Abstract: Numerous indicators of crucial role exist for improvements of the students' performance
during the learning process in classrooms, to include the level of teaching and learning, teachers’
performance, students’ motivation and teaching methods. However, the class size has its impact over
the successful performance of students, which is the main topic of this scientific research. Regarding
the impact of class size, or more precisely, the number of students in the classroom, in student
performance, has developed an empirical research which results are reflected in this paper. The survey
was conducted in several schools of higher education in some Kosovo municipalities. by the outcomes
introduced it is intended to prove a dilemma that has existed for a long time for classes with smaller
number of students which tend to be more successful compared to the classes with higher number of
students. Furthermore, the review of the literature, is an important part of the paper, where intertwine
various theories regarding this issue, bringing different experiences of OECD countries regarding the
impact of class size on student performance. Finally, the performance of the students was tested in
different class sizes at the end of the school year to see if there is a difference in their outcome.
Fluency means reading faster, smoother, more expressively, or more quietly with goal of reading silently.
Fluent reading is reading in which words are recognized automatically. With automatic word recognition, reading becomes faster, smoother, and more expressive, and students can begin to read silently, which is roughly twice as fast as oral reading.
Fluency means reading faster, smoother, more expressively, or more quietly with goal of reading silently.
Fluent reading is reading in which words are recognized automatically. With automatic word recognition, reading becomes faster, smoother, and more expressive, and students can begin to read silently, which is roughly twice as fast as oral reading.
introduction to grading system up to norm and criterion referencing....
a powerpoint presentation for education students taking up a subject of assessment of learning 2
A learning management system (LMS) is a software application or web-based technology used to plan, implement and assess a specific learning process. It is used for eLearning practices and, in its most common form, consists of two elements: a server that performs the base functionality and a user interface that is operated by instructors, students and administrators.
(TechTarget, 2022)
Education Management Information System (EMIS) is a flexible information management system that collects, stores, analyses & processes educational institutional information & student-related data in an organized way. This readily accessible platform helps educators to make accurate & faster decisions by generating MIS reports and promotes institution efficiency, productivity, and growth.
introduction to grading system up to norm and criterion referencing....
a powerpoint presentation for education students taking up a subject of assessment of learning 2
A learning management system (LMS) is a software application or web-based technology used to plan, implement and assess a specific learning process. It is used for eLearning practices and, in its most common form, consists of two elements: a server that performs the base functionality and a user interface that is operated by instructors, students and administrators.
(TechTarget, 2022)
Education Management Information System (EMIS) is a flexible information management system that collects, stores, analyses & processes educational institutional information & student-related data in an organized way. This readily accessible platform helps educators to make accurate & faster decisions by generating MIS reports and promotes institution efficiency, productivity, and growth.
Current Issues in Education - Meeting the Challenges of the 21st Century Todaypolchan
Current Issues in Education - Meeting the Challenges of the 21st Century Today, a Powerpoint presentation for the subject Current Issues in Education, Graduate Studies.
Observations of Teacher-Student Interactions in VietnamAJSERJournal
Every day, teachers make dozens of interactions with students to make sure that the students can achieve
their learning goals effectively. Classroom practices with teacher-student interactions not only help teachers build a
good working environment but also assist students in forming their responsibility for learning. This paper points out the
limitation of Vietnamese teacher-student interactions in the classroom and then suggest several solutions to this
problem.
Observations of Teacher-Student Interactions in VietnamAJSERJournal
Every day, teachers make dozens of interactions with students to make sure that the students can achieve
their learning goals effectively. Classroom practices with teacher-student interactions not only help teachers build a
good working environment but also assist students in forming their responsibility for learning. This paper points out the
limitation of Vietnamese teacher-student interactions in the classroom and then suggest several solutions to this
problem
School effectiveness-and-improvement-contribution-of-teacher-qualification-to...oircjournals
School examination results the world over are arguably the most important measure of perceived success or failure
of a candidate. It has been pointed out by the Nyanza Provincial Education Board that the province’s performance in
examinations and the quality of education in general is unsatisfactory and inadequate. The paper sought to determine
the contribution of teacher qualification to students’ scores. The study adopted the Theory of Organisational Climate
which defines organisational climate as the human environment within which an organization’s employees do their
work. A case study and survey design was used. Purposive sampling was used to identify the four schools under study
and form three students. Simple random sampling was used to select the respondents of the study. Data was analyzed
using both qualitative and quantitative using descriptive statistics in particular percentages and means. The study
found that teachers’ qualifications affect teaching ability while knowledge of teachers’ subject was among the major
teacher factors contributing to students’ academic achievements.
Running head: Research Plan Draft
1
Research Plan Draft
2
Research Plan Draft
Marcus Coleman
Ashford University
Area of Focus Statement
The purpose of this study is to identify the importance of students’ interaction in the school. It has been shown that student interaction helps students to learn and gain skills and knowledge that provide them with foundation for later learning. This study will also increase the knowledge of teachers about particular types of child teacher interactions that encourage the development of young students.
Problem – Interest
When I studied about past research about what tutors really do everyday to make a difference in the lives of students, I learnt that there is a clear prove that it is these daily interactions that students have with their teachers that play a great part in their performance in class. I also observed that it was not with teachers alone but also the interactions with students with their fellow students and parents as well have a role in their development. I noted with a lot of concern that the interactions students gain during their early years in school, i.e. during the early childhood stages, have a lot to do with the engagement of students later in their advanced school years as it is during these early stages that the children gain skills and knowledge that offer them the foundation for later learning. Students learn many of the skills when still young and through their interaction with their teachers (Manke, 1997). another thing that led me to have interest on this topic is the fact that all learning involves participation. for instance you cannot learn to play a guitar without actually picking it and practicing. in the same way it is hard to learn a language without engaging into it. engagement comes in the form of interacting with the fellow students in discussions in order to learn new things as well as with the teachers.
