This document proposes a novel approach for designing a static VAR compensator (SVC) using model reference adaptive control (MRAC) to improve generator damping. The SVC comprises a fixed capacitor and thyristor-controlled inductor. A proportional-integral (PI) controller is also designed using eigenvalue assignment to provide better dynamic performance. Simulation results show the MRAC SVC provides better damping than the fixed-gain PI controller following a disturbance like a three-phase fault.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
Torque estimator using MPPT method for wind turbines IJECEIAES
In this work, we presents a control scheme of the interface of a grid connected Variable Speed Wind Energy Generation System based on Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). The vectorial strategy for oriented stator flux GADA has been developed To extract the maximum power MPPT from the wind turbine. It uses a second order sliding mode controller and Kalman observer, using the super twisting algorithm. The simulation describes the effectiveness of the control strategy adopted.For a step and random profiles of the wind speed, reveals better tracking and perfect convergence of electromagnetic torque and concellation of reactive power to the stator. This control limits the mechanical stress on the tansmission shaft, improves the quality of the currents generated on the grid and optimizes the efficiency of the conversion chain.
Nonlinear Control of Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOM for Transmission ...ijtsrd
The Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOM is a shunt controller, which is a member of FACTS devices. In this paper, an effective and robust controller for STATCOM device on transmission lines, a Single Machine Infinite Bus SMIB system is modeled. A state space mathematical model is constructed which considers both electromechanical oscillations and reactive current of the STATCOM at the installation site. Based the obtained third order model, state feedback linearization and linear quadratic regulation LQR approach are applied to obtain a nonlinear control law. The controllers are simulated and tested under different operating conditions comparing with the conventional PI controller. Yadana Aung | Phyu Phyu Win | Moe Phyu Thel "Nonlinear Control of Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) for Transmission System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28002.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/28002/nonlinear-control-of-static-synchronous-compensator-statcom-for-transmission-system/yadana-aung
Vector Controlled Two Phase Induction Motor and To A Three Phase Induction MotorIJERA Editor
This paper presents vector controlled of single phase induction motor. some problems are with vector controlled SPIM.As SPIM’s are typically to maintain speed and also about the complex implementation of vector controlled SPIM.the implemantion of the proposed vector controlled TPIM compared to the vector controlled SPIM. The general modal sutable for vector control of the unsymmentrical two phase induction motor and also stator flux oriented controlled strategies are analized. the comparative performance of both has been presented in this work with help of a practical three phase motor.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
Torque estimator using MPPT method for wind turbines IJECEIAES
In this work, we presents a control scheme of the interface of a grid connected Variable Speed Wind Energy Generation System based on Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). The vectorial strategy for oriented stator flux GADA has been developed To extract the maximum power MPPT from the wind turbine. It uses a second order sliding mode controller and Kalman observer, using the super twisting algorithm. The simulation describes the effectiveness of the control strategy adopted.For a step and random profiles of the wind speed, reveals better tracking and perfect convergence of electromagnetic torque and concellation of reactive power to the stator. This control limits the mechanical stress on the tansmission shaft, improves the quality of the currents generated on the grid and optimizes the efficiency of the conversion chain.
Nonlinear Control of Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOM for Transmission ...ijtsrd
The Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOM is a shunt controller, which is a member of FACTS devices. In this paper, an effective and robust controller for STATCOM device on transmission lines, a Single Machine Infinite Bus SMIB system is modeled. A state space mathematical model is constructed which considers both electromechanical oscillations and reactive current of the STATCOM at the installation site. Based the obtained third order model, state feedback linearization and linear quadratic regulation LQR approach are applied to obtain a nonlinear control law. The controllers are simulated and tested under different operating conditions comparing with the conventional PI controller. Yadana Aung | Phyu Phyu Win | Moe Phyu Thel "Nonlinear Control of Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) for Transmission System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28002.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/28002/nonlinear-control-of-static-synchronous-compensator-statcom-for-transmission-system/yadana-aung
Vector Controlled Two Phase Induction Motor and To A Three Phase Induction MotorIJERA Editor
This paper presents vector controlled of single phase induction motor. some problems are with vector controlled SPIM.As SPIM’s are typically to maintain speed and also about the complex implementation of vector controlled SPIM.the implemantion of the proposed vector controlled TPIM compared to the vector controlled SPIM. The general modal sutable for vector control of the unsymmentrical two phase induction motor and also stator flux oriented controlled strategies are analized. the comparative performance of both has been presented in this work with help of a practical three phase motor.
