1671682284934_PHYSIOLOGY OF FIRST STAGE OF LABOUR.pptx
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This document discusses the physiology of the first stage of labour. It begins by defining terms like labour, normal labour, and the first stage of labour. It then explains some of the key physiological changes that occur during the first stage, including uterine contraction, retraction, relaxation, and polarity. It discusses processes like lightening, rupture of membranes, cervical dilation, and formation of fore waters. The first stage ends when the cervix is fully dilated and prepares the body for the second stage of labour and delivery.
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Fetal distress is defined as a state of hypoxia and acidosis during pregnancy caused by depletion of oxygen and accumulation of carbon dioxide in the fetus. It can be caused by maternal factors like preeclampsia, anemia, bleeding, or infection, as well as placental or umbilical cord issues that obstruct blood flow. This leads to respiratory acidosis in the fetus and changes in fetal heart rate. Chronic fetal distress can cause intrauterine growth retardation. Clinical manifestations include meconium staining, abnormal fetal heart rate and movement patterns, and acidosis shown on fetal blood samples. Management involves addressing the cause, correcting acidosis, and potentially terminating the pregnancy through forceps delivery or c-section depending on severity of
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Changes occur in several body systems during pregnancy, including the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urinary systems. The cardiovascular system experiences an increased cardiac output of around 40% due to higher stroke volume and heart rate. Respiration increases through a 40% rise in tidal volume without changing breath frequency. The gastrointestinal system exhibits nausea, increased appetite, and constipation. The urinary system shows an enlarged kidney and dilated ureters along with higher glomerular filtration rate and decreased serum creatinine.
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This topic contains definition, incidence, causes, effect on mother and fetus, clinical features, prevention, management of Obstructed labour.
Post partum hemorrhage
1. Postpartum hemorrhage is defined as blood loss over 500ml following childbirth and is a leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide.
2. The most common cause is uterine atony, accounting for around 90% of cases. Other causes include retained tissue, trauma, and coagulopathy.
3. Treatment begins with medical management including uterine massage, oxytocics, and bimanual compression. If bleeding continues, further steps may include misoprostol, B-Lynch suture, or ligation of arteries. Hysterectomy is a last resort to control life-threatening bleeding.
Management of diabetes in pregnancy
This document discusses the management of diabetes in pregnancy. It defines diabetes and describes how pregnancy causes insulin resistance and increased insulin demands. It covers screening and diagnosis of gestational and pregestational diabetes. The effects of diabetes and pregnancy on each other are outlined. The goals of management are good glycemic control through diet, exercise, oral medications or insulin as needed. Fetal surveillance and maternal monitoring during pregnancy and delivery are also discussed.
Premature labour
Premature labor is defined as labor that begins before 37 weeks of gestation. Approximately 10% of deliveries occur prematurely. While the exact cause is unknown in many cases, risk factors include previous preterm births, infections, chronic illnesses, multiple pregnancies, and short cervical length. Management involves attempts to delay labor with bed rest and tocolytic drugs to allow for corticosteroid administration to improve fetal lung maturity. After delivery, neonatal care focuses on preventing complications like respiratory distress through gentle resuscitation measures.
Hyperemesis gravidarum
This document summarizes hyperemesis gravidarum, a condition characterized by severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. It discusses potential causes like hormonal changes, gastrointestinal dysmotility, and genetic factors. Symptoms include dehydration, ketosis, and electrolyte imbalances. Diagnosis involves confirming pregnancy and examining for complications. Treatment involves hospitalization, IV fluids, electrolyte replacement, antiemetics, and nutritional supplementation. The goals are rehydration and managing symptoms until the patient can tolerate oral intake again. With treatment, the fetus is usually unaffected once the mother's condition is resolved.
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Definition of normal labor, Terminology , events of labour, causes of labour, signs , stages of labour , signs and symptoms of labour, diagnosis in first stage of labour, Partograph, difference between true labour and false labour ,nursing management of first stage of labour.
Physiological changes in second stage of labor
There is an interplay of physiological processes occurring during the second stage of labour. Second stage is said to have two phases, latent and active. It is during the latent phase that the presenting part passes through the fully dilated cervix to the birth canal.
Labour, Stages and its Physiology in obg
Labor is the process by which uterine contractions result in cervical changes allowing passage of the fetus through the birth canal. It has three stages: first stage involves cervical effacement and dilation; second stage is birth of the fetus; third stage is placental delivery. Uterine contractions are regulated by hormones like progesterone and oxytocin. Contractions start in the fundus and spread across the uterus. The upper segment contracts and retracts while the lower segment dilates, aided by fetal pressing, to progress labor. Average first stage duration is 12 hours in primiparous and 6 hours in multiparous women.
04 NORMAL LABOUR.pptx
The document provides an overview of normal labor and childbirth for student midwives. It defines key terms, discusses factors that regulate the onset of labor like hormonal and mechanical influences. It also outlines the premonitory signs that occur before labor begins, the true signs of labor, and differences between true and false labor. The objectives are to educate midwives on normal labor, the definition of terms, and factors and signs related to the onset and progression of labor.
