Major Political Development in the sub continent

1. Pakistan Studies Content I
MAJOR POLITICAL
DEVELOPMENTS 1857-1947

2.  The year 1857 brought decline to the Muslim rule in
India. Muslims and Hindus participated in the War of
Independence but the British held only Muslims
responsible for their rebellion.
 The Muslims were persecuted ruthlessly and left at the
mercy of time. The post war era was disastrous for the
Muslims but some personalities emerged on the national
scene and played excellent role to guide their people in
this critical situation.
 The Central Mohammedan Association of Justice Amir Ali
Syed and the Aligarh movement are very prominent in
this regard.
 Their efforts for revival of the self-identity and political
positioning in the Indian society enabled them to face any
challenge in the future.
 Some important issues have already been discussed in
the previous lectures. So a brief reference to events in

3.  Decline after the 1857 Uprising
 Sir Syed and his colleagues’ efforts for revival
 Removal of misunderstanding between the Muslims and
the British
 Educational movement or acquisition of modern
knowledge and English
 Hindi-Urdu Controversy was the issue that unearthed the
hatred and enmity of Hindu community towards the
Muslims.
 Formation of the Congress was a method to incorporate
the Muslims in Hinduism. It popularized the agitational
politics that Muslims could not afford because they were
still recovering the past gaps.
 Hindu Revivalist movements mostly targeted the Muslims
that accelerated the pace of widening the gulf between the
two nations.

4.  Events Since the Beginning of 20TH Century
1. Partition of Bengal, 1905
2. Simla Deputation, 1906
3. Formation of the Muslim League, 1906
4. Changes in the Goals of the Muslim League, 1913
5. Lucknow Pact, 1916
1: Partition of Bengal: 1905
United Bengal’s area covered 189,000 sq. miles with 80 million populations. Dr Abdul Hameed writes in his
book, Muslim Separatism in India, that the partition was imperative even if Curzon had not initiated it.
A Lt. Governor had problems in looking after the eastern areas. Mainly Muslim suffered because of the rotten
administration by the British. Before 1905, many proposals of partition of Bengal had been under
consideration but Lord Curzon decided to practicalise this administrative scheme.
East Bengal became incidentally a Muslim majority province having 13000000 out of 31000000. West Bengal
was a Hindu majority province. Muslims were very happy on the partition as this had enabled them to
promote their life conditions. It was rightly an opportunity for compensation.
The Muslim community supported it strongly but Hindus retaliated furiously saying it the division of motherland.
The Congress joined the anti-partition movement.
They started widespread agitation, violence and boycott of foreign goods. The main reason of Hindu protest was
that they had loosened grip over the eastern parts.

5.  Annulment of the Partition on 12 December 1911
The British government revoked the partition to avoid trouble on the visit of King George V.
 The Muslims were disappointed by the government response to the violent strategy of protests adopted by the
Hindus.
2: The Simla Deputation 1906:
In fact Simla Deputation was in line with a kind of thinking that was developing amongst
the Muslims during that time i.e. they had certain interests and they must stand up to protect their
rights and unless they do that that objective would not be achieved.
The Simla Deputation of 1906 was the first systematic attempt on the part of the Muslims to present their demands,
to the British government and to seek their acceptance.
The Simla deputation comprised 35 Muslims from all over India. It was a galaxy of Muslims leaders from all the
provinces, from one end oIndia to the other and it had Muslims of all background.
Therefore, when in 1906, this deputation called on the Viceroy, it was the most representative Muslim delegation.
This delegation was led by Sir Agha Khan and Nawab Mohsin ul Malik served as a secretary and this delegation met
the Viceroy in Simla that was why it was called as Simla Deputation
The memorandum which they presented was a kind of demands which were the uppermost in the minds of the
Muslims at that time.
The delegation emphasized that the Muslims should not be viewed simply in numerical terms but they should take
into account their historical importance and the kind of contribution the Muslims had made to British India and
keeping in view that importance they should work towards accommodating their demands.
The delegation emphasized that democratic principle should be introduced keeping in view the peculiar conditions
and circumstances of India.

6.  In view of this submission they presented some
demands:
 Representation more than their population because of
their importance.
 Separate electorate Reservations of Muslims seats in
government jobs.
 Special share in Municipal or district boards University
senates and syndicates
 Muslim representation in Viceroy Executive Council.
 Muslim University at Aligarh.
 The Viceroy was sympathetic towards the demands. It
encouraged the Muslims to launch struggle for their
rights parallel to the Indian National Congress but it
required an organized
platform.