New Methodology for Asynchronous Motor the Adaptive-Sliding-Mode-Control Capa...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A new methodology for the design of adaptive sliding mode control (ASMC) for Asynchronous motor control will be presented in this paper. The sliding mode control (SMC) has become one of the most active branches of control theory that has found successful applications in a variety of engineering systems, such an the electrical motors. The new Adaptive sliding mode control method is compared to other existing techniques. The pros and cons of ASMC controller will be demonstrated by intensive simulation results. It will be shown that the presented controller is with fast tracking capability, less steady state error, and robust to load disturbance.
Comparative Analysis of PID, SMC, SMC with PID Controller for Speed Control o...IJMTST Journal
In this thesis, sliding mode control (SMC) technique is used to control the speed of DC motor. The performance of the SMC is judged via MATLAB simulations using linear model of the DC motor and known disturbance. SMC is then compared with PID controller. The simulation result shows that the sliding mode controller (SMC) is superior controller than PID for the speed control of DC motor. Since the SMC is robust in presence of disturbances, the desired speed is perfectly tracked. The sliding mode control (SMC)can adapt itself to the parameter variations and external disturbances, problem of chattering parameter, resulting from discontinuous controller, is handled by sliding with smooth control action
Metal cutting tool position control using static output feedback and full sta...Mustefa Jibril
In this paper, a metal cutting machine position control have been designed and simulated using
Matlab/Simulink Toolbox successfully. The open loop response of the system analysis shows that the system needs
performance improvement. Static output feedback and full state feedback H 2 controllers have been used to increase
the performance of the system. Comparison of the metal cutting machine position using static output feedback and
full state feedback H 2 controllers have been done to track a set point position using step and sine wave input signals
and a promising results have been analyzed.
Fighter Aircraft Performance, Part II of two, describes the parameters that affect aircraft performance.
For comments please contact me at solo.hermelin@gmail.com.
For more presentations on different subjects visit my website at http://www.solohermelin.com.
Automatic control and mixed sensitivity Hinf controlRené Galindo
A brief history of important results on automatic control is given. In particular on mixed sensitivity Hinf control. New results on mixed sensitivity in a non conventional scheme are presented.
Body travel performance improvement of space vehicle electromagnetic suspensi...Mustefa Jibril
Electromagnetic suspension system (EMS) is mostly used in the field of high-speed vehicle. In this paper, a space exploring vehicle quarter electromagnetic suspension system is modelled, designed and simulated using linear quadratic optimal control problem. Linear quadratic Gaussian and linear quadratic integral controllers are designed to improve the body travel of the vehicle using bump road profile. Comparison between the proposed controllers is done and a promising simulation result have been analyzed.
�A) All analog traces. This
view shows peak values. RMS values may also be displayed.
�B) Controls for going to the beginning or end of a record, as well as nudging forward or backward in time in a record.
�C) Zoom controls
�D) Display controls for analog traces, RMS traces, fundamental waveform display, frequency trace, power trace, power factor trace, phasor diagram, impedance diagram and power diagram.
Pwm Control Strategy for Controlling Of Parallel Rectifiers In Single Phase T...IJERA Editor
This paper explains that how to develop and design, control of single phase to three phase drive system. The
proposed topology of drive system consisting of two parallel connected rectifiers, inverter and induction motor,
connected through inductor and capacitor, where used to produce balanced output to the motor drive. The main
objective of this proposed method is to reduce the circulating currents and harmonic distortions at the converter
input side, here the control strategy of drive system is PWM (pulse width modulations techniques) control
strategy, the proposed topology also provides fault compensation in the case of short circuit faults and failure of
switches for uninterrupted Power supplies. We also develop and simulate the MATLAB models for proposed
drive system, by using MATLAB/ Simulink the output results simulate and observed.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
New Methodology for Asynchronous Motor the Adaptive-Sliding-Mode-Control Capa...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A new methodology for the design of adaptive sliding mode control (ASMC) for Asynchronous motor control will be presented in this paper. The sliding mode control (SMC) has become one of the most active branches of control theory that has found successful applications in a variety of engineering systems, such an the electrical motors. The new Adaptive sliding mode control method is compared to other existing techniques. The pros and cons of ASMC controller will be demonstrated by intensive simulation results. It will be shown that the presented controller is with fast tracking capability, less steady state error, and robust to load disturbance.