Problem – Background
In our school, majority of the teachers have experienced classes in which the students’ interactions is limited than they would want it to be, with the students being restrained when asked to talk to their partners about something. This restriction does not only apply to interactions in classrooms but it seems to apply to groups of all levels, ages and nationalities. In theory, interactions may seem so sensible and desirable but we are all aware that essentially increasing and promoting it can be a real struggle.
I have seen classes in our school where students are resistance about interacting. it is so unfortunate that some students are not excited about group work or pairing, more so in mono lingual classes where it is a bit unnatural to communicate to a person whom you speak the same language in a language that you are both not so familiar with. Many students say that they do not like group .
Efforts to Improve Students' Ability to Write Text in the Form of Procedures ...M. Ifaldi Sidik
This study aims to obtain information and find out about Efforts to
Improve Students' Ability to Write Text in the Form of Procedure
through the Make a Match Learning Model in Class IX.4 of SMP
Negeri 1 Batang Anai. This type of research is classroom action
research with research subjects being grade IX.4 students of SMP
Negeri 1 Batang Anai with a total of 32 students. This study consisted
of two cycles, where the first cycle was carried out at meetings 1 and
2 and the second cycle was carried out at meetings 3 and 4. Each cycle
consisted of four stages of research, namely planning, implementing
actions, observing and reflecting. To obtain research data three
instruments were used, namely observation sheets, field notes, and
test sheets, which were analyzed qualitatively using percentages.
Based on the results of the study showed that the learning activities
of class IX.4 students using the make a match learning model
increased from initial conditions, cycle I and cycle II
Isaias santana-Doctoral dissertation 2016-learning basic english in overcrowd...Isaias Santana
Abstract
The higher educational institution where this study took place is located in the Dominican Republic. The purpose of this study was to provide insights to the effectiveness and impact of the instructional process applied in a Basic English class under overcrowding conditions, implementing an in-depth interview to the faculty members and an eight-student focus group in each cluster (the experimental and control group) to interpret the instructional process when implementing a blog page and cooperative group work activities to improve the students’ proficiency.
The quantitative research findings were obtained from the pre and posttests to compare the experimental group in relation to the control group. T-tests were used to obtain the results in the pre and posttests, in order to determine if there were significant differences between the experimental and the control group. Whereas, the qualitative data were accessed through two focus groups with the students and an in-depth interview with the professors. The participants’ opinions were used to compare the instructional process when implementing a blog page and cooperative group work activities.
Findings showed a holistic view of the instructional process under these conditions. The implementation post-test outcomes show the two-tailed p-value 0.0017< 0.05 of the Alpha level, which means that this difference is considered to be very statistically significant and the qualitative data analysis confirmed that there is evidence that the use of the instructional techniques improves the students’ proficiency under overcrowding conditions that could not be avoided due to the lack of budget and space
Geert Driessen (2015) IE Teacher ethnicity student ethnicity and student outc...Driessen Research
A review of the empirical literature was conducted to establish the relation
between teacher and student ethnicity, and cognitive and noncognitive student
outcomes. It was hypothesized that ethnic teacher–student congruence results in
more favorable outcomes for especially minority students. A total of 24 quantitative
studies focusing on primary and secondary education in the United States
were reviewed. The results show that there is as yet little unambiguous empirical
evidence that a stronger degree of ethnic match be it in the form of a one-to-one
coupling of a teacher to students with the same ethnic background, or a larger
share of ethnic minority teachers at an ethnically mixed school, leads to predominantly
positive results. Insofar positive effects were found, they apply to a
greater extent to subjective teacher evaluations than to objective achievement
outcome measures.
INDENTURED LABOUR IN THE COLONIAL TEA PALANTATIONS OF ASSAM: A SAGA OF EXPL...American Research Thoughts
Abstract: This article of mine examines the development of indentured labor plantations in the
colonial tea gardens of Assam. The laborers were recruited through licensed recruiters and most of
them came from Chotanagpur region. The notion of the Adivasi coolie having the capacity to perform
arduous tasks was becoming popular. Subsequently, this article examines the exploitation and
sufferings inherent in the system of indenture and how these manifested into forms of collective
violence and large scale desertions in the tea gardens. This is an original work bereft of any sort of
plagiarism whatsoever and has not been sent for publishing anywhere. This study has been based
predominantly upon secondary sources with primary sources in the National Archives of India and
Assam State Archives and a few reports and conference proceedings.
AN UPDATED REVIEW ON THE CONVENTIONAL AND UNCONVENTIONAL RICH PICTURE BUILD...American Research Thoughts
Abstract: The topic of rich picture building exercise (RPBE) comes from the Soft Systems
Methodology (SSM) of P.B. Checkland in the early 80s. Since then, it has been studied and reported
in the academic literature. The recent academic works inspires the writer to review this topic and
argues that the mainstream study on RPBE can be considered as a conventional RPBE. The paper
then points out that there is also an unconventional RPBE which has been neglected in the academic
community. It reasons that the unconventional RPBE is also useful to express the proble m situation,
which is what stage 2 of the conventional SSM is all about. The unconventional RPBE can be
conducted either solely or as a complementary exercise with the conventional RPBE. A number of
RPBE options are identified in the discussion. The paper is intended to contribute to the theoretical
development of the RPBE.
