The document outlines a course on conflict management that covers types, causes, stages and reactions to conflict, as well as approaches and strategies for conflict resolution. The objective is for students to understand concepts related to identifying, classifying, relating, applying and resolving conflicts. It defines conflict and discusses causes such as security, control and limited resources. It also covers types of conflict like interpersonal and intergroup, as well as stages from latent to manifest conflict. Approaches to resolution include accommodating, compromising, collaborating and competing, and strategies involve win-lose, lose-lose and win-win scenarios.
There are several theories which explain the organization and its structure .Classical organization theory includes the scientific management approach, Weber's bureaucratic approach, and administrative theory.
There are several theories which explain the organization and its structure .Classical organization theory includes the scientific management approach, Weber's bureaucratic approach, and administrative theory.
Conflict Management and conflict resolution techniquesHemanth M
Conflict is an inevitable and unavoidable part of our everyday professional and personal lives. This ppt concentrates on identifying and resolving the conflict in the organization.
This is a presentation about a topic in Human resource management- Conflict management. It gives a detailed insight into what is conflict and conflict management. Conflict management styles, measures and conflict management in workplace is also explained.
Contributing effectively to work requires two broad areas of expertise: technical competencies and interpersonal skills. While technical competencies are necessary, they are insufficient. In fact, 70 to 80 percent of people who fail at their jobs because they are inept at dealing with other people.
This presentation defines the three most fundamental interpersonal skills – listening, assertiveness, and conflict management – and describes how effective communication is at the core of positive interpersonal relationships. Participants learn the overall goals and key principles of communication as well as the primary reasons why people often do not communicate well.
The presentation will address the following areas in the field of interpersonal dynamics:
Interpersonal competencies
Emotional intelligence
Ego states
Life positions
Types of interpersonal behavior
Conflict management
Interpersonal dynamics styles
For more info:
www.hackerearth.com/recruit
Meaning of Organizational Power, Dimensions, factors behind positional power, sources of power, Tactics to obtain power, Impression Management, Tactics to generate a favorable, Need of Power for the Organisation impression
Conflict Management and conflict resolution techniquesHemanth M
Conflict is an inevitable and unavoidable part of our everyday professional and personal lives. This ppt concentrates on identifying and resolving the conflict in the organization.
This is a presentation about a topic in Human resource management- Conflict management. It gives a detailed insight into what is conflict and conflict management. Conflict management styles, measures and conflict management in workplace is also explained.
Contributing effectively to work requires two broad areas of expertise: technical competencies and interpersonal skills. While technical competencies are necessary, they are insufficient. In fact, 70 to 80 percent of people who fail at their jobs because they are inept at dealing with other people.
This presentation defines the three most fundamental interpersonal skills – listening, assertiveness, and conflict management – and describes how effective communication is at the core of positive interpersonal relationships. Participants learn the overall goals and key principles of communication as well as the primary reasons why people often do not communicate well.
The presentation will address the following areas in the field of interpersonal dynamics:
Interpersonal competencies
Emotional intelligence
Ego states
Life positions
Types of interpersonal behavior
Conflict management
Interpersonal dynamics styles
For more info:
www.hackerearth.com/recruit
Meaning of Organizational Power, Dimensions, factors behind positional power, sources of power, Tactics to obtain power, Impression Management, Tactics to generate a favorable, Need of Power for the Organisation impression
The following topics should be included in your key understandings a.pdfamolmobileshop
The following topics should be included in your key understandings and take-away for this
week. What do you know about these topics?
Definition of group
Formal vs informal groups
Tuckman’s stages of group development
Groups as open systems
Characteristics of effective groups
Advantages and disadvantages of groups
Advantages and disadvantages of decision making in groups
Social facilitation, synergy, social loafing,
Norms, cohesiveness, impact of different combinations of these.
Definition of team
Team building process
Different team roles
Advantages/ disadvantages of teams
Types of teams (High performing, self managing, etc)
Homogenous and heterogeneous teams
Types of team building/ approaches to team building
Difference between groups and teams
Solution
.1. A collection of individuals who have regular contact and frequent interaction, mutual
influence, common feeling fcamaraderie, and who work together to achieve a common set of
goals.