Comparative Analysis of PID, SMC, SMC with PID Controller for Speed Control o...IJMTST Journal
In this thesis, sliding mode control (SMC) technique is used to control the speed of DC motor. The performance of the SMC is judged via MATLAB simulations using linear model of the DC motor and known disturbance. SMC is then compared with PID controller. The simulation result shows that the sliding mode controller (SMC) is superior controller than PID for the speed control of DC motor. Since the SMC is robust in presence of disturbances, the desired speed is perfectly tracked. The sliding mode control (SMC)can adapt itself to the parameter variations and external disturbances, problem of chattering parameter, resulting from discontinuous controller, is handled by sliding with smooth control action
Metal cutting tool position control using static output feedback and full sta...Mustefa Jibril
In this paper, a metal cutting machine position control have been designed and simulated using
Matlab/Simulink Toolbox successfully. The open loop response of the system analysis shows that the system needs
performance improvement. Static output feedback and full state feedback H 2 controllers have been used to increase
the performance of the system. Comparison of the metal cutting machine position using static output feedback and
full state feedback H 2 controllers have been done to track a set point position using step and sine wave input signals
and a promising results have been analyzed.
Fighter Aircraft Performance, Part II of two, describes the parameters that affect aircraft performance.
For comments please contact me at solo.hermelin@gmail.com.
For more presentations on different subjects visit my website at http://www.solohermelin.com.
Automatic control and mixed sensitivity Hinf controlRené Galindo
A brief history of important results on automatic control is given. In particular on mixed sensitivity Hinf control. New results on mixed sensitivity in a non conventional scheme are presented.
Body travel performance improvement of space vehicle electromagnetic suspensi...Mustefa Jibril
Electromagnetic suspension system (EMS) is mostly used in the field of high-speed vehicle. In this paper, a space exploring vehicle quarter electromagnetic suspension system is modelled, designed and simulated using linear quadratic optimal control problem. Linear quadratic Gaussian and linear quadratic integral controllers are designed to improve the body travel of the vehicle using bump road profile. Comparison between the proposed controllers is done and a promising simulation result have been analyzed.
�A) All analog traces. This
view shows peak values. RMS values may also be displayed.
�B) Controls for going to the beginning or end of a record, as well as nudging forward or backward in time in a record.
�C) Zoom controls
�D) Display controls for analog traces, RMS traces, fundamental waveform display, frequency trace, power trace, power factor trace, phasor diagram, impedance diagram and power diagram.
Pwm Control Strategy for Controlling Of Parallel Rectifiers In Single Phase T...IJERA Editor
This paper explains that how to develop and design, control of single phase to three phase drive system. The
proposed topology of drive system consisting of two parallel connected rectifiers, inverter and induction motor,
connected through inductor and capacitor, where used to produce balanced output to the motor drive. The main
objective of this proposed method is to reduce the circulating currents and harmonic distortions at the converter
input side, here the control strategy of drive system is PWM (pulse width modulations techniques) control
strategy, the proposed topology also provides fault compensation in the case of short circuit faults and failure of
switches for uninterrupted Power supplies. We also develop and simulate the MATLAB models for proposed
drive system, by using MATLAB/ Simulink the output results simulate and observed.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
9 Control Strategies for Variable-speed Fixed-pitch Win.docxevonnehoggarth79783
9
Control Strategies for Variable-speed
Fixed-pitch Wind Turbines
Bunlung Neammanee, Somporn Sirisumrannukul and
Somchai Chatratana1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok
1National Science and Technology Development Agency
Thailand
1. Introduction
This chapter deals with a design of controllers for variable-speed fixed-pitch wind turbines.
The chapter begins with an introduction to wind turbine control and the detail of nonlinear
models of the wind energy conversion system (WECS). Linearization around a set of
equilibrium points is presented to obtain a linear parameter variable model from a nonlinear
system. Open-loop characteristics for small signals are then described to analyze dynamic
behaviors under different operating conditions. The control objectives for variable-speed
fixed-pitch wind turbines detailed in this chapter consists of three operating conditions:
1. Maximization of extracted energy: The wind turbine should extract wind energy at the
highest efficiency to obtain the highest energy conversion ratio. Three alternative
maximum peak power tracking (MPPT)-based algorithms for fixed pitch wind turbines
are introduced. The first algorithm is guided by a torque reference (Mirecki et at., 2004).
The second method searches an optimal operating point from the slope of the power-
rotational speed curve. The last method is based on the control objective derived from a
fuzzy rule base.