7. 3: Formation of the Muslim League in Dhaka:
December 30, 1906
Time had come to formally organize the Muslims
after the success of the Simla Deputation.
The Muslim leaders desired to create a permanent
political forum. After the meeting of the
Mohammedan Educational Conference, the Muslim
leaders met to set up the All India Muslim League.
Wiqar-ul-Mulk chaired the meeting. Nawab Salimullah
proposed Muslim League and Hakim Ajmal Khan
and Maulana Zafar Ali Khan seconded.
In the Karachi session Dec. 1907 its constitution was
approved and in March 1908 at Aligarh, Agha Khan
was formally elected its president

8. London Branch: May 1908
Justice Amir Ali Syed organized a branch of Muslim
League at London and responded effectively to the
misunderstandings and conspiracies of the Hindus
against the Muslims.
GOALS:
1. Protection and promotion of political rights and
interests of the Muslims.
2. Cooperation with other communities without
prejudice to the above goal.
3. Fostering sense of loyalty, among the Muslims,
towards the government.

9. 4: Change in the Goals of the Muslim League 1913
Important developments occurred during the first decade of the 20th century
like
annulment of the Partition of Bengal and Western aggression towards Muslim
countries, Balkan
wars, Libya-Italy war, Demolition of the mosque in Kawnpur (1913), etc.
weakened Muslim faith in the British. This led to a major drift in the Muslim
League’s policy. In 1913, the League changed its goals:
• Self government under the British Crown keeping in view the peculiar
conditions in India.
• Good relations with other communities’ cooperation with any party working
for similar
goals.
This change brought the ML and Congress closer. In this way the era of
cooperation
between Hindus and Muslims set in.
The role of the Quaid-i-Azam is highly noteworthy to bring the Congress and the
Muslim League to the table. He joined the Muslim League in 1913.
5: Lucknow Pact, 1916
The Lucknow pact was the product of Hindu-Muslim unity envisaged by M. A.
Jinnah. In
December 1915, the ML and Congress met separately in Bombay.
Both the parties set up committees for making a scheme for constitutional
changes in consultation with other political parties.

10. Role of the Quaid-i-Azam
Jinnah did a lot to unite the two nations along with the recognition of the
rights of
Muslims. Meeting of both parties held at Lucknow in 1916. The
constitutional proposals were approved:
1. One Third seats for Muslims in the Imperial Legislative Council.
2. Separate Electorate
3. Half members of the Executive Council to be elected by the Imperial
Legislative
Council.
4. Commissioned ranks of the army for Indians.
5. Expansion of Provincial Legislative Councils.
6. Half members of the Governor’s Executive Council be elected by
Provincial
Legislative Council
7. Weightage to minorities in provinces.
Gains from Muslim Point-of-view
1. Separate Electorate
2. One Third Muslim seats in Central Legislature.
3. Unofficial bill, if opposed by three-fourth members of a community, it
will not be
passed

11. August 20, 1917 Announcement by British
Government
Secretary of State Montagu promised for:
1. Greater association of Indian in all branches of
government.
2. Responsible government
3. Induction of Indians in the commissioned ranks.
Conclusion:
The historical struggle of the Muslims confirmed
their identity. They organized their political party
to address the demands. They also got
recognition by the Hindus as a separate nation.
The British accepted their role in the political
domain.

12. The Khilafat Movement
The Khilafat movement was a religio-political movement
launched by the Muslims of British India for the retention of
the Ottoman Caliphate and for not handing over the control
of
Muslim holy places to non-Muslims.
Turkey sided with Germany in World War 1. As it began to
lose the war, concerns were expressed in India about the
future of Turkey. It was a peak period from 1919 to 1922
casting demonstrations, boycott, and other pressure by the
two major communities, the Hindus and the
Muslims. Being brothers, the Indian Muslims realized their
religious duty to help the Muslim country. It was the extra
territorial attachments based on Islam. Another factor
same to the first was that the Indian Muslims considered
Ottoman Caliphate a symbol of unity of the Muslim world
as Ummah.

