Esquire magazine targets men aged 25-40 with covers featuring famous male celebrities photographed in stylish suits from mid-shots to promote lavish lifestyles. Dark colors, bold fonts, and symmetrical layouts with the celebrity central are used. Cosmopolitan targets women 18-25 with bright colors and covers featuring attractive female models in revealing costumes surrounded by sexual article headlines and informal, relatable text.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
3. Esquire
Esquire concentrates on using famous celebrities that are recognizable to the
public in order to increase the chances of people buying their magazine.
They choose to place them centrally on the cover, so that they can be
instantly recognized. For esquire specifically, there are a lot more mid shots
than close ups, which are more stereotypical for male fashion magazines.
They’re given a stylish costume to wear in order to promote their lavished
lifestyles and wealth, in an attempt to make consumers envy the position
they’re in.
The brands name is also central and kept bold so that it stands out, as a
popular brand can use its name in order to gain more consumers as people
will have heard of them before
4. The celebrities are represented stereotypically, standing confidently with
smart shirts and suits. This promotes the celebrities as more masculine, which
is what the target audience would most likely want to be.
The target audience would probably be of an older age compared to
cosmopolitan, with it being males from 25-40, and most likely males who are
interested in fashion and probably quite wealthy, so that they can relate to
the suits on show etc.
The colours are no where near as bright as the contrasting Cosmopolitan
magazines, as the darker colours carry connotation of masculinity, which is
what it seems Esquire are trying to promote in the hope it will interest more
males.
Usually a white background, so that the darker colour costumes and darker
copy can stand out more and be more powerful.
This can allow the text to stand out, meaning the straplines and captions etc
can be easily noticed and one of the first things you look at when you see the
cover.
This then helps to promote the articles inside the magazine, which for esquire
consists of male fashion and lifestyle tips.
5. The small straplines and captions are in a direct mode of address, so that the
audience can relate to the articles more as they feel it has something to do
with them, making them want to purchase the magazine and read the whole
thing.
Uses a serif font for the brand name to suggest it’s a magazine that would be
fun and entertaining, but also serif font for straplines as it stands out more as
it’s usually much bolder.
The cover is also very symmetrical, with the model central, surrounded by the
subtitles in the empty space, which is very stereotypical for a magazine.
Shallow depth of field is used to keep the concentration on the model.
6. Cosmopolitan
Cosmopolitan concentrates on using attractive female models in order to
interest more consumers.
With their target audience being the average young female, they use these
attractive females as stereotypically, females care a lot about their
appearance and will look at the models and be impressed with how attractive
they are.
There most likely will be some digital manipulation in order to make the
models as attractive as possible.
There’s a lot of bright colours and high key lighting, included in the copy, the
background and the costumes. This instantly suggests that the magazine will
be more entertaining, containing more entertaining articles.
7. The straplines and captions are stereotypical for a female based magazine,
with sexual based articles being in most covers. This is an interest to females
of ages 18-25, which is the target audience.
Direct address, using words such as you so the audience find it easier to
relate to the articles.
Uses mid shots/ long shots to show off the majority of the models body in
their sexualised costume, which again helps make them look as attractive as
possible.
A lot of text surrounding the model, using a range of serif and sans serif fonts,
with the inclusions of things such as love hearts and arrows so the magazine
appears more entertaining and not stale and basic.
Can use slang and an informal register as it would relate more to the younger
demographic that would be the majority of the magazines customers.
Also has a symmetrical layout, with text surrounding both sides of the central
model.
