Asian American Pacific Islander Month DDSD 2024.pptx
Kee_Pookong_01.ppt 2579975435676667788888
1. Diasporas:
General Perspectives and Overview
Kee Pookong
Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University
kee@apu.ac.jp
5th DIVERSITY MATTERS
a Commonwealth forum on cultural diversity
Diasporas in the Commonwealth
Monash Malaysia
19 – 20 November 2008
3. Evolution of the Concept
Dia speiro (Greek) = to scatter seed
Greek colonial expansion: 800 - 600 BC
Jewish history = forced exile, victimization, myth
of return
586 BC through Holocaust (1938-1944),
Israel state (1948) and Present
African Diasporas
1960s -Forced dispersion, homelands
Recent liberal usages of the term
Any form of real or imagined community
4. Some Essential Characteristics
Dispersal in two or more countries
Memory of original homeland
Alienation, marginalisation or exclusion in host land
Relationship with kin in other diasporic communities
Preserve ethnic boundaries
Ongoing relationship with ancestral land
Idealization or discourse of return
6. Importance of Diasporas
• An analytical concept:
– History of human experience: dispersion, identity, longing,
and return
• A practical concept:
– Of interest to states – political, economic, or cultural
mobilization
– International organizations – development
– International relations
7. Special relevance in a globalized world –
Compression of time and space
Transmitters of funds and ideas
Global production networks
Production, distribution, consumption, R&D
Role in an Information Age
Information vs. Knowledge and Understanding
Mass migration (200 million “migrants”)
Size, direction, characteristics and timing
8. The Chinese Diaspora(s)
Long History of Chinese Migration
Columbus’s
St Maria
Admiral Zheng He [Cheng Ho] – 1405-1433
9. Source: Adam McKeown, 2004, Global Chinese Migration, 1850-1940
White Australia Policy, 1901
Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882, USA
Chinese Immigration Act, 1923, Canada
1842 Treaty of Nanjing Forced opening of Chinese ports
1834 Abolition of slavery Indentured labor
•
10. The Chinese “Diaspora(s)”
“Overseas Chinese” or “Chinese Overseas”?
Chinese Categorization
Zhong Guo Ren (Chinese nationals)
0verseas Chinese (Hua Qiao – Chinese Sojourners)
Chinese nationality
Huaren (Ethnic Chinese)
Chinese identity
Hua yi (People of Chinese Descent)
“Assimilated”, Inter-married
12. Hong Kong,
59%
Taiwan, 11%
Rest of OECD,
8%
USA, 7%
Japan, 6%
Others, 4%
Singapore, 3% Rest of S.E Asia,
2%
Percentage of Direct Foreign Investments in China by Sources, 1994
Source: State Statistical Bureau, China, 1995 (see Encyclopedia of Chinese Overseas, 1998, Page 111)
15. Distribution (%) of “Chinese Overseas” in Selected Countries, 2003
Estimated Total 37,500,000
Japan 1.28%
Myanmar 2.71%
Vietnam 3.25%
Laos 0.46%
Thailand 19.18%
Cambodia 0.86%
Philippines 2.92%
Malaysia 16.09%
Brunei 0.01%
Singapore 6.99%
Indonesia, 19.62 %
India 0.38%
USA 8.49%
Canada 3.89%
UK 0.72%
Netherlands 0.38%
France 0.61%
Germany 0.27%
Russia 0.53%
Australia 1.56%
New Zealand 0.34%
Source: The Almanac of Overseas Chinese Economy, Taipei (in Chinese) various years
16. Myanmar1,018,074 (2.1%)
Vietnam1,220,000 (1.53%)
Laos 172,933 (3.2%)
Thailand7,193,000 (11.0%)
Cambodia321,180 (2.4%)
Philippines1,096,169 (1.3%)
Malaysia6,036,000 (24.1%)
Brunei5,579 (14.4%)
Singapore2,621,000 (76.8%)
Indonesia,7,362,000 (3.4%)
Japan 479.000 (0.3%)
India
141,600
(0.01%)
USA
3,186,000
(1.1%)
Canada
1,458,000
(4.6%)
UK271,000(0.45%)
Netherlands143,000(0.88%)
France229,000(0.38%)
Germany103,000(0.13%)
Russia
200,000 (0.14%)
Australia
585,000 (2.93%)
New Zealand
127,000 (2.67%)
Source: The Almanac of Overseas Chinese Economy, Taipei (in Chinese) various years
Chinese Diaspora:
Number and Percentage in Selected Countries, 2003
17. Chinese Diaspora Population Distribution (%), 2003
Number: 37.5 Million
Indonesia, 19.62%
Thailand, 19.18%
Malaysia, 16.09%
USA, 8.49%
Singapore, 6.99%
Canada, 3.89%
Vietnam,
3.25%
Philipine,
2.92%
Myanmar,
2.71%
Others, 16.85%
18. Indians Diasporas
Mass migration started with the colonial era in the 19th
century
some 28 million Indians emigrated , 1846-1932
some 4.5 million settled in Malaya and Burma between 1882 and
1937
Mostly working class – coolie migration (plantation workers,
labourers)
Post-Independence: migration to Britain
Since 1970s: highly skilled migrants to the USA, Canada and
Australia
19. Policy Development
• High Level Committee on Indian Diasporas Report, 2001
• Indian Diaspora Day – Pravasi Bharatiya Divas, January 9th
• Overseas Citizenship of India Act, December 2005 – dual
citizenship to PIOs (Persons of Indian Origin)
20. Indian Diaspora: Distribution (%) in Selected Countries, 2001
Total Estimate: 16,943,580
Australia
1.12%
Canada
2.84%
Fiji
1.99%
Kenya
0.6%
Kuwait 1.74%
Bahrain 20.22%
Qatar 10.77%
UAE 5.61%
Saudi Arabia 8.85%
Oman 1.84%
Mauritius
4.22%
Myanmar 17.13%
Reunion Is.