2. Limitation of extracted energy with active stall with rotational speed control: The aim of
this control is to limit stresses on the turbine while minimizing the power fluctuations
around a constant value, normally around the nominal power.
3. Control of MPPT and stall regulation at the overlapping region: This operating
condition is effective with constant rotational speed control.
The controller objectives, controller schemes and controller designs are discussed in detail.
The developed controllers for fixed-pitch wind turbines are based on a speed and torque-
feedback control scheme. The proper design of the reference signal allows accurate tracking
of each control strategy along the entire operating range. Hardware and software
implementation for the control algorithms are explained. The case studies were carried out
with two laboratory experiments with a developed wind turbine simulator: 1) three MPPT
algorithms and active stall regulation with rotational speed control, and 2) an MPPT
algorithm with a grid-connected converter. The chapter is concluded in the last section. The
references are also provided for further research and studies.
Source: Wind Power, Book edited by: S. M. Muyeen,
ISBN 978-953-7619-81-7, pp. 558, June 2010, INTECH, Croatia, downloaded from SCIYO.COM
www.intechopen.com
Wind Power
210
2. Model of variable speed fixed-pitch wind energy conversion system
2.1 Modeling of rotor .
Design And Simulation Of Distributed Statcom Controller For Power Factor Impr...IJERA Editor
The STATCOM is a static reactive power compensator. It is connected to the grid through ac side reactors and
has a capacitor on the DC-link side. This DC-link capacitor is maintained at a given voltage under closed-loop
control while a set amount of reactive current is fed according to load requirements. The operating frequency of
the VSC is also controlled in a PLL (phase locked loop) manner. Hence, it is essential to have a closed-loop
feedback control operation of the STATCOM. The state space model of the STATCOM is non-linear. The nonlinear
model of the STATCOM is linearized. A linear model of the STACOM is proposed. In this model, the
grid voltage and the fundamental component of the STATCOM VSC terminal voltage are assumed to be inphase
and the modulation index is kept within unity. PI-controllers for the active and reactive currents as well as
the DC-link voltage of the STATCOM have been designed. The model, with PI controllers has been simulated
in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment with variation of the pre-charge voltage on the DC-link capacitor with
linear loads (inductive). Improvement of the power factor of the grid current is achieved for linear loads.
Nonlinear Control of an Active Magnetic Bearing with Output ConstraintIJECEIAES
In this paper, an appropriate control strategy is proposed to handle the nonlinear dy- namics of an active magnetic bearing (AMB). The goal of the control design is to drive the AMB rotor to the origin with improved transient response. In order to achieve this task, back stepping control technique with a barrier Lyapunov function are employed to keep the tracking error trajectory inside a predefined zone to avoid possible mechanical contact between rotor and stator. Besides, a speed observer is also used since information about rotor speed is not always available. The stability of the closed-loop system is proven. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is verified by numerical simulations.
Design Of Sub Synchronous Damping Controller (SSDC) For TCSC To Improve Power...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
In this paper, a three-phase load connected to a NPC three-level inverter is presented. To generate gate signals for the multilevel inverter, two commands are developed and compared: the phase disposition pulse width modulation (PDPWM) and the space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM). DC supply is provided by photovoltaic cells. Boost converter controls the power transfer from photovoltaic generator. Due to nonlinear I-V characteristics of photovoltaic cells, a maximum power point tracking algorithm is adopted to maximize the output power, the nonlinear controller (sliding mode) is developed and simulated. To verify the effectivnesse of the introdueced controller, it is compared with the fuzzy logic controller. Matlab-simulink is used for simulation, analysis and interpretation the results of these controllers.
[9_CV] FCS-Model Predictive Control of Induction Motors feed by MultilLevel C...Nam Thanh
Ha Thanh Vo, Nam Thanh Hoang, Phuong Hoang Vu, Minh Trong Tran, Dich Quang Nguyen, “FCS-Model Predictive Control of Induction Motors feed by MultilLevel Casaded H-Bridge Inverter”, RCEEE-2018.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This article describes firstly a wind power production line, principally a wind turbine constitutes her and brushless doubly fed induction generator (BDFIG). The models of these components are developed, and control objective of BDFIG is to achieve a dynamic performance similar to the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) using a stator flux field oriented control (FOC) and direct power control (DPC) strategy. After, the simulation program using Matlab/Simulink has been developed. The performances of this strategy are evaluated and analyzed, so the results show a good robustness great dynamic and a precision of speed.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. 130
TH1 and TH2 according to the variations in
terminal voltage Vt and angular speed co,
the susceptance of the inductor B L can be
regulated as shown in Fig. 2 [13]. It should
be noticed that in Fig. 2 Kp and KI are the
parameters of the PI controller which are
determined in the next section using the
eigenvalue assignment method.
