Freud believed that abnormal behavior and personality could be explained by unconscious motives and drives. He used techniques like hypnosis and free association to explore the unconscious mind. However, psychoanalysis has been criticized for its lack of scientific rigor and validation of techniques like dream interpretation. Abraham Maslow introduced humanistic psychology, which viewed people as having free will and an innate drive for self-actualization, rather than being governed by unconscious forces or external stimuli. Modern psychology incorporates multiple perspectives including biological, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, social, behavioral, and developmental approaches to understand and explain human behavior.

2. Psychoanalysis (continued) Freud believed that abnormal behavior and all personality could be explained by the motives and drives of the unconcious DARWINIAN Influence Believed that the unconscious served a function To keep unacceptable thoughts or desires repressed or hidden from the conscious mind Freud used HYPNOSIS and FREE ASSOCIATION

3. Criticisms Against Psychoanalysis Lack of scientific control and careful experimentation Psychoanalysis relies on techniques that have never been validated. EXAMPLE: Dream Interpretation

4. ABRAHAM MASLOW’S Humanistic Psychology Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers

5. Humanistic Psychology Called the THIRD FORCE in Psychology The Psychoanalytic and Behavioral viewpoints constitute the first two forces. Humanist psychologists don’t believe that behavior is governed either by the inconscious or by external stimuli in the environment PEOPLE ARE FREE AGENTS Having free will, conscious and creative and born with an inner motivation to fulfil their potential. MASLOW called this Self-Actualization

6. MODERN PSYCH PERSPECTIVES

7. BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body Such as genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system. It investigates at the level of nerves, neurotransmitters, brain circuitry and the basic biological processes that underlie normal and abnormal behavior

8. Psychodynamic Perspective (Psychoanalytic – Freudian) More focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of other motivations behind a person’s behavior than sexual motivations. Are driven by dark forces of the unconsciousness Unconscious needs, conflicts, repressed memories, and childhood experiences determine behavior

9. Humanistic Perspective People have free will, the freedom to choose their own destiny. Emphasized the human potential, the ability of each person to become the best person he or she could be. S elf-actualization - achieving one’s full potential or actual self. The influence of self-concept, perceptions, and interpersonal relationships, and on need for personal growth determine behavior

10. Cognitive Perspective People are information-processing systems Focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning. Mental interpretation of our experience determines behavior

11. Social Perspective how to explain a variety of demographic, social, and cultural facts in terms of human social interaction People are social animals, so human behavior must be interpreted in social context Cultures, social norms and expectations, social learning determines this behavior

12. Behavioral Perspective focuses on learned behaviors. While behaviorism dominated psychology early in the twentieth century, it began to lose its hold during the 1950s. Today, the behavioral perspective is still concerned with how behaviors are learned and reinforced. Behavioral principles are often applied in mental health settings, where therapists and counselors use these techniques to explain and treat a variety of illnesses.

13. Developmental Perspective We undergo predictable patterns of change throughout our lives Interaction between heredity and environment determines behavior

14. End of Chapter 1