2. Formal Groups- Formal groups are created and maintained to fulfill needs or tasks which arc
related to the total organisation mission. Thus these are consciously and deliberately created.
Such groups may be either permanent in the form of top management team such as board of
directors or management committees, work units in the various departments of the organisation,
staff groups providing specialised services to the organisation, and so on; or the formal groups
may be constituted on temporary basis for fulfilling certain specified objectives. When such
objectives are fulfilled they disappear. These may be in the form of temporary committee, task
force, etc. The working of formal groups is regulated by organisational rules and regulations.
Informals Group- Informal groups, on the other hand, are created in the organisation becausc of
operation of social and psychological forces operating at the work-place. Members create such
groups for their own satisfaction and their working is not regulated by the general framework of
organisational rules and regulations. Thus formal and informal organisations differ from each
other in the following respects:
1. Origin—As discussed above, reasons and circumstances of origin of both formal and informal
organisations are quite different. The formal groups are created deliberately and consciously in
the organisation by the framers of the organisation. On the other hand, informal groups arc
created because
of the operation of socio-psychological forces at the workplace, that is, people while working
together develop certain liking and disliking for others for the type of interactions not provided
officially.
2. Purpose—Since formal groups are deliberate creation, they are created for achieving the
legitimate objectives of the organisation. In fact, formal groups are basic product of formal
ogranisation structure. The informal groups are created by organisational members for their
social and psychological satisfaction. Thus they serve the purpose of organisational members
wh.
6 Ethical Conflict Management and NegotiationChapter Preview· .docxalinainglis
6 Ethical Conflict Management and Negotiation
Chapter Preview
· Conflict in Organizational Life
· Becoming an Ethical Conflict Manager
· Step 1: Recognize the Differences Between Functional and Dysfunctional Conflicts
· Step 2: Manage Your Emotions
· Step 3: Identify Your Personal Conflict Style
· Step 4: Develop Conflict Guidelines
· Step 5: Employ Collaborative Conflict Management Tactics
· Step 6: Be Prepared to Apologize
· Resolving Conflict Through Ethical Negotiation
· Ethical Issues in Negotiation
· Adopt an Integrative Approach to Negotiation
· Combating Aggression and Sexual Harassment
· Types of Aggression
· Sources of Agression
· Resisting and Reducing Aggression
· Preventing Sexual Harassment
· Chapter Takeaways
· Application Projects
Conflict in Organizational Life
Conflict is a daily occurrence in every organization. Managers estimate that they spend between 20% and 40% of their time dealing with disagreements. Common sources of organizational conflict include these:1
· Interests: Benefits, budgets, organizational policies, office location, and other wants and needs
· Data: The best sources of information; the reliability or the interpretation of data
· Procedures: How to solve problems; how to make decisions; how to solve conflicts
· Values: How to prioritize interests and options; determining organizational direction
· Dysfunctional relationships: Those marked by distrust, disrespect, lack of integrity, and lack of mutual concern
· Roles: Expectations related to organizational roles; power imbalances between roles
· Communication: How something was said; emotions triggered by words; withholding information
Some observers believe that we can expect even more conflicts in the years to come.2 They note that there is growing pressure on organizations to innovate, change, and adapt. These pressures increase workloads and generate job insecurity. In a global society, the workforce is increasingly diverse, which produces more conflicts between those of different cultural backgrounds. Organizational members now work in different geographical locations and communicate over the Internet rather than face to face. These developments mean that miscommunication is more likely. As organizations empower groups to carry out projects, team members must manage the conflicts that come from working collaboratively.
Conflict experts Joyce Hocker and William Wilmot define conflict as “an expressed struggle between at least two interdependent parties who perceive incompatible goals, scarce resources, and interference from others in achieving their goals.”3 Conflict begins when the parties express their thoughts and feelings to each other through their behaviors. They engage in conflict because they depend to some degree on one another. The choices of one party affect the options of others, as when one employee’s choice of vacation time interferes with the vacation plans of a fellow worker. Wilmot and Hocker believe that the sources of conflict identi.