In the simulation of system dynamic
performance under major disturbance condi-
tions, a set of nonlinear differential equations
describing the behavior of the generator and
Z~BLma× |BLo
AVsvcI
[ ~ Z~BLrnin
Fig. 2. Block diagram of the PI static VAR controller.
the SVC is required. These equations are
given as follows.
The synchronous machine and SVC equations in per unit form in terms of Park's d,q axes are
[1, 13]
V(t) = K(x, t)X(t) + M(x, t)X(t)
where
V = [v'~V~ sin 6 0
ZXVa~F + V~ -- ,SVt] T
X = [id iF iD iq
0 --x/~V~ cos 5 0 Tm 1 VREF-- Vt 0 0 0
iQ CO 5 VST EFD iBd iBq ABL] T
K =
r+ R e 0
0 rF
0 0
--CO(Ld + Le) --COkMF
0 0
L d iq kMFi q
3 3
0 0
0 0
0 0
r 0
--COL d --cokM F
0 0
0 CO(Lq + Le) ¢OkMQ 0 0 0 0 --R e --COL e
x/3rF
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
kM F
rD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
--tokM D r + R e 0 0 0 0 0 COLe --R e
0 0 rQ 0 0 0 0 0 0
kMDi q Lq id kMQ id
DO0 0 0 0
3 3 3
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
1
0 0 0 0 0 1 -- 0 0
KA
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 ¢OLq ¢OkMQ 0 0 0 0 0 COLB
--cokM D r 0 0 0 0 0 --COLB 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
0
1
K r -
3. M =
L d + L e kM F kM D 0 0 0 0 0
kM F L F M R 0 0 0 0 0
kM D M R L D 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 Lq + L e kMQ 0 0 0
0 0 0 kMQ LQ 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 rj 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 --1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TF
L d kM F kM D 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 Lq kMQ 0 0 0
0 --L e 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 --L e
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
TA
0 0
KA
--KF 0 0
0 L B 0
0 0 L B
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
and
Vt = [(Va= + vq2)/3] 1/2
1
LB = XT
B c + B L
B L = BLO + AB L
In the design of the PI
0
0
0
T~
Kr
131
static VAR controller using the eigenvalue assignment method, the
nonlinear differential equations have to be first linearized around a nominal operating condition
of the synchronous machine to obtain the desired state equations:
A'(t) = AX(t) + BU(t) + rz(t)
Y(t) = CX(t)
where
X = [Aid AiF AiD Aiq AiQ A69 A~i AVsT AEFD
is the state vector
Z = [VREF Tin] T
is the disturbance vector,
B = M-1B ' and F = M-iF '
B'= [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F'= [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
[ 0 0 0 0 0 --1 0 0 0 0
C = [0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
A = --M-1K
1] •
0
o :]
o]
(i)
(2)
AiBd AiBq ABL] T
5. M =
-L d + L e kM F kM D 0 0 0
kM F L F M R 0 0 0
kM D M R L D 0 0 0
0 0 0 Lq + L e kMQ 0
0 0 0 kMQ LQ 0
o o o o o --T~
0 0 0 0 0 0
W 1 W 2 W 3 W 4 WS 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
L d kM F kM D 0 0 0
0 0 0 Lq kMQ 0
W 1 W 2 W 3 W 4 W5 0
0 0 0 --L e 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 --L e 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0
TA
0 0 -- 0 0 0
KA
0 TF --K F 0 0 0
0 0 0 LBo 0 0
0 0 0 0 LBo 0
Tr
0 0 0 0 0
Kr
133
z 1 = --kdr + kqCO0Ld
z 2 = kqcookM F
z 3 = kqcookM D
Z4 = kdLOoL q + Kqr
z s = kdCOohM Q
Z 6 = --kd~,qo + kq)kdo
w 1 = kdL d
w: = kdkM F
w 3 = kdkM D
w4 = kqLq
W s = kqkMQ
V/'3Vd o
kd --- (Vdo 2 + Vqo2) 1/2
~r3Vq o
~q = (Vdo 2 + Vqo2)1/2
1
LB = X T
Bc + BL
B L = BLo + AB L
B o = B c + BLo
1
Ls0 = XT -: - -
B0
where y = A~ is the output signal, and u = Vs
is the control signal which can be expressed in
the frequency domain as
U(s) = H(s) Y(s)
KI
= Kp + -- Y(s) (3)
8
with Kp and K I the gains of the PI static VAR
controller. The main purpose here is to find
a proper pair of parameters Kp and KI to
improve the damping of machine oscillations.
