The endocrine system is comprised of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions. Key glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries/testes, and pineal gland. Hormones act as chemical messengers to control important processes such as growth, metabolism, mood, reproduction, and homeostasis. Imbalances in hormone levels can cause disorders throughout the body.
Endocrine Glands. Explaination of different glands.Function of different glands and the disorders caused by the alterations in the level of hormone secreted by the different glands.
Endocrine Glands. Explaination of different glands.Function of different glands and the disorders caused by the alterations in the level of hormone secreted by the different glands.
The endocrine system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems.
The endocrine system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems.
This power point presentation deals with the various types of glands present in human body. We have discussed here about Major Endocrine Glands in human body, their structure, their location, the hormones they produce and the effect of those hormones. We have also discussed about disorders that may occur with abnormal hormonal secretions, Lastly we have discussed about the mechanisms in which the hormone works inside human body
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM BY ASHISH SENGAR (PPT).pptxAshishsengar16
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AN OVERVIEW ABOUT ENDOCRINE SYSTEM BY ME (ASHISH SENGAR)
I am from KANPUR (Naraina Group Of Institutions ,Faculty Of Pharmacy,panki gangagunj )
IF ANY ERROR FOUND PLEASE CONTACT ME ..
ashishsengar024@gmail.com
Credit to = ANJALI MAM
These slides contain all the viable secretory gland which is present inside a human body such as Endocrine glands with their interrelationship or coordination.
The endocrine system is a complex network of glands and organs. It uses hormones to control and coordinate your body's metabolism, energy level, reproduction, growth and development, and response to injury, stress, and mood. The following are integral parts of the endocrine system.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
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Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
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Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
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Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
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June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
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Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
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Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
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As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
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RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. What is the
endocrine
system?
The endocrine system is made up of glands and the
hormones they secrete. Although the endocrine
glands are the primary hormone producers, the
brain, heart, lungs, liver, skin, thymus,
gastrointestinal mucosa, and placenta also produce
and release hormones.
3. What is the endocrine system?
The primary
endocrine glands are
the pituitary (the
master gland),
pineal, thyroid,
parathyroid, islets of
Langerhans,
adrenals, ovaries in
the female and testes
in the male.
The function of the endocrine system is the
production and regulation of chemical
substances called hormones.
4. Hormones…
A hormone is a chemical transmitter. It is released
in small amounts from glands, and is transported
in the bloodstream to target organs or other cells.
Hormones are chemical messengers, transferring
information and instructions from one set of cells
to another.
5. Hormones… Hormones regulate growth,
development, mood, tissue
function, metabolism, and
sexual function.
Hyposecretion or
hypersecretion of
any hormone can
be harmful to
the body.
Controlling
the production
of hormones
can treat
many
hormonal
disorders in
the body.
6. Hormones…
The endocrine system and nervous system work
together to help maintain homeostasis… balance.
The hypothalamus is a collection of specialized
cells located in the brain, and is the primary link
between the two systems. It produces chemicals
that either stimulate or suppress hormone
secretions of the pituitary gland.
The pituitary gland has 2
lobes…
7. Secretions from the anterior
pituitary gland…
Growth Hormone
(GH): essential for
the growth and
development of
bones, muscles, and
other organs. It also
enhances protein
synthesis,
decreases the use of
glucose, and
promotes fat
destruction.
8. Secretions from the anterior
pituitary gland…
Adrenocorticotropin
(TRŌ pun) (ACTH):
essential for the
growth of the
adrenal cortex.
Thyroid-Stimulating
Hormone (TSH):
essential for the growth
and development of the
thyroid gland.
9. Secretions from the anterior
pituitary gland…
It stimulates the
growth ovarian
follicles in the female
and the production of
sperm in the male.
Follicle-Stimulating
Hormone (FSH): is a
gonadotropic hormone.
10. Secretions from the anterior
pituitary gland… Luteinizing
Hormone (LH): is a
gonadotropic
hormone
stimulating the
development of
corpus luteum in
the female ovarian
follicles and the
production of
testosterone in the
male.
The yellow corpus luteum
remains after ovulation; it
produces estrogen and
progesterone.
11. Secretions from the anterior
pituitary gland… Prolactin (PRL):
stimulates the
development and
growth of the
mammary glands
and milk production
during pregnancy.
The sucking motion of the
baby stimulates prolactin
secretion.
12. Secretions from the anterior
pituitary gland…
Melanocyte-stimulating
hormone (MSH): regulates skin
pigmentation and promotes
the deposit of melanine in the
skin after exposure to sunlight
14. Oxytocin: stimulates
the uterus to contract
during labor, delivery,
and parturition. A
synthetic version of
this hormone, used
to induce labor, is
called Pitocin. It also
stimulates the
mammary glands to
release milk.