Mgt 175 how would you as a customer recognize/tutorialoutletMcferran
FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT
tutorialoutletdotcom
• Conflict in the Organization
AAA000 Course Title Course Home Lessons Print This PagePrint Introduction: Connecting Your Learning
Have you ever worked in an organization or participated in a group that experienced conflict?
Conflict is often the result of change, differing perspectives, or failure to communicate within a
group.
Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
What are the main advantages of using HR recruiter services.pdfHumanResourceDimensi1
HR recruiter services offer top talents to companies according to their specific needs. They handle all recruitment tasks from job posting to onboarding and help companies concentrate on their business growth. With their expertise and years of experience, they streamline the hiring process and save time and resources for the company.
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
Forward-thinking leaders and business managers understand the impact that discipline has on organisational success. A disciplined workforce operates with clarity, focus, and a shared understanding of expectations, ultimately driving better results, optimising productivity, and facilitating seamless collaboration.
Although discipline is not a one-size-fits-all approach, it can help create a work environment that encourages personal growth and accountability rather than solely relying on punitive measures.
In this deck, you will learn the significance of workplace discipline for organisational success. You’ll also learn
• Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
• The best and most practical approach to implementing workplace discipline.
• Three (3) key tips to maintain a disciplined workplace.
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
What is the TDS Return Filing Due Date for FY 2024-25.pdfseoforlegalpillers
It is crucial for the taxpayers to understand about the TDS Return Filing Due Date, so that they can fulfill your TDS obligations efficiently. Taxpayers can avoid penalties by sticking to the deadlines and by accurate filing of TDS. Timely filing of TDS will make sure about the availability of tax credits. You can also seek the professional guidance of experts like Legal Pillers for timely filing of the TDS Return.
Skye Residences | Extended Stay Residences Near Toronto Airportmarketingjdass
Experience unparalleled EXTENDED STAY and comfort at Skye Residences located just minutes from Toronto Airport. Discover sophisticated accommodations tailored for discerning travelers.
Website Link :
https://skyeresidences.com/
https://skyeresidences.com/about-us/
https://skyeresidences.com/gallery/
https://skyeresidences.com/rooms/
https://skyeresidences.com/near-by-attractions/
https://skyeresidences.com/commute/
https://skyeresidences.com/contact/
https://skyeresidences.com/queen-suite-with-sofa-bed/
https://skyeresidences.com/queen-suite-with-sofa-bed-and-balcony/
https://skyeresidences.com/queen-suite-with-sofa-bed-accessible/
https://skyeresidences.com/2-bedroom-deluxe-queen-suite-with-sofa-bed/
https://skyeresidences.com/2-bedroom-deluxe-king-queen-suite-with-sofa-bed/
https://skyeresidences.com/2-bedroom-deluxe-queen-suite-with-sofa-bed-accessible/
#Skye Residences Etobicoke, #Skye Residences Near Toronto Airport, #Skye Residences Toronto, #Skye Hotel Toronto, #Skye Hotel Near Toronto Airport, #Hotel Near Toronto Airport, #Near Toronto Airport Accommodation, #Suites Near Toronto Airport, #Etobicoke Suites Near Airport, #Hotel Near Toronto Pearson International Airport, #Toronto Airport Suite Rentals, #Pearson Airport Hotel Suites
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
VAT Registration Outlined In UAE: Benefits and Requirementsuae taxgpt
Vat Registration is a legal obligation for businesses meeting the threshold requirement, helping companies avoid fines and ramifications. Contact now!
https://viralsocialtrends.com/vat-registration-outlined-in-uae/
Buy Verified PayPal Account | Buy Google 5 Star Reviewsusawebmarket
Buy Verified PayPal Account
Looking to buy verified PayPal accounts? Discover 7 expert tips for safely purchasing a verified PayPal account in 2024. Ensure security and reliability for your transactions.