3. DESIGN OF A FIXED-GAIN STATIC VAR
CONTROLLER USING THE EIGENVALUE AS-
SIGNMENT METHOD
In this section, the eigenvalue assignment
method is employed for the design of a PI
static VAR controller. In other words, the
two parameters Kp and K I are determined by
shifting to more desirable locations a pair of
eigenvalues associated ~with the oscillation
mode with worst damping. The state equa-
tions in the frequency domain are first
6. 134
written by taking the Laplace transform of
(1) and (2):
sX(s) = AX(s) + BU(s) (4)
Y(s) = CX(s) (5)
Equation (4) can be rearranged as follows:
X(s) = (sI -- A)-IBU(s) (6)
Combining eqns. (3), (5) and (6), we have
X(s) = (sI -- A)-IBH(s) CX(s) (7)
or
[I -- (sI -- A)-IBH(s) C]X(s) = 0 (8)
If k is the assigned eigenvalue of the closed-
loop system equipped with the PI static VAR
controller, then
det[l -- (kl -- A)-IBH(X)C] = 0 (9)
Using the identity [22]
det[I-- E. F] = det[I-- F. E] (10)
eqn. (9) can be written as
1 -- C(XI -- A)-IBH(X) = 0 (11)
or
1
H(X) = (12)
C(M -- A)-IB
Therefore, a pair of simultaneous algebraic
equations with the two unknown variables
Kp and KI can be obtained by substituting
two prespecified eigenvalues S = XI and
S = X: into (12). The two parameters of the
PI static VAR controller are then computed
from the solution of these two algebraic
equations.
4. DESIGN OF A MODEL REFERENCE ADAPTIVE
CONTROLLER
Consider a model reference adaptive
controller (MRAC) as shown in Fig. 3. The
reference model, which specifies the desired
response characteristic for the system, and the
plant are described by the equations
XMI = AMlXM1 + BM1UM1 (13)
XP1 = AplXP1 + Bp1Upx + Bp1Up2 (14)
The function of the adaptation mechanism is
to generate the control signals
UM,
X~1
1
ADAPTAT]ON~ ]
MECHANISM
Fig. 3. Model reference adaptive control system.
Upl = --Kp1Xp 1 + KM,XMI + KuIUMI (15)
Up2 = AKp(t, e,) XP1 + AKu(t, e,) UM, (16)
in order to assure that the error signal
el = XM1--Xp1 (17)
would finally vanish in the steady state. In
other words, the following condition must be
met:
lim el(t) = 0
t ---~oo
under disturbance conditions.
One must first verify that the linear model
following control system (Up:= 0) satisfies
the 'perfect model following' conditions
(I -- Bp1BpI+)BM1 = 0
(I -- Bp 1BpI+)(AM1 -- Ap1 ) = 0
where Bp1+ is the Penrose pseudo-inverse of
BpI:
Bp 1+ = (Bp 1TBp l)-lBp iT
The MRAC is a generalization of a fixed-
gain PI controller in which a 'proportional
plus integral' adaptation law for AKp(t,e)
and AKv(t,e ) is employed. Thus we have
[111
t
AKp(t, el) = fLv(QXP1) T dT"+ Lv(QXp,) T
o
+ AKp(0) (18)
t
AKu(t, e) = f Mv(RUM1) wdr + MD(RUM 1)w
where
V = Die 1
0
+ AKu(0 ) (19)
(20)
7. is a generalized error and L, L, M, 1VI,Q and R
are positive definite matrices of appropriate
dimension.
In order that the system be asymptotically
hyperstable, the transfer matrix
Z(s) = DI(sI- AM1 + Bp1KM1)-IBp1 (21)
must be strictly positive real. This implies that
(AM1--BpIKM1) must be a Hurwitz matrix
and that D1 is given by
D, = Bp1Tp (22)
where P is a positive definite matrix solution
of the Lyapunov equation
(AM1 --BpIKM1)TP + P(AM1 --Bp1KM1 ) = --H
(23)
H being an arbitrary positive definite (or
semidefinite) matrix. For the particular cases
in which KMIis givenby
KMI = BpITp (24)
where P is the solution of the algebraicRicatti
equation
PAM1 + AM1TP- PBp1Bp1TP + I~ = 0 (25)
the gains Kp1 and Ku1 are determined by
Kp1 = Bpl+(Ap1 -- AM1 + Bp1KM1 ) (26)
Ku1 = BpI+BM1 (27)
5. EXAMPLE
Consider a synchronous generator con-
nected to a large power system through a
double-circuit transmission line as shown in
Fig. 1. The parameters of the system are as
follows [1, 13].