PSYCHO-SOCIAL PROBLEMS OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL WOMEN TEACHERS IN RELATION TO T...American Research Thoughts
Abstract: Teachers have been increasingly presented with significant occupational health problems.
The psycho-social problem of teachers results from heavy work burden, heavy life pressure, and high
expectation from children’s parents, harassment about interpersonal relationship and the shortage of
their knowledge on psychological health. Positive environment is the basis for psycho-social health, so
creating a stress-free and harmonious environment comes first in order to maintain teac hers’ psychosocial problems. Descriptive survey method was used. The sample for the study was selected as 197
elementary women teachers working in government and private schools by using stratified random
sampling from the districts of Wokha, Kohima and Dimapur of Nagaland.
The results reveal that majority of the elementary school women teachers have average level of psychosocial problems and the elementary schools in Nagaland have controlled and familiar climate. There is
low disengagement, low alienation, moderate esprit, moderate intimacy, low psycho -physical
hindrance, moderate controls, moderate production emphasis and moderate humanized thrust. There
is no significant difference between school organisation climate and psycho -social problems of
elementary school women teachers working in government and private schools in Nagaland. It was
also found out that the women with very high psycho-social problems have high correlation with their
school organization climate.
INDIAN LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK: WIDENING CRITERION OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT ...American Research Thoughts
The principal of gender equality is enshrined in the Indian Constitution in its Preamble,
Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties and Directive Principles. The Constitution not only grants
equality to women, but also empowers the State to adopt measures of positive discrimination in favour
of women. Women Empowerment is an issue of immense significance today. It is a direct reflection of
the wholesome development of society. Ensuring access to justice for the vulnerable and marginalized
sections of the society is a precondition for a healthy democratic and a peaceful society. In the wake of
some deeply condemnable incidents dominating the headlines these days, this issue has become
indispensable ethically, morally, legally and socially. The Government of India has enacted certain
laws and acts, which protect the rights of women and allow them to seek legal assistance and justice
when faced with certain problems. By showcasing an impressive range of legal empowerment
approaches in diverse geographical and cultural settings, the value of empowering women, through
efforts aimed at legal education , legal training, and the provision of legal services and the creation of
space for women to question and negotiate discriminatory ‘cultural’ norms. The objective of this paper
is to study the laws passed in India for women empowerment i.e. women-specific legislations &
women-related legislations. The paper discuss in details:
Protection of women from sexual harassment at work place
Legal provisions for crimes against women under Indian penal code, 1860.
Provisions leading towards legal empowerment
The paper highlights the critical role legal empowerment strategies that can play in changing
oppressive gender relations that are justified under the name of so called ‘culture’. The paper
concludes with suggesting few provisions which will lead to legal empowerment.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is the formulation of a framework for assessing development
change in small developing countries modified for application to small islands, and further, to propose
a development process to be used alongside the framework. The methodology utilized in the case study
involved research of official published documents, analysis of relevant statistical data, and application
of Landsat imagery for producing a land cover map. The main finding is that the existing assessment
framework developed by the European Environmental Agency does not fully fit the conditions in
small islands and has to be modified for implementation which is better used in combination with a
development process that provides a better fit for purpose. The modified framework and the detailing of
a new development process presented in this paper are original in the suggested applications and will
be valuable to the agencies that carry the responsibility for undertaking environmental and
development assessments in small countries.
Abstract: Today’s citizens need to think globally while acting locally, conscious of the fact that their
actions can have far reaching implications despite their absence. And teacher’s actions in the
classroom are pertinent to the development of future adult citizens. Human actions are nothing but a
manifestation of their thoughts, teachers being human their actions whether within or outside the
classroom too is a result of their thoughts. Present day schools no more house Monocultural
Traditional Classrooms but have been replaced by Culturally Diversified Smart Classroom where in
the main motto is ‚Sabke Saath, Sabka Vikas‛. Here no one is to be left behind on the basis of
ethnicity, race, socio-economic status, gender, exceptionalities, language, religion, sexual orientation
and geographical area. This demands that teachers impartially identify, tap-in and provide
opportunities for the development of the unique abilities of the students. For this teachers will have to
be able to carry out Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) that involves critical thinking, problem
solving and creating with critical thinking at its foundational level. In fact a 21st century teacher to
fully participate in the Global community needs to Master not only the 3R’s of reading, writing and
arithmetic, but also the 4C’s i.e. critical thinking, creativity, communication and collaboration. The
term ‘Master’ reminds us of the fact that effective teachers are made and not born, hence the concept of
Teacher Education. Teacher Education is a teacher preparation programme wherein one of the main
objectives is to help teachers develop the required skills to perform their task effectively in the school
and classroom, here the Critical Thinking Skills. Here Albert Einstein can be aptly quoted where he
stated: ‚Education is not the learning of facts but training the mind to think‛. The term Critical
Thinking too finds expression in the National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education 2009-10
which aims at developing teacher’s ability to think and be critical, thus producing Humane and
Professional teachers.
