This chapter discusses several psychosocial theories of criminal behavior:
- Intelligence and personality traits like impulsiveness and empathy are linked to criminality. Low IQ can lead to poor school performance and delinquent peer associations.
- Theories explore how temperament, classical conditioning, and cognitive styles developed from early experiences can increase criminal risk.
- Antisocial personality disorder is examined, distinguishing primary psychopaths from secondary psychopaths influenced by environment.
- Theories are evaluated on their strengths like integrating concepts, and weaknesses like individualism ignoring environment or lack of policy guidance.
The document discusses trait theories in criminology, which focus on linking biological and psychological traits to antisocial and criminal behavior. It describes several biosocial and psychological trait theories that attempt to explain criminal behavior, including theories related to biochemistry, neurology, genetics, evolution, psychodynamics, behaviorism, cognition, social learning, mental illness, and personality/intelligence. Trait theorists believe criminal behavior is influenced by both inherent traits and environmental factors interacting together. The document raises questions about the theories and notes limitations in the early research while also highlighting potential strengths of each approach.
Normal behavior is exhibited by the majority and involves satisfactory social adjustment and relationships. Abnormal behavior deviates from social norms in unfavorable ways, impairing individual and group well-being. Psychological abnormalities can be understood through various models including biological, psychodynamic, behavioral, and cognitive models. The biological model emphasizes genetic and neurological factors, the psychodynamic model focuses on unconscious conflicts and early experiences, and behavioral models look at learning through classical and operant conditioning as well as observational learning.
Normal behavior is defined as behavior that allows for satisfactory social adjustment and relationships. It involves conforming to social norms, controlling emotions appropriately, and occasional frustrations without long-term effects. Most people exhibit normal behavior. Abnormal behavior deviates from social norms in an unfavorable or pathological way, impairing individual and social well-being. Psychologists have proposed various models to understand abnormal behavior, including biological, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and family systems models. An integrative approach recognizes elements of multiple models.
Normal behavior is defined as behavior that allows for satisfactory social adjustment and relationships. It involves conforming to social norms, controlling emotions appropriately, and occasional frustrations without long-term effects. Abnormal behavior is defined as an exaggeration or distortion of normal behavior that results in maladjustment. Models of abnormality attempt to explain its causes and include biological, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and family systems approaches. An integrative perspective recognizes influences from biology, psychology, and culture.
Normal behavior is defined as behavior that allows for satisfactory social adjustment and relationships. It represents optimal individual functioning that benefits the group. Abnormal behavior deviates from social norms in a pathological way that impairs individual and group well-being. Psychological abnormalities can be explained by various models, including biological models that emphasize genetic and neurological factors, psychodynamic models that focus on unconscious conflicts and early experiences, and behavioral models centered on learning through conditioning and consequences.
Seven Perspectives of Psychology – Terms ChecklistPsychodynami.docxklinda1
Seven Perspectives of Psychology – Terms Checklist
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic
The psychodynamic approach was promoted by Sigmund Freud, who believed that many of our impulses are driven by sex. Freud, who was medically trained in neurology, developed a theory of personality that made the assumption that human motivation was propelled by conflicts between instinctual, mostly unconscious, psychological forces. He called these intrapsychic elements the id, ego and superego.
This psychodynamic theory caught on like wild fire and due to its explanatory power for human behavior, became very popular over the following century. Freud's therapeutic method, called psychoanalysis, was developed to identify the underlying conflicts between intrapsychic structures and resolve them by bringing them to consciousness. Insight therapy was one term used to describe Freud's treatment approach. Freud also contributed the first developmental theory of human personality. It suggests that human development progresses through psychosexual stages. Each stage is characterized by specific behavioral and psychodynamic developments and challenges.
Although Freud thought of himself as a scientist, and he was indeed very thorough in recording his methods and outcomes, he did not practice scientific methods. Psychoanalytic theory was developed through case study analysis, a qualitative, not scientific, method.
There are a lot of jokes about Freud and his now mostly outdated theories. But have you ever thought that something about who you are today comes from your experiences as a child? Say, you blame your smoking habit on an oral fixation that stems from being weaned from breastfeeding too early as a baby. Well, that also comes from Freud's theories, and it was an idea that revolutionized how we see ourselves.
Psychologists in this school of thought believe that unconscious drives and experiences from early childhood are at the root of your behaviors and that conflict arises when societal restrictions are placed on these urges.
