This document provides an overview of different types of signal sources, including continuous wave (CW), swept, and signal generators. It discusses the basic specifications and applications of these sources. CW sources are described as generating a single fixed frequency sine wave. Swept sources sweep over a range of frequencies, while signal generators can add modulation to produce more complex "real world" signals. Block diagrams and examples of CW, swept, and digital modulation are provided. Critical specifications like frequency accuracy, power level, and modulation fidelity are discussed for different application areas.
Fundamentals of Analog and Digital Modulation PPT.pptxSarmistaSengupta1
The document discusses various digital modulation techniques. It provides block diagrams and equations for amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK). ASK encodes data by changing the amplitude of the carrier signal. FSK encodes data by changing the frequency of the carrier signal. PSK encodes data by changing the phase of the carrier signal. Applications of each technique are also mentioned.
The UTC CXA1191 is a single-chip integrated circuit designed for FM/AM radio receivers in devices like cassette players and headphones. It integrates the key components needed for both FM and AM reception, including RF amplifiers, mixers, oscillators, IF amplifiers, detectors, and an audio power amplifier. The chip operates from a 2-8.5V supply and consumes under 10mA for FM reception and under 4mA for AM reception. It has features like automatic band switching between FM and AM, electronic volume control, and FM muting.
1. The document discusses FM modulation and demodulation techniques. It describes direct and indirect FM modulation methods and compares their advantages. It also explains common FM demodulation methods like slope detection, ratio detection, and phase-locked loops.
2. The document then discusses the Armstrong FM modulator circuit and how it achieves a large frequency deviation through frequency multiplication in an indirect FM system. It also covers FM broadcasting standards and systems like stereo FM multiplexing.
3. Finally, it briefly mentions applications of FM such as in radio receivers, television, and satellite radio systems. The superheterodyne receiver architecture is also summarized.
Electrónica: U2510B IC de amplificador de audio y receptor AM / FM para todas...SANTIAGO PABLO ALBERTO
The U2510B is an integrated circuit that contains an AM/FM radio receiver and audio amplifier. It has features like AGC, soft mute, and level indicators. It can operate in AM, FM, and tape modes with a wide supply voltage range and low power consumption. The circuit is designed for use in clock radios and portable cassette players.
This document provides specifications for the AN7273 and AN7273S ICs, which are designed for stereo tuners. It includes:
1) An overview of the ICs' functions including level meter output, stop signal output, and low power consumption.
2) A block diagram showing the ICs' components like the FM/AM IF amplifier, FM detector, and audio amplifier.
3) Pin descriptions and specifications for electrical characteristics, maximum ratings, and recommended operating ranges.
4) Application circuit diagrams and specifications for external components like coils and filters.
Embedded systems increasingly employ digital, analog and RF signals all of which are tightly synchronized in time. Debugging these systems is challenging in that one needs to measure a number of different signals in one or more domains (time, digital, frequency) and with tight time synchronization. This session will discuss how a digital oscilloscope can be used to effectively debug these systems, and some of the instrumentation considerations that go along with this.
Fundamentals of Analog and Digital Modulation PPT.pptxSarmistaSengupta1
The document discusses various digital modulation techniques. It provides block diagrams and equations for amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK). ASK encodes data by changing the amplitude of the carrier signal. FSK encodes data by changing the frequency of the carrier signal. PSK encodes data by changing the phase of the carrier signal. Applications of each technique are also mentioned.
The UTC CXA1191 is a single-chip integrated circuit designed for FM/AM radio receivers in devices like cassette players and headphones. It integrates the key components needed for both FM and AM reception, including RF amplifiers, mixers, oscillators, IF amplifiers, detectors, and an audio power amplifier. The chip operates from a 2-8.5V supply and consumes under 10mA for FM reception and under 4mA for AM reception. It has features like automatic band switching between FM and AM, electronic volume control, and FM muting.
1. The document discusses FM modulation and demodulation techniques. It describes direct and indirect FM modulation methods and compares their advantages. It also explains common FM demodulation methods like slope detection, ratio detection, and phase-locked loops.
2. The document then discusses the Armstrong FM modulator circuit and how it achieves a large frequency deviation through frequency multiplication in an indirect FM system. It also covers FM broadcasting standards and systems like stereo FM multiplexing.
3. Finally, it briefly mentions applications of FM such as in radio receivers, television, and satellite radio systems. The superheterodyne receiver architecture is also summarized.