IMPACT OF EDUCATION OF PARENTS ON ADJUSTMENT AND ANXIETY OF STUDENTS OF AFF...American Research Thoughts
Abstract: The research has been done on impact of education of parents on the adjustment and
anxiety of B.Ed. students. The sample consists of 367 B.Ed. teacher trainees of affiliated B.Ed. colleges
in Faridabad and Gurgaon region. Mean standard deviation and t-test is used in the present study.
DESFLORESTAMENTO NO SUL DO ESTADO DO AMAZONAS: EMBATE ENTRE O CRESCIMENTO E...American Research Thoughts
Resumo: O sul do Estado do Amazonas, localizado na Região Norte do Brasil, vem sofrendo com o
crescente desmatamento causado por atividades econômicas oriundas dos estados vizinhos localizados
no Centro-Oeste brasileiro. A pecuária, a produção de grãos e a exploração da madeira têm avançado
para a Região Norte chegando à Sub-Região do Purus trazendo preocupações tanto para o Governo do
Estado quanto para o Governo Federal que procuram neutralizar a dinâmica do desmatamento por
meio de medidas políticas estabelecidas em legislação específica. Porém, o problema encontra
dificuldades de ser equacionado porque o vetor principal deste desmatamento pode estar no próprio
processo de crescimento econômico do país. Este artigo objetiva fazer uma análise parcial do
desmatamento na região, discorrendo sobre os seus impactos no ambiente e nas populações autóctones
e também analisar a falha metodológica de aplicação do Código Florestal Brasileiro, mostrando que do
ponto de vista econômico a imposição de solução uniforme para problemas ambientais de natureza
diversa se caracteriza pela ineficiência dos seus resultados.
Abstract: The southern state of Amazonas, located in the northern region of Brazil, has suffered from
increasing deforestation caused by economic activities originating from neighboring states located in
the Brazilian Midwest. Livestock, grain production and the exploitation of wood have advanced to the
Northern Region reaching the Purus Subregion bringing concerns both the State Government and to
the federal government seeking to neutralize the dynamics of deforestation through policy measures
established in specific legislation. However, the problem is difficult to be solved because the main
vector of this deforestation can be in itself of the country's economic growth. This article aims to make
a partial analysis of deforestation in the region, discussing their impact on the environment and on
indigenous peoples and also examine the methodological failure of application of the Brazilian Forest
Code, showing that from an economic point of view the solution uniform enforcement for problems
environmental diverse in nature is characterized by inefficiency of their results.
FRESHWATER FARMING OF BRACKISHWATER SHRIMP, PENAEUS MONODON (FABRICIUS) WIT...American Research Thoughts
Abstract: Brackish water shrimp (Penaeus monodon) farming expanded rapidly after the technical
viability of this culture system was established and farmers discovered that the high profits derived
from shrimp production could easily offset increased costs associated with this culture. These factors
facilitate the spread of brackish water shrimp farming into freshwater agricultural areas of Purba
Medinipur district of West Bengal that never experience salt water intrusion. The emergence of
brackish water shrimp farming within paddy growing regions of Purba Medinipur district has raised
concerns regarding potential environmental impacts and the suitability of conducting this activity
within highly productive freshwater agricultural areas. In the present study an attempt had been
made to farm the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon in almost freshwater condition with
innovative technologies in 04 earthen tanks each with 0.4 ha water spread area under Contai -III Dev.
Block in Purba Medinipur district in the year 2011 (April to August). The PCR tested P. monodon
seeds (PL15) were stocked in all freshwater earthen tanks after proper acclimatization @
50,000nos/tank. The salinity of the tanks was recorded between 0.0063 ppt to 0.04 ppt. The shrimps
were fed with branded feed and the feeding schedule was based on check-tray method as well as a feed
chart given by the concerned manufacturer.
Abstract: Implementation of Information & Communication Technology has changed t he way people
access and communication information. Users want easy and instant access to relevant information.
So putting pressure on library professionals to think out of the box for meeting their information
needs. Application of mobile phones to provide library and information services are significant step in
this direction. The development of mobile technology has resulted in shifting the academic
environment from traditional to mobile learning setting. This paper high-light the assumption of
mobile technology in library services, its purpose, literature review various devices, advantages,
disadvantages and prerequisites for implementing mobile based services etc.
Abstract: Vorticity is a curl of fluid velocity and the Absolute ξ_a = ξ +f where ξ is the relative
vorticity while f is the coriolis parameter. North word moving air acquires and increasing value for f
and hence decreasing value for ξ. The concept of circulation is related that of vorticity, and it has a
number of important applications horizontal closed curves in either hemisphere will have positive
circulation vorticity is negative while the curvature is negative the vorticity is positive.
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA FROM PLANTS AND OTHER ...American Research Thoughts
Twenty-two lactic acid bacteria (LAB) belonging to Lactobacillus, Lactococcus and
Enterococcus genera were isolated from plants, flowers and other vegetable matrices. The predominant
LAB species were Lactobacillus brevis (57%) followed to Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus
(14%) and Lactococcus lactis (14%). Among enterococci E. faecalis (4 /50%), E. faecium (2 /25%), E.
hirae (2 /12,5%) were isolated. The strains were identified previously with biochemical kits and then
confirmed by PCR. Bacteria isolated were tested against nine strains selected among pathogenic and
opportunistic strains to evaluate their capacity to produce BLS (bacteriocin like substance).
Subsequently to demonstrate the horizontal transfer of genes coding for the production of bacteriocin
substances, a conjugation experiment was positively carried out between an Enterococcus faecium
used as donor and a Lactobacillus acidophilus used as recipient.
