic rhinitis:
10. IRRITATIVE RHINITIS
Due to exposure to dust, smoke, irritative gases
such as ammonia, formalin, acid fumes.
Due to trauma while handling nasal mucosa eg
While removing foreign body nose.
Leads to immediate catarrhal reaction as
Sneezing
Rhinorrhea
Nasal congestion
Symptoms pass of immediately after removing
offending agent
Recovery depends on extent of damage.
11. CHRONIC SIMPLE RHINITIS
Recurrent attacks of acute rhinitis in presence of
pre disposing factors lead to chronic rhinitis
Persistence Sinusitis, DNS, Vasomotor Rhinitis
Ch. Adeno tonsillitis,
Endocrinal: Hypothyroidism/ Metabolic Factors.
Constant exposure to dust, smoke, cigarette
smoking, snuff, exposure to industrial and chemical
smoke ,alcohol indulgence are the main
predisposing factors.
12. CHRONIC SIMPLE RHINITIS
PATHOLOGY
Hyperemia
Edema mucosal membrane
Increase no. of globet cells, hypertrophy of
seromucinus gland
Blood sinusoids over the turbinate are distended if
untreated leads to hypertrophy chronic rhinitis.
13. CLINICAL FEATURES
Nasal obstruction which increases in supine
position
Nasal discharge
Hypertrophy of turbinates
Post nasal drip
Treatment
Treatment of cause
Nasal douching, Decongestant and antibiotics
14. HYPERTROPHIC RHINTIS
Mucosal thickening, hypertrophy of submucosal
seromucinous glands, periosteum of bone
Changes marked over turbinate due to
• Recurrent nasal infection
• Ch. Sinusitis
• Ch. Irritation due to smoking, industrial irritants,
prolonged nasal drops usage, recurrent vasomotor
or allergic rhinitis
15. HYPERTROPHIC RHINITIS
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Symptoms
• Nasal obstruction
• Headache
• Thick tenaceous nasal discharge
o Signs
• Hypertrophic nasal turbinates with minimal or no effect
of nasal decongestion drops due to underlying fibrosis
involvement of inferior turbinate is common
• There may be compensatory hypertrophy of inferior
turbinate of opposite site if there is gross DNS.
16. TREATMENT
Treat the cause
Avoid exposure to causative agents
May require cauterization / sub mucosal diathermy
Partial / Total turbinectomy
A. Middle
B. Inferior turbinate.
17. ATROPHIC RHINITIS ( OZAENA)
Chronic rhinitis characterized by
1. Atrophy of nasal mucosa and turbinate bones.
2. Nasal cavities are roomy with foul smelling crust.
Primary Atrophic Rhinitis
1. Idiopathic
2. Hereditary
3. Endocrinal disturbances
More common in females
starts at puberty
Crusting decreases after menopause suggestive
of possibility of endocrinal pathology
18. 4. Nutritional factors : Vit A, D,E and Iron deficiency.
5. Infective pathology : Kleb. Ozaenae
Diptheroids,
Ecoli,
Staphylococcal considered
as secondary invaders causing ozaenae.
6. Auto immune disease
7. Racial Factors Common in races with broad noses
19. PATHOLOGY
Nasal mucosa : ciliated columnar epithelium is lost
and replaced by stratified squamous type
Atrophy of seromucinus glands , venous blood
sinusoides, nerves.
Arteries,of mucosa / periosteum / bone show
obliterative end arteritis.
Bone of turbinates undergo resorption and widening
of nasal cavity.
20. CLINICAL FEATURES
Females> Males
Around puberty
Foul smelling – socially unaccepted
Pt will have anosmia due to degenerative changes.
Pt will have decrease sensations and will complain
of nasal obstruction.
Nasal crusting, bleeding on removal
O/E Nasal cavity will roomy, crusting++, mucosa
pale and dry.
21. TREATMENT
Disease may persist for years
Medical line of treatment.
Nasal irrigation/ manual removal of crusts.
Nasal douche with NAHCO3 + Sodium biborate + NaCl
(1+1+2), in 280 ml of water.
25 % glucose in glycerine nasal drops (inhibits growth of
proleolytic organisms ),
local antibiotics nasal drops– Kemicetine antiozaena
Solution (Chloromycetin ,Oestradiol, Vitamin D)
Hormonal therapy(Oestradiol) to increase vascularity of
mucosa and to decrease crusting and mucosal atrophy.
Placental extract injection to reduce mucosal atrophy
22. Systemic Use Of Streptomycin :1gm/day effective against
Klebsiella
Potassium iodide by mouth Promotes and liquefies the nasal
secretion
23. ATROPHIC RHINITIS
Surgical line of treatment
Young’s operation
Modified Young’s operation
Narrowing of the nasal cavity
1. Injection of Teflon paste submucosally
2. Insertion of fat , cartilage, bone / Teflon grafts
submucosally
24. SECONDARY ATROPHIC RHINITIS
Associated with chronic granulamatous condition
such as leprosy, Syphilis, rhinoscleroma, lupus.
Unilateral Atrophic Rhinitis
May occur in patient with marked DNS.
The concave side may lead to atrophic changes
due to drying of nasal secretions in grossly deviated
nasal septum
25. RHINITIS SICCA
Occupational disease
Crust formation ++
Common in people who work in dry atmosphere
such as bakeries / cooks/ Iron and Gold smiths.
Treatment : To avoid exposure to dry conditions and
routine treatment of atrophic rhinitis
26. RHINITIS CASEOSA
Unilateral
Affects male > female
Purulent, cheesy discharge from nose
O/E : Ch. Sinusitis with inspissated pus leading to
cheesy discharge which gets secondarily infected
giving rise to Ozaenae.
Bony walls may get disrupted
It has to be differentiated from malignancy
Treatment: Surgical removal of debris.