Electrónica: U2510B IC de amplificador de audio y receptor AM / FM para todas...SANTIAGO PABLO ALBERTO
The U2510B is an integrated circuit that contains an AM/FM radio receiver and audio amplifier. It has features like AGC, soft mute, and level indicators. It can operate in AM, FM, and tape modes with a wide supply voltage range and low power consumption. The circuit is designed for use in clock radios and portable cassette players.
This document provides specifications for the AN7273 and AN7273S ICs, which are designed for stereo tuners. It includes:
1) An overview of the ICs' functions including level meter output, stop signal output, and low power consumption.
2) A block diagram showing the ICs' components like the FM/AM IF amplifier, FM detector, and audio amplifier.
3) Pin descriptions and specifications for electrical characteristics, maximum ratings, and recommended operating ranges.
4) Application circuit diagrams and specifications for external components like coils and filters.
Embedded systems increasingly employ digital, analog and RF signals all of which are tightly synchronized in time. Debugging these systems is challenging in that one needs to measure a number of different signals in one or more domains (time, digital, frequency) and with tight time synchronization. This session will discuss how a digital oscilloscope can be used to effectively debug these systems, and some of the instrumentation considerations that go along with this.
The document outlines the presentation for an ECE senior design team working on an Ultra Wide Band communication system. It describes the problem of enabling high data rate 4G networks and provides an overview of the team's solutions including designs for a base station with a digital receiver/transmitter board and local oscillator/phase board. Evaluation results are presented for the power amplifier, low noise amplifier, buffer amplifier, baluns, power divider and local oscillator/phase board.
This document discusses various aspects of amplitude modulation (AM) including modulation, demodulation, and different types of AM modulators and demodulators. It describes how AM works by varying the amplitude of the carrier wave proportionally to the message signal. It also explains amplitude demodulation, the process of extracting the original message signal. Finally, it covers different AM systems like DSB-FC, DSB-SC, SSB and their corresponding modulators and demodulators like square law, balanced, and coherent detectors.
This document summarizes several of Denis P. Cote W1WV's amateur radio and electronics projects, including:
1) A 144 MHz VHF amplifier built in 1995-1997 that provides 400 watts of output power from 10 watts of input using a 4CX250R power tetrode tube.
2) A tri-ex antenna tower installed in 1999 with a height of 51 feet when fully extended.
3) A low frequency DDS transmitter built to operate from 130-400 kHz for transmitting on the 160-190 kHz amateur radio band using a Class D final amplifier.
Multi-channel low noise arbitrary waveform generation system
Multi-channel precision low noise DC voltage source
Multi-channel low noise amplification system
This document discusses systems for monitoring and controlling renewable energy plants. It covers various architectures for wind turbine and solar plant monitoring including control systems, communications networks, and data standards. Concepts around the IEC 61400-25 standard are explained for modeling wind turbine data. Various signal processing techniques are presented for fault detection in generators and gearboxes including relevant fault frequencies. Condition monitoring technologies are outlined along with classification algorithms like SVM. Finally, an integrated smart operations management platform called SmartOpex is introduced.
Perfect data reconstruction algorithm of interleaved adcFangXuIEEE
This document presents a perfect data reconstruction algorithm for interleaved ADCs. It begins with an overview of the purpose and challenges of time-interleaved ADCs, namely that individual ADCs and analog sections can have different offsets, gains and phases. It then discusses how to represent the relationship between input frequencies and the mutually aliased frequencies captured by each ADC in a matrix equation. The document outlines how to measure the complex gain coefficients for this matrix and solve the set of linear equations to reconstruct the input signal spectrum. It validates this approach on hardware data, achieving a 54dB SNR and -78dBc spurs, outperforming individual ADCs. The algorithm provides the basis for high-performance instruments but has limitations related
modulation of analog communication systemswatihalunde
1) Modulation is the process of varying the characteristics of a high-frequency carrier signal in accordance with the message or baseband signal. This allows low-frequency signals to be transmitted over long distances.
2) There are three main types of modulation: amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase modulation. Amplitude modulation varies the amplitude of the carrier signal, frequency modulation varies the frequency, and phase modulation varies the phase.
3) Demodulation or detection is the process of recovering the original message signal from the received modulated signal. Common detection methods for amplitude modulation include square law detection, envelope detection, and rectification.