13. Goals:
1. Ottoman Khilafat should be kept intact.
2. Territorial solidarity of Turkey be preserved.
3. Control of holy the places should not be given to non-Muslims
Protests in India:
All India Khilafat Committee was formed at Bombay in July 1919. The
first Khilafat
Conference at Delhi in November 1919 was arranged in which the
Congress leaders like Gandhiand Nehru participated. In this way, the
major political parties joined hands to assault the injustice with the
Muslim community. These steps were announced:
== No participation in victory celebrations.
== Boycott of British goods
== Non Cooperation with the Government
The second Khilafat Conference (Amritsar) was held in Dec. 1919.
Maulana Muhammad
Ali and Shaukat Ali joined the session after being released from prison.
In Jan. 1920, M. A. Ansari led a delegation to Viceroy while Maulana M.
A. Jauhar to Europe. The Khilafat Committeedecided to start non-
cooperation in collaboration with the Congress in May 1920.

14. Rowlett Act, 1919
Rowlett Act was a black law introduced in India. To the law,
the government got authority to persecute any Indian and
the arrested had no facility of legal assistance and right to
appeal just as the ‘Lettres de Cachet’ in France before the
French Revolution. Jinnah resigned from the central
legislature as a protest.
Jallianwala Bagh Incident, April 1919
The people gathered in Jallianwala Bagh at Amritsar but
General Dyer opened fire to disperse the throng that cast a
huge human casualties (379). It is considered one of the
great tragedies in India. In 1940, by killing Governor Punjab,
Sir Michaal O’ Dayer, ‘Ram Muhammad
Singh Azad’ got revenge of the Indian massacre.
The Nagpur Session of the Congress (Dec. 1920) approved
non cooperation with Government but Jinnah opposed and
left the Congress because he was against the use of extra

15. Muslim Politics in British India: 1924-1935
1. Delhi Muslim Proposals
2. Nehru Report
3. Quaid-i-Azam’s Fourteen Points
4. Simon Commission
5. Round Table Conferences
6. Constitutional Proposals

16. 1: Delhi Muslim Proposals: March
1927
Important Muslim leaders on the initiative of the Quaid met in
Delhi to discuss
constitutional and political issues. The major demands were:
Punjab and Bengal: statuary Muslim majorities
No Weightage in provinces
Sind to be separated from Bombay
Constitutional Reforms in NWFP
One-third seats for Muslims in Central Legislature
On communal issues, no law will be passed if three-fourth
members of the concerned community oppose it.
If these demands are accepted, they will give up ‘separate
electorate.’ Subsequently, the Muslim League was divided in
the Punjab, Shafi League and Jinnah League. Sir Muhammad
Shafi opposed Jinnah on the issues:
== Separate electorate
== Attitude towards the Simon Commission. Jinnah continued
his unremitting efforts to promote Hindu-Muslim unity.

17. 2: The Nehru Report: 1928
The main objective was to constitute proposals for the Indian
Constitution. The
Congress called All Parties Conference that appointed a
10-member committee in May 1928 under the
Chairmanship of Motilal Nehru and Secretary ship of
Jawaharlal Nehru.
Recommendations that threatened Muslim interests are:
== No Separate electorate
== No One-third seats for Muslims in Central Assembly
== No reservation of seats for Muslims in Punjab and
Bengal. In Hindu- majority provinces, the Muslims may be
given seats according to population
== Sind to be made a province if it can bear its expenses.
Balochistan, NWFP were accepted to be given constitutional
status on certain conditions.Quaid-i-Azam tried to get
amendments in the Report in the All Parties Conference in
Calcutta but did not succeed. This is the very moment
when Jinnah remarked, “it is parting of the ways.” He
presented the 14 points as a Muslim leader.

18. 3: Jinnah’s Fourteen Points: 1929
1. Federal system with residuary powers with the provinces
2. Provincial autonomy.
3. Separate electorate for Muslims.
4. Effective representation to minorities in the provinces but the majority
should not be
reduced to minority
5. One-third representation of Muslims in Central Legislature.
6. One third Muslim representation in cabinets.
7. No changes in the boundaries of the Punjab and Bengal that would
adversely affect
Muslim majority.
8. Religious freedom to all.
9. No law will be passed if three-fourth elected members of a community
declare that it is
against their interests.
10. Sind to be made a separate province.
11. Constitutional Reforms in NWFP and Balochistan.
12. Muslim representation in govt. jobs.
13. Constitutional safeguards for Islamic culture and civilization, education,
language,
personal laws and Muslim institutions. Government should provide
financial assistance.