GENETIC RESOURCES FAMILY POACEAE IN THE FLORA OF NAKHCHIVAN AUTONOMOUS REPU...American Research Thoughts
Abstract: This article provides information about the current state of taxonomy, genetic resources of
species belonging to the family of cereals - Poaceae Barnhart in flora of Nakhchivan Autonomous
Republic of Azerbaijan. Clarified that this family is represented by 95 genus and 297 species.
Contains: 1-Ordo-Poales, 1-Subfamilya, 13-Triba, 88-Sector, 12-Subgen, 60-Subsp. and 23-Variasya.
32 species are rare-endangered. There are new taxa are endemic and their wild relatives, the protection
of which is considered to be important issues.
INDENTURED LABOUR IN THE COLONIAL TEA PALANTATIONS OF ASSAM: A SAGA OF EXPL...American Research Thoughts
Abstract: This article of mine examines the development of indentured labor plantations in the
colonial tea gardens of Assam. The laborers were recruited through licensed recruiters and most of
them came from Chotanagpur region. The notion of the Adivasi coolie having the capacity to perform
arduous tasks was becoming popular. Subsequently, this article examines the exploitation and
sufferings inherent in the system of indenture and how these manifested into forms of collective
violence and large scale desertions in the tea gardens. This is an original work bereft of any sort of
plagiarism whatsoever and has not been sent for publishing anywhere. This study has been based
predominantly upon secondary sources with primary sources in the National Archives of India and
Assam State Archives and a few reports and conference proceedings.
DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF A MODIFIED 500 GPS SOLAR POWERED POND AERATOR SY...American Research Thoughts
Abstract: One of the problems of fish farming in ponds is the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration
in water. Lack of dissolved oxygen from just a few feet below the surface of the pond causes fish to
swim on the water surface. Fish may die either from warm water where oxygen becomes less soluble at
higher temperature or from ammonia and carbon dioxide that turned into gas bubbles in their
bloodstream. The best way to control or eliminate the causes of fish kill is to ensure that there is
always enough oxygen in the pond. To minimize, if not to eradicate this problem, a study on the
development and pre-testing of a modified 500 gallons per hour Solar Powered Pond Aerator System
project also known as SPAS-500 was conducted. It is a self-contained unit that floats on the water and
provides consistent levels of oxygen using the venturi air ejector technology. It directly uses the
collected energy from the sun during daytime and the stored energy of the batteries at night time.
The method of the evaluation was based on the data gathered from the hydrological and electrical
application of the system. Varied methods of computations and testing as well as measuring
instruments/devices were utilized to achieve reliable results and significant conclusions. Finally, the
study showed that utilization of the SPAS-500 yielded a significant impact on economic and
environment. It means that the device can address the minimum aeration requirements needed by
small and medium size aquamarine businesses.
Abstract: UGC has splendor activities in respect of conducting of sixteen autonomous statutory
institutions, co-ordination, formulation and maintenance of the standards of university education,
framing regulations on minimum standards of education, Determining standards of teaching,
Examination and research in universities, Monitoring developments in the field of collegiate and
university education, Disbursing grants to universities and colleges, Setting up common facilities,
services and programs for a group of universities in the form of Inter-University Centers but there are
lots of issues (negative performances) are related with UGC’s performance for these National
Commission for Higher Education & Research (NCHER – A national over-arching regulatory body
in higher education), Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA) and demand of CBSC have been
aroused. This article will highlight the issues related to cause of emerged of alternative body of UGC
in India.
For India to emerge as knowledge super power of the world in the shortest possible time it is
imperative to convert our demographic advantage into knowledge powerhouse by nurturing and
honing our working population into knowledge or knowledge enabled working population.
As multimedia teaching technologies become more widely advocated and employed in
education, researchers strive to understand the influence of such technologies on student learning.
Advances in technology enable pedagogical enhancements that some believe can revolutionize
traditional methods of teaching and learning. When viewed collectively, these studies reported
that advanced technologies, especially multimedia instruction, which often involves introducing or
enhancing the visual aspects of the presentation of course contents, created an active learning
environment, improved students' performance, fostered positive attitudes toward learning
complex concepts, increased communication and could be adapted to all learning styles and levels
of instruction. Researchers suggest that, compared to classes with a traditional teacher-leading
approach, those using multimedia are better liked by students and yield slight but statistically
significant improvements in student learning as measured by both student self-report and
objective outcome testing. Such encouraging findings have precipitated the adoption of these
technologies on a widespread basis. Despite many studies suggesting that, multimedia instruction
benefits students. Therefore, there is a need to further educators' understanding of the effect of
multimedia technologies on students' learning quality.
The combined outcomes of the majority of studies across disciplines indicated that
multimedia-based delivery systems offered ways to optimize the advantages and minimize the
disadvantages of traditional methods of teaching and learning. These are expected to be true in
biology. Biology laboratories are designed to help students understand the basic concepts and their
applications by experiments, collecting specimens, using specimens to know the parts and
functions, and drawing and writing a laboratory report. Many factors such as the time limit for
setting up, the unavailability of specimens in the traditional laboratories. However, the
disadvantages elicited by these factors can be addressed with the use of multimedia-based delivery
systems.
CONSERVATIONAL STUDIES ON CHLOROPHYTUM BORIVILIANUM (SAFED MUSLI) IN NANDUR...American Research Thoughts
An ethno-ecological and ethno-medicinal survey was conducted in various parts of
Nandurbar dist. of Maharashtra to find out the cause of loss of biodiversity and abundance of
Chlorophytum borivilianum. Investigation are proceeds to tracing and finding the alternative ways to
conservation of Chlorophytum borivilianumat their natural as well as to introductions as a crop in
agricultural sector due to huge ethno economic prospective.