The document is the data sheet for the AD8351 low distortion differential RF/IF amplifier. It provides concise summaries of the key specifications and features of the amplifier chip, including:
- A bandwidth of 2.2 GHz for gains up to 12 dB. Programmable gain from 0 to 26 dB using a single resistor. Low noise input stage of 2.7 nV/√Hz at a gain of 10 dB.
- Distortion performance including -79 dBc second harmonic and -81 dBc third harmonic at 70 MHz. OIP3 of 31 dBm at 70 MHz.
- Single supply operation from 3V to 5.5V. Low power dissipation of 28 m
This document provides an overview of various types of signal generators and signal analyzers used in electronics. It describes the basic components and functions of audio and radio frequency signal generators, function generators, square wave and pulse generators. It also discusses considerations for choosing a signal generator such as frequency range, output voltage, resolution, accuracy, and stability. Signal analyzers described include audio/radio frequency wave analyzers, harmonic distortion analyzers, and spectrum analyzers.
Frequency Modulation In Data TransmissionBise Mond
This presentation includes concepts of FM, generation of FM, transmission, reception, with the concepts of stereo FM and some basic circuitry of receiver and transmitter system.
1. An oscillator generates an alternating signal without an external input by using positive feedback to convert DC energy into an AC signal at a specific frequency.
2. Oscillators are classified by waveform, frequency range, components used, and include signal generators, function generators, and sweep generators.
3. The Barkhausen criterion establishes the conditions for oscillation as a loop gain greater than 1 and a total phase shift of 0 or a multiple of 360 degrees.
The document describes the AD7716, a 22-bit data acquisition system. It has four analog input channels that use sigma-delta analog-to-digital converters with on-chip digital filtering. The device can process data from up to 32 channels in a simple system and has programmable filter cutoff frequencies from 584Hz to 36.5Hz. It is used in applications like biomedical data acquisition, process control, and seismology.
This document provides specifications for a silicon PIN photodiode with a daylight filter. It lists key characteristics such as operating temperature range, reverse voltage, total power dissipation, spectral sensitivity range, photocurrent and open-circuit voltage as functions of irradiance, dark current as a function of reverse voltage and temperature, and capacitance as a function of reverse voltage. It also includes typical applications such as IR remote controls and photointerrupters.
Automated Traffic Density Detection and Speed MonitoringBharat Biyani
Designed and proposed an RF system to detect speed and traffic density with a RADAR unit in remote areas and to provide real-time monitoring of the traffic density data with a satellite link. Based on calculated parameters, required RF components from real vendors were identified. The system model is then simulated with the obtained parameters in AWR Virtual System Simulator and analyzed nominal and worst case cascaded gain, noise figure, P1dB and OIP3. The general deviation expected in these parameters was determined by performing yield analysis.
Voltage to-frequency frequency-to-voltage converterThe Hoa Nguyen
The document describes various applications of voltage-to-frequency (V/F) and frequency-to-voltage (F/V) converter circuits using the TC9400 chip. Specifically, it discusses using two TC9400 converters to perform analog division, and using one TC9400 in F/V mode to convert speed sensor frequency to voltage for RPM displays. It also summarizes applications like motor speed control, flow control, temperature measurement, analog-to-digital conversion, and transmitting analog data via frequency or FSK modulation.
This document describes a technique for digitally calibrating the current of a digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) to optimize its phase noise performance across process and temperature variations. The phase error (PHE) signal from a digital PLL is digitized and used to estimate the DCO's phase noise. By adjusting the DCO current digitally based on the estimated phase noise, the optimum operating point with minimum phase noise can be identified. Measurement results on a 90nm CMOS chip demonstrate good correlation between the estimated and measured DCO phase noise, validating the digital calibration approach.
Datasheet Fluke 43B. Hubungi PT. Siwali Swantika 021-45850618PT. Siwali Swantika
Datasheet Fluke Power Quality Analyzer. Informasi lebih detail hubungi PT. Siwali Swantika, Jakarta Office : 021-45850618 atau Surabaya Office : 031-8421264
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
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The document outlines the presentation for an ECE senior design team working on an Ultra Wide Band communication system. It describes the problem of enabling high data rate 4G networks and provides an overview of the team's solutions including designs for a base station with a digital receiver/transmitter board and local oscillator/phase board. Evaluation results are presented for the power amplifier, low noise amplifier, buffer amplifier, baluns, power divider and local oscillator/phase board.