Other psychodynamic theories arose, like those of Carl Jung and Alfred Adler, Margaret Mahler, and famous developmentalists like Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson, but all made the same basic assumption: There is a dynamic mind, conscious and unconscious, that influences the behavior of humans. Elements of the unconscious psyche interact to produce motives for behavior and thought processes.
Describe how the following concepts are linked to your thoughts, feelings and behaviors in your life event:
· The Unconscious – Id, Ego, Superego
· Stages of Psychosexual development – Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
Oedipus complex, Electra complex, identification, fixation
· Dreams – manifest and latent content
· Defense Mechanisms – repression, regression, displacement, denial, sublimation, projection. rationalization, reaction formation
· Inferiority complex
· Collective unconscious
Behavioral
In an attempt to bring scientific metho.
Antisocial personality disorder is a psychological disorder characterized by dysfunctional and destructive thinking and relating to others. People with this disorder have no regard for others' rights and feelings and manipulate or antagonize others for pleasure or gain, showing no remorse. Symptoms often begin in childhood and become fully evident in the 20s-30s, potentially including cruelty to animals and bullying. Half of male inmates meet criteria for this disorder.
The document discusses trait theories in criminology, which focus on linking biological and psychological traits to antisocial and criminal behavior. It describes several biosocial and psychological trait theories that attempt to explain criminal behavior, including theories related to biochemistry, neurology, genetics, evolution, psychodynamics, behaviorism, cognition, social learning, mental illness, and personality/intelligence. Trait theorists believe criminal behavior is influenced by both inherent traits and environmental factors interacting together. The document raises questions about the theories and notes limitations in the early research while also highlighting potential strengths of each approach.
Normal behavior is exhibited by the majority and involves satisfactory social adjustment and relationships. Abnormal behavior deviates from social norms in unfavorable ways, impairing individual and group well-being. Psychological abnormalities can be understood through various models including biological, psychodynamic, behavioral, and cognitive models. The biological model emphasizes genetic and neurological factors, the psychodynamic model focuses on unconscious conflicts and early experiences, and behavioral models look at learning through classical and operant conditioning as well as observational learning.
Normal behavior is defined as behavior that allows for satisfactory social adjustment and relationships. It involves conforming to social norms, controlling emotions appropriately, and occasional frustrations without long-term effects. Most people exhibit normal behavior. Abnormal behavior deviates from social norms in an unfavorable or pathological way, impairing individual and social well-being. Psychologists have proposed various models to understand abnormal behavior, including biological, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and family systems models. An integrative approach recognizes elements of multiple models.
Normal behavior is defined as behavior that allows for satisfactory social adjustment and relationships. It involves conforming to social norms, controlling emotions appropriately, and occasional frustrations without long-term effects. Abnormal behavior is defined as an exaggeration or distortion of normal behavior that results in maladjustment. Models of abnormality attempt to explain its causes and include biological, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and family systems approaches. An integrative perspective recognizes influences from biology, psychology, and culture.
Normal behavior is defined as behavior that allows for satisfactory social adjustment and relationships. It represents optimal individual functioning that benefits the group. Abnormal behavior deviates from social norms in a pathological way that impairs individual and group well-being. Psychological abnormalities can be explained by various models, including biological models that emphasize genetic and neurological factors, psychodynamic models that focus on unconscious conflicts and early experiences, and behavioral models centered on learning through conditioning and consequences.
Seven Perspectives of Psychology – Terms ChecklistPsychodynami.docxklinda1
Seven Perspectives of Psychology – Terms Checklist
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic
The psychodynamic approach was promoted by Sigmund Freud, who believed that many of our impulses are driven by sex. Freud, who was medically trained in neurology, developed a theory of personality that made the assumption that human motivation was propelled by conflicts between instinctual, mostly unconscious, psychological forces. He called these intrapsychic elements the id, ego and superego.
This psychodynamic theory caught on like wild fire and due to its explanatory power for human behavior, became very popular over the following century. Freud's therapeutic method, called psychoanalysis, was developed to identify the underlying conflicts between intrapsychic structures and resolve them by bringing them to consciousness. Insight therapy was one term used to describe Freud's treatment approach. Freud also contributed the first developmental theory of human personality. It suggests that human development progresses through psychosexual stages. Each stage is characterized by specific behavioral and psychodynamic developments and challenges.
Although Freud thought of himself as a scientist, and he was indeed very thorough in recording his methods and outcomes, he did not practice scientific methods. Psychoanalytic theory was developed through case study analysis, a qualitative, not scientific, method.