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PHOTO PERIODS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRYSOPERLA CARNEA ...American Research Thoughts
Experiment on effect of different photo periods on the development of Chrysoperla carnea
(Stephen) with special reference to egg to adult emergence were carried at Agriculture Research
Institute, Tandojam. The Lacewings Chrysoperla carnea eggs, larvae, pupae and adults were obtained
from Biological control laboratory reared under constant temperature 26± 2
o
C with relative humidity
65-70%. Photoperiod significantly affected the development from egg to adult (Table 1). In complete
darkness (L: 0 D: 24), resulted in minimum hatching, larval survival (No. of pupae) and hatching
time, larval period and pupal period was longer significantly as compared to other treatments.
Whereas, the treatment with complete light hours (L: 24, D: 0) resulted in maximum hatching, larval
survival (No. of pupae) and adult emergence (table 1). The hatching time, larval and pupal duration
were significantly shortened. Sex ratios were also female biased when full light hours were provided
for development. The finding of this study it is concluded that Developmental period of C. carnea from
egg to adult was shorter at 24:0 because mass rearing predator C. carnea in laboratory required
shorter time to complete life duration, and we will get more number of biocontrol agents for release in
field.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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CLASS SIZE IN CORRELATION WITH STUDENTS’ PERFORMANCE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE
1. 1785
AMERICAN RESEARCH THOUGHTS
ISSN: 2392 – 876X
Available online at: www.researchthoughts.us
http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1425134
Volume 1 │ Issue 7 │ May 2015
Impact Factor: 2.0178 (UIF)
CLASS SIZE IN CORRELATION WITH
STUDENTS’ PERFORMANCE IN ENGLISH
LANGUAGE
Hysen Kasumi, Ph.Dc.
English Faculty, AAB University, Prishtinë, Kosovë
Abstract: Numerous indicators of crucial role exist for improvements of the students' performance
during the learning process in classrooms, to include the level of teaching and learning, teachers’
performance, students’ motivation and teaching methods. However, the class size has its impact over
the successful performance of students, which is the main topic of this scientific research. Regarding
the impact of class size, or more precisely, the number of students in the classroom, in student
performance, has developed an empirical research which results are reflected in this paper. The survey
was conducted in several schools of higher education in some Kosovo municipalities. by the outcomes
introduced it is intended to prove a dilemma that has existed for a long time for classes with smaller
number of students which tend to be more successful compared to the classes with higher number of
students. Furthermore, the review of the literature, is an important part of the paper, where intertwine
various theories regarding this issue, bringing different experiences of OECD countries regarding the
impact of class size on student performance. Finally, the performance of the students was tested in
different class sizes at the end of the school year to see if there is a difference in their outcome.
Key Words: class size, teaching, student performance, schools in Kosovo.
INTRODUCTION
The class size is not controversial only in the Republic of Kosovo, but almost in most
European countries and beyond. Classes with a smaller number of students often
perceived in a way that allows teachers to focus more on the individual needs of
students and to reduce the amount of time in the classroom, teachers spend on other
things; as in discipline, or disruptions between students. There are a lot of authors who
did research if the class size has an impact on students’ outcomes. However, there are
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still debates which go on and which will continue. What we did in our research work
was the literature review about the class size as well as an empirical research to see if
there is really a big gap in students’ performance based on the class size or with other
words if the big number of students in class has an impact on the decline of students’
performance.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Class size is controversial not only in Kosovo, but almost even in most European
countries and beyond. According to (OECD, "Class Size and Ratio of Students to
Teaching Staff" Education at a Glance , 2006), the classes with smaller number of
students is often perceived to allow teachers to focus more on the individual needs of
students and to reduce the amount class time, teachers spend on other things such as
discipline or disruption among students. Also, class size has to do with quality of class
as well as students' own performance.
A number of factors influence the interaction between teachers and students in
the classroom such as: educational course, the division of the teacher's time between the
teaching and other tasks and grouping of students within the classroom and teaching
practice in groups or teams.
Referring to my teaching experience where the number of students exceeds 40
students in class, work in groups is almost impossible, compared with private schools
of foreign languages where the number of students does not exceed the number 15
where the possibility of interactivity between teacher and students as well as between
students themselves is many times higher. At the same time, the teacher can spend
much more time with each student individually, as in consultations and as well
working with them, which would be almost impossible in the public schools where
classes are overcrowded with students, and the teacher will spend more time on
discipline, motivating students in learning and their concentration on a task. At the
same time, the assessment of students can be different.
Small class (with fewer students), the teacher has an idea, anticipation and
complete records for each student and also for their achievements or full performance.
On the other hand, large classes (with more than 40 pupils), the motivation of learning
and also the assessment of learning cannot be at the right level, because in most of the
time the assessment is made only through tests or essays as teacher does not have an
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idea in advance, or assessment for his students during the academic year due to the
large number of students in class.
The same aspect can be found in (OECD, "Class Size and Ratio of Students to
Teaching Staff" Education at a Glance, 2006) stating that there is a sufficient change in
class size to assess the real impact of this variable in student performance. Also, the low
performance policies to groups of students in smaller classes in order to pay more
attention to them can be compensated for the increased performance profit from classes
with smaller number of students.