1.3%
Singapore 1.81%
South Africa
5.9%
Trinidad Tobago 2.95%
Guyana,2.33%
Suriname 0.89%
UK 7.08%
Netherlands 1.28%
USA
9.91%
Malaysia 9.83%
Source: The Indian Diaspora, High Level Committee on Indian Diaspora, New Delhi, 2001
http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/contents.htm, 2001
21. Indian Diaspora:
Number and Percentage in Selected Countries, 2001
Malaysia 1,665,000
(7.27%%)
Australia
190,000 (1.02%)
Canada 851,000 (2.84%)
Fiji
336,829
(42.1%)
Kenya 102,500
(0.36%)
Kuwait295,000(13.09%)
Bahrain130,000(20.22%)
Qatar131,000(24.95%)
UAE950,000(32,76%)
SaudiArabia1,500,000(6.98%)
Oman312,000(13.57%)
Mauritius
715,756
(60.35%)
Myanmar 2,902,000 (6.24%)
Reunion Is.
220,055
(31.02%)
Singapore 307,000 (9.72%)
South Africa
1,000,000
(2.23%)
TrinidadTobago500,600(64,59%)
Guyana395,350(51.01%)
Suriname150,000(34.25%)
UK1,200,000 (2.11%)
Netherlands217,000(1.36%)
USA 1,678,765 (0.6%)
Source: http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/contents.htm, 2001
22. Indian Diaspora Population Distribution (%), 2001
Number: 16.9 Million (20 million?)
Myanmar
17%
USA
10%
Malaysia
10%
Saudi Arabia
9%
UK
7%
South Africa
6%
UAE
6%
Canada 5%
Mauritius 4%
Others
26%
23. Chinese and Indian Diaspora: Compared
37 million
80% in Southeast Asia
(Nanyang – South Seas)
Historically more varied –
merchants, traders, and
labourers
Greater degree of Chinese
integration and assimilation
–Christianity, intermarriage;
forced assimilation
20 million
Wider scatter, including Africa,
Caribbean, Middle East
Historically, majority were
plantation worker sand
labourers
Less predominantly male (under
British regulated indentured
system); arranged marriages;
larger numbers;; Hindu religion;
caste
24. - Relative homogeneity
Buddhist, Ancestor
Worship, secularization
Common written
language
Regional (Dialect)
identities
Greater diversity
Aryan – Dravidian
Religion (Hindu, Sikh,
Parsi, Muslim,
Buddhist)
Language (Hindi, Tamil,
Punjabi, Telugu)
Caste
- Regional identities
25. Popular Cultures
Chinese Cultural “Centre”,
“Semi-Periphery”,
“Periphery”
1. Centre: China
2. Secondary Centres:
Taiwan, Hong Kong
3. Tertiary Centres (sub-
cultures): Singapore, San
Francisco, Sydney-
Melbourne
•
Bollywood – Bombay
Kollywood - Kodambakkam,
Madras (Tamil)
Indo-Caribbean Diaspora
Literature
27. Chinese Overseas investment
(FDI) in China
Active global diasporic
meetings/conferences of clan,
dialect , and business groups
World Chinese
Entrepreneurs Conventions
(since 1991);
Hakka, Teochew and other
dialect group conferences
les than 5% of the
Chinese counterparts
Less active
28. Convergence in Chinese and Indian
Diaspora Experience
Migration and the highly skilled, professional and
entrepreneurial especially to the USA, Canada,
Australia (and Singapore)
Two-stage or multi-stage migration: re-migration
Return migration and circular migration (brain
circulation)
30. Australia, 22.8%
China Mainland
30.5%
Hong Kong 10.1%
T
aiwan, 3.7%
Malaysia, 10.0%
Singapore, 3.5%
Viet Nam, 6.4%
Indonesia, 3.6% Australia
China(exclud
Province)
HongKong(
Taiwan
Malaysia
Singapore
Viet Nam
Cambodia
Indonesi
a
East Timor
Laos
Thailand
PapuaNew
All Other Bir
Cambodia
Birthplaces of People of Chinese Ancestry, Australia, 2006
Migration and Re-Migration:
Chinese-Australians as a Microcosm of the Diaspora
31. RE-MIGRATION
Estimates of Overseas Chinese Population in Selected South-East Asian Countries (Various Years)
and Proportions of Chinese Among Immigrants to Australia from these Sources (2001 Census)
33. State Responses to Ethno-cultural and
Religious Diversity
Destination country
• Extermination
• Assimilation
• Selective Inclusion
• Multicultural
• Global or Local
Source country
• Encourage integration to
local community
• Diaspora mobilization for
political party or national
interest
• Extraterritoriality
International Relations: Identity Politics; Diasporas as Non-State Global Actors
34. Jus Sanguinis, Jus Solis, or?
1. Jus Sanguinis – Birthrights by descent (blood)
2. Jus Solis – Birthrights by place of birth
3. Dual Nationality
4. Individual Choice?
35. The Three “Ds” of Migration
The Migrant Experience : on-going
Dirty, Demanding, Dangerous
Continued “proletarianisation” of diaspora members in
the South & North vs. “professionalisation” in the North
(Bhikhu Parekh et al, 2003)
The Main Causes of Migration
Demography, Development,Democracy
Diasporas – as a democratization, development, and
demographic change agents
36. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
China(Mainland)
Hongkong
Taiwan
Singapore
Malaysia
Vietnam
Indonesia
Cambodia
Victoria total
Global Communities?
Internet Connectedness – Selected Birthplace Groups, Victoria,
Australia 2006
88%
85%
78%
85%
85%
65%
84%