There are a lot of jokes about Freud and his now mostly outdated theories. But have you ever thought that something about who you are today comes from your experiences as a child? Say, you blame your smoking habit on an oral fixation that stems from being weaned from breastfeeding too early as a baby. Well, that also comes from Freud's theories, and it was an idea that revolutionized how we see ourselves.
Psychologists in this school of thought believe that unconscious drives and experiences from early childhood are at the root of your behaviors and that conflict arises when societal restrictions are placed on these urges.
Other psychodynamic theories arose, like those of Carl Jung and Alfred Adler, Margaret Mahler, and famous developmentalists like Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson, but all made the same basic assumption: There is a dynamic mind, conscious and unconscious, that influences the behavior of humans. Elements of the unconscious psyche interact to produce motives for behavior and thought processes.
Describe how the following concepts are linked to your thoughts, feelings and behaviors in your life event:
· The Unconscious – Id, Ego, Superego
· Stages of Psychosexual development – Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
Oedipus complex, Electra complex, identification, fixation
· Dreams – manifest and latent content
· Defense Mechanisms – repression, regression, displacement, denial, sublimation, projection. rationalization, reaction formation
· Inferiority complex
· Collective unconscious
Behavioral
In an attempt to bring scientific metho.
Antisocial personality disorder is a psychological disorder characterized by dysfunctional and destructive thinking and relating to others. People with this disorder have no regard for others' rights and feelings and manipulate or antagonize others for pleasure or gain, showing no remorse. Symptoms often begin in childhood and become fully evident in the 20s-30s, potentially including cruelty to animals and bullying. Half of male inmates meet criteria for this disorder.
Unit 1_Approaches in psychology (1).pdfSakshiBais3
The document summarizes several key perspectives in psychology:
1. The biological perspective examines how brain processes and bodily functions influence behavior. It has contributed to understanding memory, sexual orientation, and mental disorders.
2. The cognitive perspective focuses on mental processes like thinking, remembering, and problem-solving. It views humans as information processors.
3. The sociocultural perspective examines how social and cultural environments shape behavior, thoughts, and feelings. It emphasizes the role of social norms and cultural learning.
This document discusses psychopathy, including its definition as a personality disorder characterized by antisocial behavior, lack of empathy and remorse, and disinhibited behavior. It provides background on influential figures in conceptualizing psychopathy like Hervey Cleckley and Robert Hare who developed the Psychopathy Checklist (PCL-R). The PCL-R is a 20-item assessment tool used to diagnose psychopathy. Witnessing abuse in childhood may be linked to higher psychopathic traits in adulthood. While psychopaths are often thought of as criminals, some research suggests psychopathic traits could benefit CEOs and business leaders.
This document provides an overview of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and Carl Jung's analytical psychology perspective on personality development. It discusses key concepts in Freudian psychoanalysis like the structure of personality consisting of the id, ego and superego. Defense mechanisms and psychosexual stages are also explained. Jung diverged from Freud in rejecting his sexual theory and emphasis on biological drives, focusing more on spirituality and individuation. The document also outlines techniques used in psychoanalytic therapy like free association, dream analysis, and interpretation of transference and resistance.
Criminals exhibit cognitive distortions and thinking patterns that differ from non-criminals. A study interviewed 255 offenders and identified 52 thinking errors that could be categorized into crime-related, automatic, and criminal thinking patterns. Criminals also tend to have lower levels of moral development according to Kohlberg's stages of moral development and attribute negative behaviors of others to their disposition rather than the situation. Studies have also found a link between lower intelligence as measured by IQ tests and higher rates of criminal behavior, though intelligence is not the only factor that determines if someone will commit a crime.
Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Freud believed that people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining insight. The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed emotions and experiences, i.e. make the unconscious conscious
Talks about Personality and Individual Behavoiur for educational purposes.
* Personality
* Components of Personality
* Nature of Personality
* Framework Of Personality
** Iceberg Theory
** Psychoanalytic Theory
** The Myers Brigg Type Indicators
** The Big 5 Model
* Determinants of Personality
** Biological Factors
** Social Factors
** Cultural Factors
** Situational Factors
* Individual Behaviour
** Individual Behaviour Framework
* Causes of Individual Behaviour
After three decades of research, three major psychological theories of crime have emerged: psychodynamic theory, behavioral theory and cognitive theory. Learning these criminology theories and how to put them into practice is a component of an online Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice degree program.