On the other hand, the classroom organization should allow teachers and
students to organize and develop group work and practical activities. Different teaching
tools should be available to students in the classroom and in other parts of the school
building (corridors, library, reading room, etc.). Schools should provide students easy
access to the rooms and in different learning environments; they must be organized in
such a way that communication between directors, teachers and students to be
facilitated. Students should be provided with a suitable place for meetings, discussions,
learning and other social activities.
According to OECD statistics (OECD, http://www.oecd.org, 2011), at a primary
level or school, the average class size has about 21 students per class. This number is
about 34 students in Korea and drops in Denmark, Greece, Iceland, Luxembourg,
Portugal, the Slovak Republic and Switzerland, where the number of students per class
is about 20. Whereas, in lower secondary schools in OECD countries the number of
students in an average class size is around 24 students per class.
The number of students in the classroom according to OECD is accounted in this
way: in a school with 48 full-time students and also with eight full-time teachers, the
ratio of students to teaching staff is equal to six. In this case, if the hours of work for the
teachers are estimated to be 35 hours, including 10 hours of teaching and if instruction
time for each student is 40 hours per week, then whatever the grouping of students will
be, the average size of the number of students in school must be calculated as follows.
Estimated class size 6 students per teacher (40 hours of instruction per student) 10 hours
of teaching per teacher = 24 students per class. (OECD, "Class Size and Ratio of Students
to Teaching Staff" Education at a Glance, 2006, pp. 360- 372) Kennedy and Siegfried
(1997) cited by (Chapman, L., & Ludlow, L., 2010) found out that the classes with the
bigger number of students had no impact on the decline of their students’ performance
in their economy classes. While other scientists have found that classes with large
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numbers of students actually associated with a decline in achievement and student
performance. Also according to Millet, Payne, Dwoer, Sticker & Alexian, (2008, p, 18)
found out that it is discouraging to think that external factors such as class size may
have an impact with a more negative significance in learning.
Also, (Jepsen, C., & Rivkin, S., 2009) stated that in 1996 California had a very
expensive reform in education in US history. They did the reduction of the number of
students per class for 10 students, from 30 to 20 students. In the research, they used
social experiment and innovative statistical methods to identify the causal effects of
classes with few students holding constant the quality of teachers.
According to studies by Algrist and Lovy (1999), Hoxby (2000) and Rivkin,
Hanusheh and Kain (2005) cited by (Chapman, L., & Ludlow, L., 2010) they identified
reliable exogenous variation for class size the reason to learn more about the effect
(impact) class sizes in students’ outcomes or performance, in Israel, Connecticut and
respectively in Texas. Except Toxby (2000), studies found out that classes with fewer
students significantly upgrade their achievements in early grades (grade 5 and below)
and the effects tend to be larger for students with smaller benefits in learning. Johnson
states that the performance was slightly better in essay writing and mid-term exams in
small classes (Johnson, 2010).
However, performance on quizzes and final exams was better in larger classes.
Zietz and Cochron (1997) found out that the increase in class sizes beyond 30 students
had a negative impact on classroom tests. Large classes are less likely to make
compositions and oral presentations and more likely to mark students with multiple-
choice-exams and tests. Also, in large classes instructors-teachers generally use lectures
as the only method of teaching, despite the small classes which are more interactive and
more appealing (attractive) and individualized and with the great personal
involvement. (Ludlow 1996; Marsh 1987; Glass and Smith 1979). Many authors have
shown that the class size varies according to the type of interaction in the classroom.
Classes that require active participation of students are small. Smaller classes tend to be
effective since students actively process the material rather than just listen and read
(Johnson, 2010). The author emphasizes that the constructivists and behaviorists see the
class size from different perspectives. Constructivist point out that smaller classes are
more productive as we give more emphasis on student engagement and interaction or
working in pairs and groups among students by having more effect on their learning.
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On the other hand, the behaviorists think that the lessons in large classes are more
productive because they represent the behavior of teachers as primary/basic factors in
the students’ outcome. But recognizing the effects of learning (Johnson, 2010) states that
they are contingent by the goals of teaching and teachers themselves provides
substantial interconnections between class size and class activities and furthermore
provides that small classes are better suited as constructivist point out.
Small classes would also be found in the working of (Dills, A. K., & Mulholland,
S. E., 2010) when comparing learning in public and private schools. They believe that
private schools were better due to three aspects: private schools put students with lower
skills (low-Ability-Students), in small classes rather than other students, private schools
also put in small classes students with poor or bad behavior and third reason or aspect
is that private schools impose teachers with special features to deal with such students.
All these characteristics mentioned above had a reason which is: students with lower
skills and also problematic students to be equal with other students, always by working
in small classes and at the same time with special-feature teachers chosen only to
enhance students’ performance.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The literature was consulted regarding the impact of class size on the students’
achievements. We analyzed the MEST statistics on the number of students per class in
high schools.
An experiment in urban and rural classes was conducted to see the changes in
student performance while teaching with different teaching methods, as well as in
classes with different number of students.
A sample of 150 students was part of the experiment for our experimental and
control groups in urban school "Hivzi Sylejmani" in Fushë Kosovo and rural school
"Ulpijana" in Gadime – Lypjan.