19. 4: The Simon Commission:
 The British government sent a commission to seek
the opinion of Indians on the future shape of
constitutional arrangements. It arrived in India in 1927
and it published the report in 1930. Most political
parties boycotted it. It presented its report containing
several constitutional proposals:
=Federal system of government with strong centre
=Two Houses.
=Abolition of Dyarchy system in provinces
=More powers to provincial governments.
=Governor not to interfere in day to day affairs.
=Constitutional changes in NWFP

20. 5: Roundtable Conferences: 1930, 1931, and 1932
 First Session of the Conference
In the first session, a number of prominent Muslims like M.
A. Jinnah, Sir Shafi, Maulana M. A. Jauhar, Zafarullah
Khan participated. They emphasized federalism,
selfgovernment, safeguards for minorities, separate
electorate, preferential representation in central
legislature, secure majorities in Punjab and Bengal.
Second Conference
Maulana M. A. Jauhar had died after the first conference.
Iqbal, Jinnah and others participated in the second
conference. Gandhi represented the Congress. The key
issues of the session were ‘Federation’ and ‘Minorities.’
The Communal Award, August 1932
Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald announced the
Communal Award:

21. 1. Separate electorate for all minorities of India.
2. Weightage to minorities
3. No Muslim majorities in Punjab and Bengal as was
followed in Lucknow Pact
4. One third representation for Muslims in Central
legislature
5. One fourth representation for Muslims in service
6. Sind to be made a province

22. Poona Pact, September 1932
 The Congress expressed strong reaction against the
right of separate electorate to the Indian minorities,
especially to low caste Hindus whom Gandhi named
Harijan (sons of God).
Dissonance in Gandhi is conspicuous that he
observed fast unto death on the right to the ‘sons of
God.’ An agreement with low caste to surrender the
separate electorate right was concluded to save
Gandhi’s life.
3rd Roundtable Conference: Nov. 17-Dec. 24 1932
The main issues had been discussed in the first two
conferences and now the rest of them were to be
discussed. It was poorly attended conference. Quaid
did not participate despite living in London. Gandhi did
not attend as he had been detained.
The conference brought no change in party positions

23. White Paper on Constitutional Proposals: March
1933
 The British government issued a small document in the
form the White Paper. It included detail of working basis
of the Indian constitution with Dyarchy in the centre and
full responsible governments in the provinces.
Government of India Act, 1935
Approved by the King: August 1935
Despite these efforts the communal problems could not
be settled as satisfactory to the nations living in India
particularly the Muslim. Therefore the key issues
remained unchanged:
== Hindu Muslim Relations
== Failure to arrive at settlement
== Muslim demands transmuted from safeguarding rights
to complete
independence---Pakistan.

24. ALLAMA IQBAL’s Presidential Address December 1930
 Dr Allama Muhammad Iqbal ranks amongst the
Muslim intellectuals who left a deep impact on
history. He inspired Muslims of the Sub-Continent
and beyond. He infused a moving spirit and
identity in the Indian Muslims.
 He presented a framework of their political future
and
talked how that would help to achieve the goal of
Ummah. He presented a vision and dream in his
Allahabad Address.

25. The Congress Ministries-- Policies towards
Muslims
 Government of India Act, 1935:
The Government of India Act, 1935 was not fully promulgated
but the only provincial part was introduced in the country.
Muslim League and the Congress criticized it but agreed to
contest provincial elections.
 The 1937 Elections:
The elections of 1937 were held with the restricted franchise
and separate electorate.
The Congress projected itself as an all-India force representing
all religions and factions of the society. The Muslim League
contested for the Muslim seats. There was a tough competition
from the other Muslim organizations. The elections were
completed in February 1937. The Congress got majorities in
five provinces, Madras, U.P., C.P., Bihar, and Orissa. It
emerged as the largest party in Bombay and won 704 out of
1585 general seats.
The Muslim League performed poorly in the elections and got
only about 21 percent of Muslim seats without winning majority
anywhere, Bengal, Punjab, NWFP, and Sind. It was mostly due
to the organizational problems and opposition by local Muslim

26.  The Pirpur Report:
On March 28, 1938, the Council of ML appointed an
eight-member committee under the presidentship of
Raja Syed Muhammad Mehdi of Pirpur that
presented its report on, November 15, 1938. It tried
to dig out the cruelties of the Congress ministries in
seven provinces. The report took up the Congress
support to the rival Muslim organizations,
intimidation and threats to the pro-Muslim League
people.
The Sharif Report, March 1939
The ML deputed Mr. Shareef with members to
investigate the injustices under the dictatorial rule of
the Hindus. This report mainly collected the facts,
concentrating on ill treatment
of the government with the Muslims in Bihar.