Synchronous generator
¢oR = 377 rad S-1
L d = 1.7 p.u.,
LF = 1.65 p.u.
L D = 1.605 p.u.,
kMF=kMD=MR
kMQ = 1.49 p.u.
ld = lq = 0.15 p.u.
r = 0.001 096 p.u.,
Lq = 1.64 p.u.
LQ = 1.526 p.u.
= 1.55 p.u.
rF = 0.000 742 p.u.
135
rD = 0.0131 p.u., rQ = 0.054 p.u.
H= 2.37 s, D = 0
R e = 0.02 p.u., L~ = 0.4 p.u.
Voltage regulator and exciter
TA = 0.05 s, K n = 400
TF = 1 s, KF = 0.025
Static VAR compensator
X T -- 0.08 p.u.
Kr = 50, Tr = 0.15 s
Vsmax = 0.12 p.u., Vsmin = --0.12 p.u.
ABLmax = 0.375 p.u., ABLmin = --0.4 p.u.
BC = 0.625 p.u., BLo= --0.6 p.u.
The eigenvalues of the system under the
generator loading condition of P= 1.0 p.u.
and Q = 0.62 p.u. are listed in Table 1 and it
can be observed from the Table that, for the
system without a PI controller, the damping
of the electromechanical mode, which is
described by the eigenvalues --0.161 + j9.476,
is very poor. Therefore, a supplementary PI
controller is required if better damping char-
acteristics for this mode are to be achieved.
With a damping ratio of 0.32, two prespecified
eigenvalues, --2.578 + j8.103, were assigned
for the mechanical mode. With these eigen-
values substituted into {12), the desired PI
controller parameters Kp = 3.8 and K I = 0.055
are obtained.
For the model reference adaptive SVC, the
linearized model at the nominal operating
point of P=l.0p.u. and Q=0.62p.u. is
chosen as the reference.
TABLE 1
System eigenvalues at P = 1.0 p.u. and Q = 0.62 p.u.
Open-loop system Closed-loop system
(without PI controller) (with PI controller)
--0.161 + j9.476 --2.578 -+j8.103 a
--6.194 + j377.389 --6.986 -+j377.411
--10.890 + j376.112 --10.360 -+j376.008
--39.884 + j42.303 --39.617 + j42.594
--32.530 + j4.825 --28.027
--2.547 --34.611
--1.007 --0.982
--0.166
aExactly assigned eigenvalues.
8. 136
w (p.u.)
c].o 1 .c) ~.o ~ I : 3 4.C~
(a) ti ......
w (p.u.)
1 "
I , , , I ,o
2.(3
(b)
Fig. 4. Angular speed variations for loading condition
of P = 0.5 p.u.: (a) PI controller; (b) MRAC.
[ ] I i ] i i
time, sec
w (p.u.)
I . 0 1 2 t L j , "I"--[ , ~ i , I J ~ ~ ] I i , ~ ,
0.0 1 .0 2 . I::) :B.O ~..0
(a) ti ......
w (p.u.)
I .012i- , , , I [ 1 ~ , I ' ' J [' L ~
R• O(DO
• 0 . 0 "t .C~ ~ , 0 3,~3 -~ C:]
(b) ti ......
Fig. 5. Angular speed variations for loading condition
ofP = 1.0 p.u.: (a) PI controller; (b) MRAC.
The weighting matrices H, Q, L and L used
in the simulation are
H =diag[1 1 1 1 1 10 a 10 a 1 1 1 1 10 3]
Q=diag[1 1 1 1 1 10 2 102 1 1 1 1 102 ]
= 5 X 10 20
L = 8 X 10 2s
In order to demonstrate the effectiveness
of the proposed MRAC SVC over a wide
range of operating conditions, digital simula-
w Ip.u.)
I .012 I I t I
O . 9
(a)
~r
1
i
~ [ i , L [ , r , r
2.o 3.D .4 £3
time, sec
p.u.)