At the beginning of the academic year the students of tenth grade were tested
with KET test (Key English Test). This testing was applied to see if the students of tenth
grade have the necessary knowledge which is required for the tenth grade according to
the Kosovo curriculum. At the end of the academic year, students’ knowledge was
tested again, with PET test (Preliminary English Test) not only to measure the students’
performance, but also to compare the experimental group’s performance who were
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taught using different teaching methods and at the same time to see if class size has
played any role in students’ outcome.
RESULTS
Regarding the impact of class size or (number of students per class) in students’
performance it is concluded that the experimental groups as well as control groups in
urban and rural area, where the number of students per class was significantly different
there was not a significant impact in the students’ final performance/outcomes.
This can be proven as follows: urban experimental group was r = 53 which mean
that there were 53 students in the experimental class and rural group was r = 15 or 15
students in the class. Skills performance was as follows: reading skill M = 12.68 for the
urban group and M = 13.95 for rural group, with only M = 1.27 differences. Writing skill
for the urban group M = 4.20 and M = 4.73 rural groups, with the margin M = 0:53.
Listening skill for urban group M = 11.71 and for rural group M = 11.26 with a
difference of M = 0.45. Talking skill for the urban group M = 18.65 while rural group
mean was of M = 19:58 with a mean difference of only M = 0.93.
These means in English skills give us an overall performance result for both
groups as urban and rural areas with these statistics: urban group experimental total
mean is M = 47.26 while rural group’s experimental total mean is M = 49.53. This leads
to a mean difference of only M = 2.27. Based on this data, we come to the conclusion
that the difference between the experimental group and rural urban experimental with
mean of M = 2.27 is not a high significance, so we can say that the number of students in
the class had no impact on their final performance regarding the English language.
Even with two control groups in urban and as well as in rural areas, there were
no significant differences in terms of student performance in English language where r
= 51 for urban group and r = 17 for the rural group. There was no difference in the
performance of students in terms of language skills and also on their performance in
their final outcome. This can be proven as follows: the skill of reading in urban control
group with r = 51, (51 students in the class) reached a mean of M = 8:52 and rural control
group where r = 17, (17 students in the class) had a mean of M = 10.79. The difference in
terms of reading skill between groups was of M = 2.27.
It should be noted that the performance in terms of CEFR for every skill is 25%.
Regarding the writing skill of controlling urban group the mean was of M = 2.98 and
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control rural group with a mean of M = 1.70. The difference between the groups in
terms of the skill of writing was M = 1.28. Listening skill mean for urban control group
was M = 8.25, despite the rural control group which had a mean performance of M =
6:41, which lead us to come to the conclusion that the difference between groups for the
skill of writing was of M = 1.84. Speaking skill for control urban group had the mean of
M = 10.85 while the control rural group had the mean of M = 12.79.
The difference of performance in the speaking skill for both groups was M = 1.94.
Eventually statistics show that the total performance of the control group in terms of the
English language was almost similar where there was no statistically significant
difference. The urban control group according to statistics had a mean of overall
students’ performance of M = 30.62 while rural control group’s overall performance had
a mean of M = 31.71. The overall difference in performance for both groups was a mean
of M = 1.09. This difference of M = 1.09 is not considered of high significance in terms of
the impact of class size (number of pupils per class) in total students’ performance.
Therefore, without doubt we came to the conclusion that the class size did not
affect the performance of students in neither of the groups which were involved in our
research. Neither in the experimental groups, where the difference in the number of
students per class was about 3 to 1 and where the difference in mean was only M = 2.27,
nor in control groups where ratio between the number of students per class was also 3
to 1 for urban group. Finally, again the overall difference in students’ performance was
with the mean of M = 1:09, which was not significantly important.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
To conclude, there is always a doubt that the classes are very big in Republic of Kosovo
schools and a lot of scholars take this as a reason why our students sometimes are not
so good in their performance of English language. Through the literature review, we
found out that Kosovo is not the only country in the world that has big classes. Korea is
a country that has 34 students per class, and still is considered as a country with one the
best educational system in the world. Furthermore, referring out to empirical research
we can conclude that neither in experimental groups, nor in control groups there was
no significant difference in the final students’ performance. Finally, the class size neither
had correlation, nor impact with the students’ outcome related to lessons of English
language.
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REFERENCES
1. Chapman, L., & Ludlow, L. (2010). Can Downsizing College Class Sizes
Augment Student Outcomes? An Investigation of the Effects of Class Size on
Student Learning. Journal Of General Education, 59(2), 105-123.
2. Dills, A. K., & Mulholland, S. E. (2010). 4. A Comparative Look at Private and
Public Schools' Class Size Determinants. Education Economics, 18(4), 435-454.
3. Flower, A., McDaniel, S. C., & Jolivete, K. (2011). A literature Review of Research
Quality and Effective Practices in Alternative Education Settings. Education and
Treatment of Children, 34(4), 489-510.
4. Jepsen, C., & Rivkin, S. (2009). Class Size Reduction and Student Achievement:
The Potential Tradeoff between Teacher Quality and Class Size. Journal Of
Human Resources, 44(1), 223-250.
5. Johnson, I. Y. (2010). Class Size and Student Performance at a Public Research
University: A Cross-Classified Model. Research In Higher Education, 51(8) , 701-
723.
6. OECD. (2006). "Class Size and Ratio of Students to Teaching Staff" Education at a
Glance. Paris: OECD publishing.
7. OECD. (2011). http://www.oecd.org. Retrieved Decembar Friday, 2014, from
http://www.oecd.org/edu/skills-beyond-school: http://www.oecd.org/edu/skills-
beyond-school/48631144.pdf