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- 1. Resource and Development Geography class 10 By: Nilay Kapasia
- 2. Formation of Soil Dirt makes up the earth's outer layer or topmost layer. Soil contains minerals, organic matter, and living organisms. However, soil can apply to any loose material in general. Soil is formed by the weathering or breakdown of parent rocks due to physical, chemical, and biological factors. Soil formation is a lengthy process that takes thousands of years to complete. Physical methods include physical factors such as water(solid or liquid), wind, or temperature. Chemical methods include oxidation-reduction(addition or removal of oxygen or hydrogen from a compound) and hydrolysis(break down of chemical bonds) Biological methods include mosses and lichens which emit the chemicals to break down the rock.
- 4. Classification of Soil Classification of soil is on the basis of: Colour thickness Chemical and physical properties Texture – age
- 5. Composition of Indian soil 5/15/2023
- 6. Alluvial soil Very fertile Formed by deposition of sand and silt brought by rivers Found in northern plains, coastal plains and deltas of rivers Crops grown are rice, wheat, cotton and oilseed Rich in potash(K2CO3), lime(CaO) and phosphoric acid(H2PO4) Entire northern plains are made of alluvial soil. Three important Himalayan rivers have deposited the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra. These soils are also extended in Rajasthan and Gujarat through a narrow corridor. The alluvial soil consists of various proportions of sand, silt and clay. Towards the river valley soil particles appear somewhat bigger in size, In the upper reaches of the river valley the soils are coarse.
- 7. Alluvial soil Entire northern plains are made of alluvial soil. Three important Himalayan rivers have deposited the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra. These soils are also extended in Rajasthan and Gujarat through a narrow corridor. The alluvial soil consists of various proportions of sand, silt and clay. Towards the river valley soil particles appear somewhat bigger in size, In the upper reaches of the river valley the soils are coarse.
- 8. Black soil These soils are black in colour and are also known as Regur soils. - Black soil is ideal for growing cotton. - It is also known as black cotton soil. - This type of soil is typical of the Deccan trap. - They cover the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. The black soils are made up of extremely fine clayey material. They are well known for their capacity to hold moisture. They are rich in soil nutrients, such as calcium carbonate(CaCO3),magnesium(Mg), POTASH(K2CO3) AND LIME(CaO). They are poor in phosphoric compounds.
- 9. Red or yellow soil They are porous in nature. This type of soil is found in the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan plateau, Chhattisgarh and southern parts of middle Ganga plain and along the piedmont zone of Western Ghats. This soil has developed red colour because of the diffusion of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Rice, pulses and sugarcane can be grown on this soil. This soil is rich in iron but deficient in nitrogen, humus and lime.
- 10. Laterite soil It is acidic and porous It is developed under a subtropical climate with an alternate wet and dry season. This soil is the result of intense leaching due to heavy rain. It is rich in iron but is deficient in plant nutrients. It is found mostly in southern states, western Ghats, Maharashtra, Odisha, some parts of west Bengal, Coffee rubber and cashew are grown in this soil. Red laterite soils of Tamil Nadu are good for cashew nuts.
- 11. Arid soil It is formed by weathering of rocks. It is rich in salt but deficient in humus. Dates, melons and bajra are grown in the soil. Due to dry climate and high temperature the soil lacks in humus and moisture. Found in Gujarat and Rajasthan.
- 12. Forest soil Found in hilly and rainforest regions. Forest soil is acidic in nature This soil is deficient in humus. They are loamy and silty on the valley sides and grained on the upper slopes. These soils are found in the lower parts of the valley, particularly on the river terraces and alluvial fans are fertile.