Normal labour and management
The document discusses the structure and function of the myometrium, the muscular layer of the uterine wall, during labor and delivery. It contains three layers of smooth muscle (longitudinal, circular, and oblique) that contract during labor due to hormones like oxytocin and prostaglandins. Calcium entry into uterine muscle cells allows the interaction of actin and myosin fibers to cause contractions. Synchronized contractions of the myometrium expel the fetus through the birth canal in three stages: cervical dilation and effacement in stage one; fetal expulsion in stage two; and placental separation and delivery in stage three.
UTERINE DISPLACEMENT.pptx
This document discusses various types of uterine displacement including retroversion, prolapse, and inversion. It defines each type and describes their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. Retroversion is a backward tilting of the uterus that can be first, second, or third degree. Prolapse occurs when the uterus descends into the vaginal canal due to weakened muscles and ligaments. Inversion is a rare condition where the uterus is turned inside out through the cervix. Surgical and non-surgical management such as pessaries, exercises, and hysterectomy are used depending on the type and severity of displacement.
First stage of labor
The document discusses the first stage of labor, including its definition, phases, and physiological changes. The first stage begins with regular uterine contractions and ends with full cervical dilation. It is divided into latent, active, and transition phases. During this stage, the cervix effaces and dilates due to uterine contractions and mechanical factors like pressure from the amniotic sac. Midwives should monitor labor using a partograph to assess progress and fetal wellbeing.
Labour
This document summarizes the stages of labour and management of pain. It describes:
1. Labour is defined as the process of expelling the fetus and placenta from the uterus via contractions after 20 weeks of gestation. It typically occurs between 36-42 weeks.
2. The signs of labour include regular contractions, mucus discharge, and the waters breaking in some cases. Labour progresses through three stages - dilation of the cervix in stage 1; birth of the baby in stage 2; and delivery of the placenta in stage 3.
3. Non-pharmacological approaches to pain management include relaxation, breathing techniques, positioning, water immersion and TENS. Epidural anaest
Physiology of labour
physiology of labor includes the contraction and retraction of the muscles of uterus. I hope this presentation will help the persons of concerned subject.
Physiology and Mangement of 2nd stage labour
This document discusses the physiology and management of the second stage of labor. It defines the second stage as beginning with full cervical dilation and ending with delivery of the fetus. Key points include: the second stage has two phases - propulsive and expulsive; normal duration is 2 hours for primiparous and 30 minutes for multiparous women; physiological changes include descent, uterine contractions, membrane rupture, and soft tissue displacement; management aims for a normal delivery with minimal maternal effects and early detection of abnormalities. Assessment includes monitoring contractions, descent, fetal heart rate, and progressing through the mechanisms of labor.
LABOR AND ITS STAGES
The document describes the stages of labor:
1) The first stage begins with onset of true labor pain and ends with full dilation of the cervix. It includes the latent and active phases.
2) The second stage begins with full dilation and ends with delivery of the fetus.
3) The third stage begins with delivery of the fetus and ends with delivery of the placenta.
4) The fourth stage is a 1 hour observation period after delivery of the placenta.
Clinical methods to assess cephalopelvic disproportion include the abdominal method, Ian Donald method, and the Munro Kerr-Muller method involving pelvic measurements.
Abnormal uterine action
This document discusses abnormal uterine action during labor, including definitions, types, causes, diagnosis, and management. The main types discussed are uterine inertia, ineffective contractions, abnormal polarity, incoordinate contractions including spastic lower segment and constriction ring, cervical dystocia, precipitate labor, tonic contractions, and retraction ring. The importance of assessing uterine tone, frequency and strength of contractions is emphasized for diagnosis. Management depends on the specific abnormality but may include oxytocin augmentation, amniotomy, operative vaginal delivery, or cesarean section.
NORMAL LABOR (EUTOCIA)
NORMAL LABOR.. (EUTOCIA) ABNORMAL LABOR ALSO EXPLAINED. Series of events that take place in the genital organs in an effort to expel the viable products of conception out of the womb through the vagina into the outer world is called LABOR.
Stages of labour.pptx
The document summarizes the stages of labour. It describes the four stages as: first stage from onset of labour pains until full cervical dilation; second stage from full dilation until baby's delivery; third stage from delivery until placenta delivery; and fourth stage the observation period after placenta delivery. It provides details on the events, phases, and management of each stage. Complications that can occur in each stage are also mentioned. Defining the stages has allowed studying labour trends and identifying abnormal labour.
Types of delivery And Physiotherapy management after c-section.pptx
This document provides information on different types of childbirth, including:
1. Vaginal delivery - the natural birth process where the baby passes through the birth canal. It has benefits like shorter recovery but risks like respiratory issues for babies.