27. The Lahore Resolution, 1940
 The experience of Congress Rule compelled the
Muslims to launch the movement for separate
homeland. The Hindus made them realize that
Hindu government would mean an antiMuslim
rule in India. The Muslims’ disappointment from
the Congress leadership decided to open a new
phase of history. Quaid-i-Azam’s article in Time
and Tide concluded that Muslims are a nation. No
Constitution can be enforced by ignoring
Muslims. His comments on March 13, 1940 are
remarkable: “If some satisfactory settlement
cannot be found for Muslims in united India, the
Muslim will have to demand for division of the
country.”

28.  The Lahore Resolution:
The Muslim League held its annual session at
Lahore on 22-24 March 1940. The Lahore
Resolution was moved by Maulvi Fazlul Haq and
seconded by Ch. Khaliquzzaman that finally
approved on March 24, 1940. Jinnah rightly
expressed his valuable remarks about the
political circumstances of India and the Muslims
stand. He said:
“Indian problem is not communal but
international. No Constitution can work without
recognizing this reality. Muslims of India will not
accept a constitution that establishes a
government of the Hindu majority on them. If
Hindus and Muslims are placed under one
democratic system, this would mean Hindu Raj.”

29. The Cripps Mission, March 1942
 The constitutional proposals for seeking Indian
cooperation for war efforts:
1. Dominion status
2. Indian constitutional body to frame constitution
3. Princely states would be represented.
The Cripps Mission negotiated with Indian leaders and
issued the proposals. The Congress rejected the
proposals and demanded that a responsible
government would be set up immediately after the
war. The defense affairs should be under the Indian
control. The Muslim League also rejected the
proposals and repeated its stand that the Muslims
could not live in Indian Union.
The Hindus started Quit India Movement in August
1942 seeing British in trouble. The Muslim League
stayed aloof and responded by saying that divide and

30. Gandhi-Jinnah Talks, September
1944
 MK Gandhi did not accept the Hindus and
Muslims as Two Nations and emphasized on the
freedom of united India. Jinnah told him that the
Muslims could never budge even a single inch
from their ideological and constitutional demand.

31. Political Situation in 1945
 During the World War ll, the British sought Indian
military cooperation and offered political and
constitutional changes after the war. They desired to
expand the Viceroy’s Executive Council. Lord Wavell
arranged Simla Conference during June-July 1945 in
which all the political
parties participated by sending their representatives.
Jinnah and Abul Kalam Azad represented the Muslim
League (ML) and the Congress respectively. Maulana
Azad claimed Congress as sole representative party
of all the peoples living in India. Jinnah considered the
ML the only political party of the Indian Muslims and
on this the ML had right to appoint Muslim members
to the
Council. This issue could not be dissolved and the
differences between the ML and the Congress
increased.

32. The Elections, 1945-46
 Lord Wavell announced elections in August 1945.
He visited England and after consultations he
presented new political steps:
1. Self government with the cooperation of Indian
leaders.
2. New Elections in the winter.
3. Provincial governments in the provinces
4. Constitutional Assembly to be convened. The
basis of constitution making was to be
settled.
5. Executive Council to be set up. It will have
representation of major parties.

33. Elections:

The ML’s stand was very clear i.e. the ML is a sole
representative of Muslims and Pakistan is its ultimate
goal. The ML launched the massive campaign for these
destinations. The Islamic slogans became massively
popular. In this way, the struggle for the establishment of
Pakistan was motivated on the basis of Islam. The role of
students was also prominent during the political drive. On
the other hand, the Congress put the slogan of
independence from British in the shape of undivided
India before the Hindu nation. They proclaimed that their
stand was for all the Indian communities.
In December 1945 the elections of Central Legislature
were held and the ML won all 30 Muslim seats. The
Congress won 57 seats