Chapter 1 introducing social psychologyFaizaKhalid50
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social psychology:
- Social psychology attempts to understand how individuals are influenced by others and examines social thinking, influence, and relations.
- Major themes include that we construct our social reality, social intuitions can be powerful but sometimes perilous, and social influences shape our behavior.
- Social behavior has biological roots in evolution and social neuroscience, and social psychology principles apply to everyday life.
The document discusses cognitive biases and psychological disorders. It begins by explaining that while the human brain is powerful, it is still subject to cognitive biases that can lead to flawed decisions. It then discusses 12 common cognitive biases and differentiates them from logical fallacies. The document also provides definitions and explanations of psychological disorders, including antisocial personality disorder. It notes the importance of classification systems in identifying different types of disorders. Finally, it discusses symptoms of antisocial personality disorder and challenges in determining what constitutes abnormal behavior.
Freud believed that abnormal behavior and personality could be explained by unconscious motives and drives. He used techniques like hypnosis and free association to explore the unconscious mind. However, psychoanalysis has been criticized for its lack of scientific rigor and validation of techniques like dream interpretation. Abraham Maslow introduced humanistic psychology, which viewed people as having free will and an innate drive for self-actualization, rather than being governed by unconscious forces or external stimuli. Modern psychology incorporates multiple perspectives including biological, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, social, behavioral, and developmental approaches to understand and explain human behavior.
Personal identity forms the foundation of mental and emotional health. It involves one's background, culture, gender, and how one was raised. Personal identity consists of others' opinions of oneself and influences one's actions. It relies on confidence in who one is through self-worth and abilities, especially self-respect. Developing a strong personal identity is important for maintaining good mental and emotional health.
This document provides a case study on schizophrenia. It begins with an introduction to schizophrenia and its diagnostic criteria. It then provides background on the individual studied, including their psychosocial development and symptoms. The document discusses the pathophysiology of schizophrenia including anatomy of the brain, neurotransmitters involved, and diagnostic criteria. It concludes with nursing interventions for individuals with schizophrenia.
The document discusses transactional analysis, which is a technique used to understand interpersonal relationships and behavior. It involves analyzing ego states (parent, adult, child), transactions between people, scripts that guide behavior, and games people play. Transactional analysis aims to improve communication, understand motivations, and promote healthy relationships through awareness of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in interactions.
The document discusses various topics in psychology. It begins by defining psychology as the scientific study of the mind and behavior, including conscious and unconscious phenomena like feelings and thoughts. It notes psychology crosses boundaries between natural and social sciences. It then lists several branches and fields of psychology like clinical, cognitive, developmental, and evolutionary psychology. It also defines and provides examples of different psychological methods like introspection, observation, experiments, surveys, interviews, and case studies. In discussing these methods it highlights their merits and demerits. Finally, it discusses factors that influence behavior development like heredity, environment, and individual differences.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Unit 1_Approaches in psychology (1).pdfSakshiBais3
The document summarizes several key perspectives in psychology:
1. The biological perspective examines how brain processes and bodily functions influence behavior. It has contributed to understanding memory, sexual orientation, and mental disorders.
2. The cognitive perspective focuses on mental processes like thinking, remembering, and problem-solving. It views humans as information processors.
3. The sociocultural perspective examines how social and cultural environments shape behavior, thoughts, and feelings. It emphasizes the role of social norms and cultural learning.
This document discusses psychopathy, including its definition as a personality disorder characterized by antisocial behavior, lack of empathy and remorse, and disinhibited behavior. It provides background on influential figures in conceptualizing psychopathy like Hervey Cleckley and Robert Hare who developed the Psychopathy Checklist (PCL-R). The PCL-R is a 20-item assessment tool used to diagnose psychopathy. Witnessing abuse in childhood may be linked to higher psychopathic traits in adulthood. While psychopaths are often thought of as criminals, some research suggests psychopathic traits could benefit CEOs and business leaders.
This document provides an overview of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and Carl Jung's analytical psychology perspective on personality development. It discusses key concepts in Freudian psychoanalysis like the structure of personality consisting of the id, ego and superego. Defense mechanisms and psychosexual stages are also explained. Jung diverged from Freud in rejecting his sexual theory and emphasis on biological drives, focusing more on spirituality and individuation. The document also outlines techniques used in psychoanalytic therapy like free association, dream analysis, and interpretation of transference and resistance.