2. C-section - a surgical procedure where the baby is delivered through incisions in the abdomen and uterus. It may be scheduled or due to complications. Transverse or vertical incisions can be used.
3. Post c-section exercises include belly breathing, pelvic floor exercises, low-impact exercises like wall sits and leg slides, and scar massage to improve range of motion. Always consult a doctor before beginning an exercise routine after c-section.
Parturition
Parturition is the process of delivery of the fetus from the mother's body at the end of pregnancy through labor. Labor contractions arise from the fundus of the uterus and push the fetus against the cervix, resulting in cervical dilation and the opening of the vaginal canal. The stages of parturition include the first stage of cervical dilation and effacement, the second stage of delivery of the fetus, and the third stage of delivery of the placenta. Weak, irregular Braxton Hicks contractions start after 6 weeks of pregnancy to prepare the uterus for labor, while more intense false labor contractions near delivery help further cervical dilation.
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Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of Labour
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1671682284934_PHYSIOLOGY OF FIRST STAGE OF LABOUR.pptx
- 1. PHYSIOLOGY OF FIRST STAGE OF LABOUR PRESENTED BY L MACKIE
- 2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES By the end of the lesson students should be able to: • Define terms of labour • Explain signs of labour • Differentiate between true and false labour • Discuss physiological changes that occur during first stage of labour
- 3. LABOUR • This is a process by which the fetus is delivered with maternal effort from the uterus through the birth canal after 28 weeks gestation
- 4. NORMAL LABOUR • This is the spontaneous expulsion of a live full term infant, vertex presentation within 24 hours and complete delivery of placenta and membranes without injury or complications to both mother and baby
- 5. FIRST STAGE OFN LABOUR • Begins with regular painful uterine contractions dilatation of the cervix and ends when the cervix is fully dilated. DURATION • A primigravida takes 12-14hrs and not more than 16hrs • A multi gravida takes 7-9hrs and not more than 9hrs
- 6. 1.LIGHTENING • This is the relaxation of the pelvic ligaments making the uterus to move down into the pelvis together with the presenting part. PREMONITORY SIGNS OF LABOUR
- 7. RUPTURE OF MEMBRANES • Occurs because there is no support of the membranes after the dilating cervix with the increase of intrauterine pressure due to frequent uterine contractions. • This leads to sudden rupture of membrane
- 8. SIGNS OF LABOUR • Regular painful contractions • Backache and lower abdominal pains • Show • Rupture of membranes {sometimes} • Taking up and dilatation of the cervix
- 9. TRUE LABOUR • Contractions are regular, painful, increase in frequency and intensity. • Contractions dilate the cervix, help in effacement and promote descent of the presenting part.
- 10. FALSE LABOUR • Contractions do not increase in intensity and duration • Abdominal pains are relieved by sedation and ambulation • No dilatation, effacement of the cervix and descent of the presenting part
- 11. PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN FIRST STAGE OF LABOUR 1.UTERINE ACTION : CONTRACTION • It is temporary shortening of uterine muscle . • The upper and lower segment both have smooth muscles which give the uterus an ability to contract • The upper uterine segment is thicker while the lower segment is thinnner.
- 12. FUNDAL DOMINANCE • Contractions are stronger and maintained for a longer period at the fundus than the lower segment. • This is because the muscles are thicker
- 13. 2. RETRACTION • This a permanent shortening of muscle fibres where the muscle does not become completely relaxed. • This shortens the whole uterus and increased pressure helps to force contents out . • There is pulling upward on the lower segment causing taking up of the cervix and dilatation of the cervical
- 14. 3.RELAXATION • The resting tone of the muscle between contractions. • Relaxation allows the flow of blood to the uterus, placenta and prevent fatigue of the muscles.
- 15. 4.POLARITY (uterine coordination) • At the end of the pregnancy the uterus is divided into upper segment and lower segment. • The upper segment gets shorter and thicker while the lower segment stretches and dilates .( Polality)
- 16. RETRACTION RING • A ridge which forms at the lower border of the thick upper segment where it meets the thin lower segment. • In normal labour the lower segment do not become distended because the fetus is gradually being expelled through the dilating os. • Normally it is not palpable if seen, there is a problem
- 17. TAKING UP THE CERVIX • Shortening of the cervix takes place at the end the pregnancy. • When labour begins the cervix shortens and become part of the lower segment SHOW: • This is the thick mucus plug which was in the cervical canal during pregnancy
- 18. FORMATION OF FORE WATERS • As the lower uterine segment stretches and cervix dilates, the chorion becomes detached from the lower segment, there is no support • The well flexed head fits well into the cervix and the loosed part of the amniotic sac bulges into the dilating cervix. • The fluid in front of the head is called fore waters and the remainder behind the head is called hind waters.
- 19. RUPTURE OF MEMBRANES • This occurs due to increased pressure in the fore waters as the fetus descend. • When the pressure cannot be contained the membranes rupture