34. Provincial Elections: February
1946
 In the provincial elections, the ML won most of the
Muslim seats:
Punjab: 79 out of 86 Muslim seats
Bengal 113 out of 119 Muslim seats
Sindh 28 out of 35 Muslim seats
NWFP 17 out of 38 Muslim seats
The ML also showed an impressive performance in
the Muslim minority provinces. The ML formed its
ministry in Sind, Khudai Khidmatgar (Dr. Khan) in
NWFP, coalition government by
ML in Bengal, and Unionist (20), Akalis and the
Congress in Punjab (Khizr Hayat Tiwana)

35. The Cabinet Mission: March 1946
The British Labour government sent a mission to
formulate some acceptable constitutional settlement.
Sir Pethick Lawrence, Stafford Cripps and A. V.
Alexander deliberated with the governors, members
of the Executive Council and then the Indian political
leaders on different proposals. Maulana Azad as the
president of the Congress stressed to establish
federal government and Jinnah repeated the Two
Nation Theory as a universal reality. On April 19,
1946, all the newly elected Muslim members pledged
in the Delhi Convention to shatter the Hindu
dream of united India. In the second Simla
Conference (May 15, 1946) the ML wished two
legislative assemblies while anti-ML political parties
favoured strong centre.

36. Direct Action Day: August 16, 1946
 The ML’s timely coercive political strategy brought the
Congress on table with the British.The Interim
Government was formed under Nehru on September
2, 1946 and the ML stayed away. They joined it on
October 25, 1946:
Liaquat Ali Khan
Sardar Abdur-Rab Nishtar
Raja Gazanfar Ali
I. I. Chundrigar
J. N. Mandal
There were a number of problems of smooth
functioning of the Interim Government due to the
Muslim-Hindu differences

37. Constituent Assembly:
CA (Constituent Assembly) was elected by the
provincial assemblies in July 1946. ML won all Muslim
seats except 5 while the Congress won all general
seats except 9. The first session was held on
December 9, 1946 and the ML boycotted it because
the Congress wanted to frame the Constitution for
United India. The ML demanded two constituent
assemblies and showed its firmness on the demand
for Pakistan. By the end of 1946, it had become clear
that a constitution for united India could not be forced.
The Cabinet Mission Plan offered a possibility of a
loose federation with an option to the Muslims to
separate after ten years.

38. Announcement of February 20,
1947:
Prime Minister Attlee declared by June 1948, all power would be given to
representatives. If no constitution was framed, the British Government
will think whether the powers be given to provincial governments. In
some areas or any other alternative that is in the interest of Indians.
Mountbatten was appointed new Viceroy of India.
Mountbatten as Viceroy:
Mountbatten arrived in Delhi on March 22, 1947. The basic objective of
his appointment was to wind up British rule. He arranged dialogue with
the Indian leaders. Then he visited England for deliberations for new
plan.
3rd June Plan:
• The British will not impose a constitution but the Constituent Assembly
will frame a
constitution.
• The constitution will not be imposed on the areas that do not accept it.
Opinion will be sought from them if they want to set up a separate CA
(Constituent Assembly).
• Punjab & Bengal Assemblies will meet in two parts, members from
Muslim majority areas and other districts separately to decide if the
province be partitioned.
• If any part decides for partition, each group will decide which CA they
wish to join.
• Sind Assembly will decide about joining either side.

39.  Referendum in NWFP
• Balochistan: appropriate method
• Boundary Commission for Punjab and Bengal
• Princely states to decide for themselves keeping in view their
geographical contiguity.
 Indian Independence Act July 1947:
To give legal shape to the June 3 Plan, the Indian Independence
Act was promulgated
(July 1947).
• Two independent dominion states on August 15, 1947
• Their legislatures will have all powers to make laws for the
respective states.
• Government of India Act, 1935, to be interim constitution
subject to changes due to
Indian Independence Act 1947.
• Governor Generals can amend the Interim Constitution until
March 31, 1948.
• All arrangements between the British and the Princely states to
come to an end and they will have new arrangements with the
new states.
• British King will no longer use the title of the King of India

40. The Partition Process:
Punjab
The Muslim members favoured joining new CA. the non-Muslims
voted for partition and joining
India.
Bengal
Muslims favoured joining new CA while non-Muslims favoured
partitioning and joining India.
Sindh
The Assembly voted to join Pakistan.
NWFP
Referendum decided in favour of Pakistan while Dr. Khan’s govt.
boycotted it after it became
clear that it would lose.
Balochistan
Shahi Jirga and the non-official members of Quetta Municipal
Committee opted for Pakistan.
Sylhet
Referendum was held to join East Bengal for joining Pakistan.