Criminals exhibit cognitive distortions and thinking patterns that differ from non-criminals. A study interviewed 255 offenders and identified 52 thinking errors that could be categorized into crime-related, automatic, and criminal thinking patterns. Criminals also tend to have lower levels of moral development according to Kohlberg's stages of moral development and attribute negative behaviors of others to their disposition rather than the situation. Studies have also found a link between lower intelligence as measured by IQ tests and higher rates of criminal behavior, though intelligence is not the only factor that determines if someone will commit a crime.
Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Freud believed that people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining insight. The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed emotions and experiences, i.e. make the unconscious conscious
Talks about Personality and Individual Behavoiur for educational purposes.
* Personality
* Components of Personality
* Nature of Personality
* Framework Of Personality
** Iceberg Theory
** Psychoanalytic Theory
** The Myers Brigg Type Indicators
** The Big 5 Model
* Determinants of Personality
** Biological Factors
** Social Factors
** Cultural Factors
** Situational Factors
* Individual Behaviour
** Individual Behaviour Framework
* Causes of Individual Behaviour
After three decades of research, three major psychological theories of crime have emerged: psychodynamic theory, behavioral theory and cognitive theory. Learning these criminology theories and how to put them into practice is a component of an online Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice degree program.
Chapter 1 introducing social psychologyFaizaKhalid50
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social psychology:
- Social psychology attempts to understand how individuals are influenced by others and examines social thinking, influence, and relations.
- Major themes include that we construct our social reality, social intuitions can be powerful but sometimes perilous, and social influences shape our behavior.
- Social behavior has biological roots in evolution and social neuroscience, and social psychology principles apply to everyday life.
The document discusses cognitive biases and psychological disorders. It begins by explaining that while the human brain is powerful, it is still subject to cognitive biases that can lead to flawed decisions. It then discusses 12 common cognitive biases and differentiates them from logical fallacies. The document also provides definitions and explanations of psychological disorders, including antisocial personality disorder. It notes the importance of classification systems in identifying different types of disorders. Finally, it discusses symptoms of antisocial personality disorder and challenges in determining what constitutes abnormal behavior.
Freud believed that abnormal behavior and personality could be explained by unconscious motives and drives. He used techniques like hypnosis and free association to explore the unconscious mind. However, psychoanalysis has been criticized for its lack of scientific rigor and validation of techniques like dream interpretation. Abraham Maslow introduced humanistic psychology, which viewed people as having free will and an innate drive for self-actualization, rather than being governed by unconscious forces or external stimuli. Modern psychology incorporates multiple perspectives including biological, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, social, behavioral, and developmental approaches to understand and explain human behavior.
Personal identity forms the foundation of mental and emotional health. It involves one's background, culture, gender, and how one was raised. Personal identity consists of others' opinions of oneself and influences one's actions. It relies on confidence in who one is through self-worth and abilities, especially self-respect. Developing a strong personal identity is important for maintaining good mental and emotional health.
This document provides a case study on schizophrenia. It begins with an introduction to schizophrenia and its diagnostic criteria. It then provides background on the individual studied, including their psychosocial development and symptoms. The document discusses the pathophysiology of schizophrenia including anatomy of the brain, neurotransmitters involved, and diagnostic criteria. It concludes with nursing interventions for individuals with schizophrenia.
The document discusses transactional analysis, which is a technique used to understand interpersonal relationships and behavior. It involves analyzing ego states (parent, adult, child), transactions between people, scripts that guide behavior, and games people play. Transactional analysis aims to improve communication, understand motivations, and promote healthy relationships through awareness of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in interactions.
The document discusses various topics in psychology. It begins by defining psychology as the scientific study of the mind and behavior, including conscious and unconscious phenomena like feelings and thoughts. It notes psychology crosses boundaries between natural and social sciences. It then lists several branches and fields of psychology like clinical, cognitive, developmental, and evolutionary psychology. It also defines and provides examples of different psychological methods like introspection, observation, experiments, surveys, interviews, and case studies. In discussing these methods it highlights their merits and demerits. Finally, it discusses factors that influence behavior development like heredity, environment, and individual differences.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
2. 2
Chapter Summary
Chapter Seven is an evaluation of the
psychosocial theories.
The Chapter begins with an analysis of IQ
tests, and how intelligence is related to
criminality. This is followed with an overview of
the personality traits associated with
criminality.
The Chapter then turns the discussion to
classical conditioning and related theories that
explain how socialization and genetics affect
the psychological development of offenders
and non-offenders.
3. 3
Chapter Summary
One particular criminal type is the individual with
anti-social personality disorder, which is covered
in detail in Chapter Seven.