Secretions from the posterior
lobe of the pituitary gland…
15. Secretions from the pineal
gland… The pineal gland is pine-cone-shaped
and only about 1 cm in diameter.
Melatonin: communicates
information about
environmental lighting
to various parts of the
body. Has some effect
on sleep/awake cycles
and other biological
events connected to
them, such as a lower
production of gastric
secretions at night.
16. Secretions from the pineal
gland…
Serotonin: a
neurotransmitter that
regulates intestinal
movements and affects
appetite, mood, sleep, anger,
and metabolism.
17. Secretions of the thyroid gland…
Calcitonin: influences
bone and calcium
metabolism;
maintains a
homeostasis of
calcium in the blood
plasma
The thyroid gland plays a
vital role in metabolism
and regulates the body’s
metabolic processes.
18. Secretions of the thyroid gland…
Thyroxine (T4) and
triodothyronine (T3):
essential to BMR – basal
metabolic rate (the rate at
which a person’s body
burns calories while at rest);
influences physical/mental
development and growth
Hyposecretion of T3 and T4 = cretinism,
myxedema, Hashimoto’s disease
Hypersecretion of T3 and T4 = Grave’s disease,
goiter, Basedow’s disease
19. Secretions of the parathyroid
gland…
The two pairs of
parathyroid glands are
located on the dorsal or
back side of the thyroid
gland. They secrete
parathyroid (PTH) which
plays a role in the
metabolism of phosphorus.
Too little results in
cramping; too much
results in osteoporosis or
kidney stones.
20. The islets of Langerhans…
The islets of Langerhans are small clusters of
cells located in the pancreas.
21. Secretions from the islets of
Langerhans… Beta cells secrete the
hormone insulin, which is
essential for the maintenance
of normal blood sugar levels.
Inadequate levels result in
diabetes mellitus.
Delta cells suppress
the release of
glucagon and
insulin.
Alpha cells
facilitate the
breakdown of
glycogen to
glucose. This
elevates the blood
sugar.
22. The adrenal glands…
The triangular-
shaped adrenal
glands are
located on the
top of each
kidney. The
inside is called
the medulla and
the outside layer
is called the
cortex.
23. Secretions from the
adrenal cortex…
Cortisol: regulates
carbohydrate, protein, and fat
metabolism; has an anti-
inflammatory effect; helps
the body cope during times of
stress
Hyposecretion results
in Addison’s disease;
hypersecretion
results in Cushing’s
disease
Corticosterone: like
cortisol, it is a
steroid; influences
potassium and
sodium metabolism
24. Secretions from the adrenal
cortex… Aldosterone: essential in regulating
electrolyte and water balance by
promoting sodium and chloride
retention and potassium excretion.
Androgens: several
hormones including
testosterone; they
promote the
development of
secondary sex
characteristics in
the male.
25. Secretions from the
adrenal medulla…
Dopamine is used
to treat shock. It
dilates the
arteries, elevates
systolic blood
pressure,
increases cardiac
output, and
increases urinary
output.
26. Secretions
from the
adrenal
medulla…
Epinephrine is also called adrenalin. It elevates
systolic blood pressure, increases heart rate and
cardiac output, speeds up the release of glucose
from the liver… giving a spurt of energy, dilates
the bronchial tubes and relaxes airways, and
dilates the pupils to see more clearly. It is often
used to counteract an allergic reaction.
27. Secretions from the
adrenal medulla…
Norepinephrine, like epinephrine, is released when
the body is under stress. It creates the underlying
influence in the fight or flight response. As a drug,
however, it actually triggers a drop in heart rate.
28. Secretions of the ovaries…
The ovaries produce
several estrogen hormones
and progesterone. These
hormones prepare the
uterus for pregnancy,
promote the development
of mammary glands, play a
role in sex drive, and
develop secondary sex
characteristics in the
female.
Estrogen is essential for the growth, development,
and maintenance of female sex organs.
29. The testes produce
the male sex
hormone called
testosterone. It is
essential for normal
growth and
development of the
male sex organs.
Testosterone is
responsible for the
erection of the
penis.
Secretions of the testes…
30. During pregnancy, the
placenta serves as an
endocrine gland.
Secretions of the placenta…
It produces
chorionic
gonadotropin
hormone,
estrogen, and
progesterone.
31. The mucosa
of the pyloric
area of the
stomach
secretes the
hormone
gastrin, which
stimulates the
production of
gastric acid
for digestion.
Secretions of the
gastrointestinal mucosa…
32. The mucosa of
the duodenum
and jejunum
secretes the
hormone
secretin, which
stimulates
pancreatic juice,
bile, and
intestinal
secretion.
Secretions of the
gastrointestinal mucosa…
33. The thymus gland has
two lobes, and is part
of the lymphatic
system. It is a
ductless gland, and
secretes thymosin.
This is necessary for
the Thymus’ normal
production of T cells
for the immune
system.
Secretions of the
thymus…