PayPal Services Features-
🟢 Email Access
🟢 Bank Added
🟢 Card Verified
🟢 Full SSN Provided
🟢 Phone Number Access
🟢 Driving License Copy
🟢 Fasted Delivery
Client Satisfaction is Our First priority. Our services is very appropriate to buy. We assume that the first-rate way to purchase our offerings is to order on the website. If you have any worry in our cooperation usually You can order us on Skype or Telegram.
24/7 Hours Reply/Please Contact
usawebmarketEmail: support@usawebmarket.com
Skype: usawebmarket
Telegram: @usawebmarket
WhatsApp: +1(218) 203-5951
USA WEB MARKET is the Best Verified PayPal, Payoneer, Cash App, Skrill, Neteller, Stripe Account and SEO, SMM Service provider.100%Satisfection granted.100% replacement Granted.
Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
1. CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
COURSE OUTLINE:
I. Conflict Defined
A. Causes of Conflict
B. Types of Conflict
C. Stages of Conflict
D. Reaction to Conflict
II. Resolution to Conflict
A. Approaches to Conflict Resolution
B. Conflict Management
C. Strategies for Conflict Resolution
D. Elements
OBJECTIVE: At the end of the lesson, students will be able to identify,
classify, relate, apply and resolve concepts on:
• Types, Causes, Stages and Reactions to Conflict
• Approaches to Conflict Resolution
• Conflict Management
• Strategies for Conflict Resolution
• Elements
2. What is a Conflict?
• A state of disharmony between incompatible or antithetical persons, ideas, or
interests; a clash.
• Opposition between characters or forces in a work of drama or fiction, especially
opposition that motivates or shapes the action of the plot.
• A psychic struggle between opposing or incompatible impulses, desires, or
tendencies.
Causes of Conflict:
1.Security
2. Inability to control self and others
3. Respect between parties
4. Limited Resources
5. Frustrations
Types of Conflict:
1. Intrasender – conflict originates in the sender who gives conflicting instructions
2. Intersender – arises when a person receives conflicting messages from one or more
sources.
3. Interrole – occurs when a person belongs to more than one group.
4. Person-role – result of a discrepancies between internal and external role.
5. Interperson – between people whose positions require interaction with other persons
who fill various roles in the same organization or other organizations.
6. Intragroup – occurs when a group faces new problem, when new values are imposed
on the group from outside, or when one’s extragroup role conflicts with one’s intragroup
role.
7. Intergroup – common when two groups have different goals and can only achieve their
goals at the other’s expense.
8. Role Ambiguity – condition where an individual do not know what is expected of
them.
3. 9. Role Overload – individuals cannot meet the expectations placed on them.
Stages of Conflict
1. Latent conflict – phase of anticipation
It exists whenever individual, groups, organization or nations have differences that
bother one or the other but those differences are not great enough to cause one side to act
to alter the situation. There is not yet an outright conflict present but a number of factors
exist that create the conditions that could result in a conflict.
2. Perceived conflict – indicates cognitive awareness of stressful situation
It exists when there is a cognitive awareness on the part of at least one party that
events have occurred or that conditions exist favorable to creating overt conflict.
Groups recognizes that a conflict is emerging and starts to look for possible
explanation.
3. Felt conflict – presence of affective states such as stress, tensions, anxiety, anger,
hostility.
Organization, groups or individual become more internally cohesive. Other group in
the organization are viewed with suspicion as outsider. Us versus them mentality begins
to really take hold.
4. Manifest conflict – overt behavior resulting from the above three stages.
At this stage the conflicting parties are actively engaging in conflict behavior which is
usually very apparent to non-involved parties. Feelings of conflict are now translated
into actions and words which could either be constructive obstructive to problem solving
process.
Reactions to conflict
1. Sublimation- a defense mechanism by which the individual satisfies a socially
prohibited instinctive drive through the substitution of socially acceptable behavior.
2. Vigorous physical exercise
3. Increase efforts
4. Identification- a persons association with or assumption of the qualities,
characteristics or views of another person or group.
– attribution to yourself ( consciously or unconsciously) of the characteristic
of another person.