The Chapter concludes with an evaluation of the
psychosocial theories, as well as the policy
implications that arise from psychosocial
theories.
After reading this chapter, students should be able
to:
Explain the relationship between psychology &
criminality
Understand and analyze the IQ test
4. 4
Describe the personality traits associated
with criminality
Explain the role of classical conditioning in
criminal behavior
Describe antisocial personality disorder and
how it relates to crime
Analyze and critique the psychosocial
theories
Discuss the policy implications that arise out
of psychosocial theories
Chapter Summary
5. 5
Introduction
Psychological theories look at how
certain personality traits are
conducive to criminal behavior,
with an emphasis on intelligence
and temperament.
Richard Douglas: The Jukes: A
Study of Crime, Pauperism,
Disease, and Heredity—looks at
the hereditary nature of criminal
behavior.
6. 6
Modern Psychology & Intelligence
Intelligence is the ability to
select from among a variety of
elements and analyze, synthesize,
and arrange them in ways that
provide satisfactory and
sometimes novel solutions to
problems the elements pose.
Intelligence has tremendous
importance in all manners of
human affairs.
7. 7
The IQ/Crime Connection
A number of studies find an IQ gap between
offenders and non-offenders of between 9 & 14
point.
One problem with the IQ/crime connection is
that the IQ population average includes
offenders as well as non-offenders.
Another problem is that boys who limit their
offending teenage years and commit only minor
delinquent acts are lumped together with boys
who will continue to seriously and frequently
offend into adulthood.
8. 8
Intellectual Imbalance
Intellectual imbalance: A
significant difference
between verbal &
performance IQ scores
Offender populations are
almost always found to have
significantly lower verbal
scores, but not lower
performance scores, than
non-offenders.
9. 9
Explaining the IQ/Offender Relationship
Differential detection hypothesis:
High IQ people are just as likely
to break the law as people with
low IQ, but only the less
intelligent get caught.
Crime rates fluctuate greatly
while IQ averages do not.
The link between IQ &
criminality simply reflects the
links between socioeconomic
status, IQ & criminality.
10. 10
IQ & School Performance
The most usually explanation for
the IQ leads to antisocial
behavior via poor school
performance.
Low IQ sets individuals on a
trajectory beginning with poor
school performance that results in
a number of negative interactions
with other people in the school
environment, which in turn leads
to dropping out of school &
association with delinquent peers.
11. 11
Social Behavior Bottom 20%
(%)
Top 20%
(%)
Ratio
Dropped out of high school 66 2 33.0:1
Living below poverty level 48 5 9.6:1
Unemployed entire previous yeara 64 4 16.0:1
Ever interviewed in jail or prison 62 2 31.0:1
Chronic welfare recipient 57 2 28.5:1
Had child out of wedlockb 52 3 17.3:1
Source: NLSY data taken from various chapters in Herrnstein, R., & Murray, C.
(1994). The bell curve: Intelligence and class structure in American life. New York:
Free Press.
a. Males only.
b. Females only.
12. 12
The Role of Temperament
According to many of the early psychological
positivists, criminal behavior is the result of the
interaction of low intelligence and a particular
kind of temperament.
Temperament: An individual characteristic
identifiable as early as infancy that constitutes
a habitual mode of emotionally responding to
stimuli
Temperamental differences are largely a
function of different genetic predispositions in
nervous system functioning governing
physiological arousal patterns.
13. 13
The Role of Temperament
According to many of the early
psychological positivists, criminal
behavior is the result of the
interaction of low intelligence
and a particular kind of
temperament.
Temperament: An individual
characteristic identifiable as
early as infancy that constitutes
a habitual mode of emotionally
responding to stimuli.
14. 14
Personality:
Sigmund Freud
Personality: The relatively enduring, distinctive,
integrated, and functional set of psychological
characteristics that result from people’s
temperaments interacting with the cultural &
developmental experiences.
Sigmund Freud: The father of psychoanalysis &
the grandfather of positivist psychology.
15. 15
Personality: Sigmund Freud
According to Freud, the basic human
personality is composed of three
interacting components each having
separate purposes.
Id: Obeys the pleasure principle
Ego: Obeys the reality principle
Superego: Strives for the Ideal
16. 16
Personality Traits and Criminal Behavior
Impulsiveness: People’s varying tendencies to
act on matters without giving much thought
to the consequences.
Negative emotionality: A personality trait
that refers to the tendency to experience
many situations as aversive, and to react to
them with irritation and anger more readily
than with positive affective states.