" 9B~. 0 ~ .C~ 2.C3 3.C3 4
(b) tim~, ~¢
Fig. 6. Angular speed variations for loading condition
of P = 1.5 p.u.: (a) PI controller; (b) MRAC.
vt (~.u.)
I . o
o. D
(a)
Vt (p.u.)
"1 . 4
, I L
I . 0
I I , ' ~ ~ I , , u_
2.C) ::3.0 4.0
time, sec
I .O ~
O.[3 ] I l [ 1 ~_, ] , ~ , L ] ~ ,
Q 0 1 ,0 2.0 3.0 4.0
(b) ti ......
Fig. 7. Terminal voltage variations for loading condi-
tion of P = 0.5 p.u.: (a) PI controller; (b) MRAC.
tions were performed for the generator
subject to a four-cycle three-phase fault at
the midpoint of one of the two transmission
lines. Three different loading conditions,
P=0.5p.u., P=l.0p.u., and p=l.5p.u.,
were considered in the simulation. The
generator angular speed variations A¢o ob-
tained by using the fixed-gain PI and MRAC
static VAR compensators are compared in
Figs. 4- 6 while the terminal voltage varia-
tions AVt are compared in Figs. 7 - 9, respec-
tively.
9. 137
vt (p.u.)
1 . 4 J J L L
(a)
Vt (p.u.)
I i r ,
I
l i I l l I i ~ I I
2.D ~.(:J
II
4. 0
time, sec
I . 0 ~ -
I~.0 1 .0 :2.0 3.1Z3 _ 4 . 0
(b) ti ......
Fig. 8. Terminal voltage variations for loading condi-
tion of P = 1.0 p.u.: (a) PI controller; (b) MRAC.
Vt (p,u.)
I .4
I .0
0
(a)
Vt (p,u,]
' ' ' I ' ' ' ' I ' ' I ' ' ' ' ~
0 1 . 0 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0
time, sec
D ~
I I i i r l
C3.~=, 0 . 0 1 .0 2 . 0 3 . O 4 . 0
(b) ti ......
Fig. 9. Terminal voltage variations for loading condi-
tion of P = 1.5 p.u.: (a) PI controller; (b) MRAC.
On comparing these Figures, it is observed
that the MRAC SVC can provide better
dynamic performance than the fixed-gain
PI SVC. Only minor deviations in the terminal
voltage have been experienced by both static
VAR compensators. Moreover, the stability
margin can be expanded by the MRAC since
the generator with the MRAC SVC can
remain stable at the loading condition of
P= 1.5 p.u., while that with the fixed~gain
PI SVC can not.
6. CONCLUSIONS
The design of a static VAR compensator
for the damping of a synchronous generator
has been examined by using a fixed-gain PI
controller and a model reference adaptive
controller. It is found that the MRAC SVC
can offer better dynamic responses than the
PI SVC over a wide range of loading condi-
tions. Moreover, the MRAC SVC can provide
a larger transient stability margin than the
PI SVC. Both controllers can maintain a
smooth voltage profile during disturbance
conditions.
NOMENCLATURE
A, B, C, F
Bc
BL
D
EFD
H
iB
id, iq
iD, iQ
iF
kM F = kM D = M R
kMQ
KA
KF
Kp, KI
K,
Id, lq
L d, Lq
LD, LQ
L e
LF
r
rD, rQ
rF
Re
TA
TF
system matrices
capacitive susceptance of
SVC
inductive susceptance of
SVC
damping coefficient
exciter field voltage
inertia constant
SVC current
stator d-axis and q-axis
currents
d-axis and q-axis damper
winding currents
field winding current
= Ld -- Id
= Lq -- lq
regulator gain
stabilizing transformer gain
PI controller gain
SVC gain
d-axis and q-axis stator
winding leakage induc-
tances
d-axis and q-axis stator
winding inductances
d-axis and q-axis damper
winding inductances
external inductance
field winding inductance
stator resistance
d-axis and q-axis damper
winding resistances
field resistance
external resistance
regulator time constant
stabilizing transformer
time constant
10. 138
Tm mechanical input
T~ SVC time constant
Tw washout time constant
vd, vQ d-axis and q-axis stator
voltages
VREF reference voltage for gen-
erator
Vs SVC output
VST stabilizing transformer out -
put
Vt generator terminal voltage
V~ infinite bus voltage
XT transformer reactance of
SVC
6 torque angle
angular speed
coR rated angular speed
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