5. Re-interpret goals
6. Substitute goals – setting another goal
7. Rationalization- a defense mechanism by which your true motivation is concealed by
explaining your actions and feelings in a way that is not threatening.
8. Attention getting
4. 9. Reaction formation- a defense mechanism by which an objectionable impulse is
expressed in an opposite or contrasting behavior.
10. Flight into fantasy
11. Projection- the attribution of one’s own attitudes, feelings or desires to someone or
something as a naïve or unconscious defense against anxiety or guilt.
12. Displacement- unconscious defense mechanism whereby the mind redirects emotion
from a dangerous object to a safe object.
13. Fixation- a strong attachment to a person or thing especially such an attachment
formed in childhood or infancy and manifested in the immature or neurotic behavior
that persists throughout life.
14. Withdrawal- detachment as from social or emotional involvement.
15. Repression- the classical defense mechanism that protects you from impulses or
ideas that would causes anxiety by preventing them from becoming conscious.
16. Conversion- repressed ideas conflicts or impulses are manifested by various bodily
symptoms, such as paralysis or sensory deficits that have no physical cause.
- a change in which one adopts a new religion, faith or beliefs.
Approaches to Conflict Resolution
1. ACCOMMODATING - the person neglects personal concerns to satisfy the
concerns of others. It is cooperative but unassertive.
2. COMPROMISING – the individual attempts to find mutually acceptable solutions
that partially satisfy both parties in reflects assertiveness and cooperation
3. COLLABORATING – the individual attempts to work with others toward
solutions that satisfy the work of both parties it is both assertive and cooperative
4. COMPETING – the person pursues personal concerns at another’s expense. It is a
power oriented mode that is assertive but uncooperative. the competition is
aggressive and pursues one’s own goals at another’s expense.
Conflict Management
Negotiation – is a strategic process used to move conflicting parties toward an
outcome.
PROCESS/PHASES OF NEGOTIATION:
PHASE 1 Establishing the issue and agenda
PHASE 2 Advancing demands and uncovering interests
PHASE 3 Bargaining and discovering new options – inflict resolution to both parties;
options to resolve
5. PHASE 4 Working out an agreement
PHASE 5 Aftermath – is the period following an agreement in where parties are
expending the consequences of their decisions.
Collaboration – is achieved through a developmental process. It is sequential yet
reciprocal and characterized by seven strategies and activities.
1. Awareness – makes a conscious entry into a group process, focus on goals of
convening together, generate definition of collaborative process and what it means to
team members
2. Tentative exploration and mutual acknowledgement
a. Exploration – disclose professional skills for the desire process; disclose
areas where contribution cannot be mace, disclose values reflecting
priorities; identify roles and disclose personal values, including time,
energy, interest and resources.
b. Mutual acknowledgements – clarify each members potential
contributions; clarify member’s work style, organizational supports and
barriers to collaborative efforts.
3. Trust building – determines the degree to which reliance on others can achieved;
examines congruence between words and behaviors; set interdependent goals;
develop tolerance for ambiguity.
4. Collegiality – defines the relations of the members with each other; define the
responsibilities and tasks of each; defines entrance and exit conditions.
5. Consensus – determine the issues for which consensus; determine the process for
reevaluating consensus outcomes.
6. Commitment – realize the physical; emotional and material actions directed
toward the goal; clarify the procedures for reevaluating commitment in light of
goal depends and group for deviance.
7. Collaboration – initiate process of joint decision making reflecting the synergy
that results from combining knowledge and skills.
Strategies of Conflict Resolution
1. Win Lose
a. Position Power
b. Mental or Physical Power
c. Failure to respond
6. d. Majority rule
e. Railroading
2. Lose-lose
a. Compromise
b. Bribes
c. Arbitration
d. General Rules
3. Win-win
a. Consensus
b. Problem-solving
Elements
1. Research – more powerful tool in generating knowledge.
2. Participation – democracy (people power)
- involves social trained researcher to guide to people
- involve stakeholders
3. Action – Stakeholders will initiate the action done by the people
COPAR – community organizing participatory action research