17. 17
Personality Traits and Criminal Behavior
Sensation seeking: The active desire for novel,
varied, and extreme sensations and experiences often
to the point of taking physical and social risks.
Conscientiousness: A primary trait composed of
several secondary traits such as well organized,
disciplined, scrupulous, responsible, and reliable at
one pole, and disorganized, careless, unreliable,
irresponsible, and unscrupulous at the other.
18. 18
Personality Traits and Criminal Behavior
Empathy: The emotional and cognitive ability
to understand the feelings and distress of
others as if they were your own.
Altruism: The action component of empathy;
if you feel empathy for someone you will
probably feel motivated to take some sort of
action to alleviate the person’s distress if you
are able.
Moral reasoning: A strong relationship exists
between moral reasoning and the ability
and/or inclination to empathize with and come
to the aid of others.
19. 19
Classical Conditioning and Conscience
Conscience: A complex mix of emotional
and cognitive mechanisms that we
acquire by internalizing the moral rules
of our social group in the ongoing
socialization process.
Autonomic nervous system (ANS):
Carries out the basic housekeeping
functions of the body by funneling
messages from the environment to the
various internal organs so that they may
keep the organism in a state of biological
balance.
20. 20
Classical Conditioning and Conscience
Classical conditioning: A form of learning that
is more visceral than cognitive.
Classical conditioning is mostly passive; it
simply forms an association between two
paired stimuli.
People with a readily aroused ANS are easily
socialized—they learn their moral lessons
well.
People with relatively unresponsive ANSs are
difficult to condition and are relatively
fearless.
21. 21
Figure 7.1. Illustrating Classical Conditioning
BEFORE CONDITIONING
Unconditioned Unconditioned
Stimulus Response
(food) (salivation)
Unconditioned stimulus produces an
unconditioned response.
BEFORE CONDITIONING
Neutral No Response
Stimulus
(bell)
Neutral stimulus produces no response.
CONDITIONING PROCESS
Unconditioned Unconditioned
Stimulus (food) Response
+ Neutral (salivation)
Stimulus (bell)
Unconditioned stimulus paired with
neutral
stimulus produces an unconditioned
response.
AFTER CONDITIONING
Conditioned Conditioned
Stimulus Response
(bell) (salivation)
Neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned
stimulus
that now produces a conditioned
response.
22. 22
Arousal Theory
Arousal theory focuses on the central nervous
system arousal rather than ANS arousal.
The regulator of neurological arousal is the
reticular activating system (RAS).
Under arousal of the RAS (reducers) is
associated with sensation seeking.
Reducers are easily bored with “just right”
levels of stimulation, and continually seek to
boost stimuli to what are for them more
comfortable levels; they are unusually prone to
criminal behavior.
23. 23
Wilson and Herrnstein’s
Net-Advantage Theory
Net-advantage: Refers to the fact that any
choice we make rests on the cognitive and
emotional calculations we make before deciding
on a course of action relating to the possible
positive and negative consequences that may
result from choices.
This theory goes a step beyond to identify
individual differences and the likelihood of
understanding and appreciating the long-term
consequences of a chosen course of behavior.
24. 24
Figure 7.2
Diagrammatic Presentation of Net Advantage Theory
CRI ME
Inability to calculate
long-term
consequences of
behavior; discounting
punitive
consequences
Impulsiveness, low
IQ, weak
conscience.
Negative
interactions
with prosocial
others
Temperamental and
cognitive deficiencies
render socialization
difficult; also, lack
of attachment to
prosocial others
25. 25
Individuals with a tendency to discount the negative
consequences of their behavior do so
1) because their inhibitions & inhibitions are weak
2) because they are impulsive, have learning
difficulties, are present oriented & lack the bite
of conscience.
Wilson and Herrnstein’s Net-Advantage Theory
26. 26
Glenn Walter’s Lifestyle Theory
Lifestyle theory argues that
criminal behavior is a general
criminal pattern of life.
Lifestyle theory holds three key
concepts: conditions, choice,
and, cognition.
A criminal lifestyle is the result
of choices criminals make,
somewhat a result of our
environmental conditions.
27. 27
Glenn Walter’s Lifestyle Theory
Cognition refers to cognitive styles people
develop as a consequence of their
biological/environmental conditions and the
pattern of choices they have made in response
to them.
Lifestyle criminals display cognitive features
or thinking errors that make them what they
are.
28. 28
Figure 7.3
Diagrammatic Presentation of Criminal Lifestyle
Theory
CRIME
Pattern of
behavior; rule
breaking,
impulsiveness,
egocentrism,
etc.
Cognitive style
formed by
choices;
“thinking
errors”
Choices
resulting
from
conditions
Early biological
and
environmental
experiences
and personal traits
Behavior
Cognition
Choices
Conditions
29. 29
Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)
Primary psychopaths are thought to have
behavior that is biological in origin.
Secondary psychopaths have behavior that
is the result of genetics and adverse
environments.
30. 30
Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)
APD: A pervasive pattern of disregard for, and
violation of, the rights of others that begins in
childhood or early adolescence and continues
into adulthood.
The most widely used measure of psychopathy
is the Psychopathy Checkist-Revised (PCL-R):
Clinicians rate patients as either having or not
having 20 behavior/personality traits.
32. 32
What Causes Psychopathy?
The stability of the prevalence of psychopathy over
time has led to the dismissal or social or developmental
causal explanations of primary psychopathy.
Many scientists view psychopaths as behaving exactly as
they were designed by natural selection to behave.
33. 33
Environmental Considerations
We have to go beyond individual
characteristics to understand the full range
of the psychopathy spectrum.
A number of researchers claim that one of
the biggest factors contributing to secondary
psychopathy is poor parenting, and they see
increasing levels of poor parenting as a
function of the increase in the number of
children being born out-of-wedlock..
34. 34
Evaluation of the Psychosocial Perspective
Psychologists are always to happy to point out
that whatever social conditions may contribute
to criminal behavior they must influence
individuals before the affect crime.
Critics of psychological theories only contend
that they focus on defective or abnormal
personalities.
Pay insufficient attention to the social context
of offending.
35. 35
Evaluation of the Psychosocial Perspective
Do genetics or the environment determine
intelligence?
Net advantage theory is essentially an
extremely broadened version of social
learning and rational choice theory.
Lifestyle theory focuses squarely on how
criminals think, with only a passing
reference to why they do so.
36. 36
Table 7.1 Summarizing Psychosocial Theories
Theory Key Concepts Strengths Weaknesses
May be too complex
because it
integrates too many
concepts. Focus on
internal constraints
against crime
ignores social
inducements and
constraints.
Combines many
sociological,
psychological, and
biological concepts
into a coherent theory
and adds rational
choice.
Crime is inherently
rewarding. People make
rational choices to commit
crimes, but there are
individual differences in
the ability to calculate the
long-term consequences of
their behavior because of
temperamental and
cognitive deficiencies.
Net
advantage
May be too
individualistic for
some criminologists.
Puts all the “blame”
on the individual’s
physiology. Ignores
environmental
affects.
Allows researchers to
use “harder”
assessment tools such
as EEGs to measure
traits. Ties behavior
to physiology. Explains
why individuals in
“good” environments
commit crimes and
why individuals in
“bad” ones do not.
Because of differing ANS
and RAS physiology, people
differ in arousal levels
they consider optimal.
Underarousal under normal
conditions poses an
elevated risk of criminal
behavior because it signals
fearlessness, boredom, and
poor prospects for
socialization.
Arousal
37. 37
Lifestyle Crime is a patterned way
of life (a lifestyle) rather
than simply a behavior.
Crime is caused by errors
in thinking, which results
from choices previously
made, which are the
results of early negative
biological and
environmental conditions.
Primarily a theory
useful for correctional
counselors dealing with
their clients. Shows
how criminals think and
how these errors in
thinking lead them into
criminal behavior.
Concentrates only on
thinking errors. Does
talk about why they
exist but pays scant
attention to these
reasons.
Antisocial
personality
There are a small, stable
group of individuals who
may be biologically
obligated to behave
antisocially (psychopaths)
and a larger group who
behave similarly but whose
numbers grow or subside
with changing
environmental conditions.
Concentrates on the
scariest and most
persistent criminals in
our midst. Uses theories
from evolutionary
biology and “hard” brain
imaging and
physiological measures
to identify psychopaths.
There is often a
confusion of terms,
and arguments about
the nature of
psychopathy abound.
Offers no policy
recommendations.
Table 7.1 Summarizing Psychosocial Theories
Theory Key Concepts Strengths Weaknesses
38. 38
Policy and Prevention:
Implications of Psychosocial Theories
Psychosocial theories advocate programs
aimed at rehabilitating offenders.
Effective programs use multiple treatment
components.
Psychopaths are poor candidates for
treatment.