This document discusses various aspects of amplitude modulation (AM) including modulation, demodulation, and different types of AM modulators and demodulators. It describes how AM works by varying the amplitude of the carrier wave proportionally to the message signal. It also explains amplitude demodulation, the process of extracting the original message signal. Finally, it covers different AM systems like DSB-FC, DSB-SC, SSB and their corresponding modulators and demodulators like square law, balanced, and coherent detectors.
This document summarizes several of Denis P. Cote W1WV's amateur radio and electronics projects, including:
1) A 144 MHz VHF amplifier built in 1995-1997 that provides 400 watts of output power from 10 watts of input using a 4CX250R power tetrode tube.
2) A tri-ex antenna tower installed in 1999 with a height of 51 feet when fully extended.
3) A low frequency DDS transmitter built to operate from 130-400 kHz for transmitting on the 160-190 kHz amateur radio band using a Class D final amplifier.
Multi-channel low noise arbitrary waveform generation system
Multi-channel precision low noise DC voltage source
Multi-channel low noise amplification system
This document discusses systems for monitoring and controlling renewable energy plants. It covers various architectures for wind turbine and solar plant monitoring including control systems, communications networks, and data standards. Concepts around the IEC 61400-25 standard are explained for modeling wind turbine data. Various signal processing techniques are presented for fault detection in generators and gearboxes including relevant fault frequencies. Condition monitoring technologies are outlined along with classification algorithms like SVM. Finally, an integrated smart operations management platform called SmartOpex is introduced.
Perfect data reconstruction algorithm of interleaved adcFangXuIEEE
This document presents a perfect data reconstruction algorithm for interleaved ADCs. It begins with an overview of the purpose and challenges of time-interleaved ADCs, namely that individual ADCs and analog sections can have different offsets, gains and phases. It then discusses how to represent the relationship between input frequencies and the mutually aliased frequencies captured by each ADC in a matrix equation. The document outlines how to measure the complex gain coefficients for this matrix and solve the set of linear equations to reconstruct the input signal spectrum. It validates this approach on hardware data, achieving a 54dB SNR and -78dBc spurs, outperforming individual ADCs. The algorithm provides the basis for high-performance instruments but has limitations related
modulation of analog communication systemswatihalunde
1) Modulation is the process of varying the characteristics of a high-frequency carrier signal in accordance with the message or baseband signal. This allows low-frequency signals to be transmitted over long distances.
2) There are three main types of modulation: amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase modulation. Amplitude modulation varies the amplitude of the carrier signal, frequency modulation varies the frequency, and phase modulation varies the phase.
3) Demodulation or detection is the process of recovering the original message signal from the received modulated signal. Common detection methods for amplitude modulation include square law detection, envelope detection, and rectification.
The document is the data sheet for the AD8351 low distortion differential RF/IF amplifier. It provides concise summaries of the key specifications and features of the amplifier chip, including:
- A bandwidth of 2.2 GHz for gains up to 12 dB. Programmable gain from 0 to 26 dB using a single resistor. Low noise input stage of 2.7 nV/√Hz at a gain of 10 dB.
- Distortion performance including -79 dBc second harmonic and -81 dBc third harmonic at 70 MHz. OIP3 of 31 dBm at 70 MHz.
- Single supply operation from 3V to 5.5V. Low power dissipation of 28 m
This document provides an overview of various types of signal generators and signal analyzers used in electronics. It describes the basic components and functions of audio and radio frequency signal generators, function generators, square wave and pulse generators. It also discusses considerations for choosing a signal generator such as frequency range, output voltage, resolution, accuracy, and stability. Signal analyzers described include audio/radio frequency wave analyzers, harmonic distortion analyzers, and spectrum analyzers.
Frequency Modulation In Data TransmissionBise Mond
This presentation includes concepts of FM, generation of FM, transmission, reception, with the concepts of stereo FM and some basic circuitry of receiver and transmitter system.
1. An oscillator generates an alternating signal without an external input by using positive feedback to convert DC energy into an AC signal at a specific frequency.
2. Oscillators are classified by waveform, frequency range, components used, and include signal generators, function generators, and sweep generators.
3. The Barkhausen criterion establishes the conditions for oscillation as a loop gain greater than 1 and a total phase shift of 0 or a multiple of 360 degrees.
The document describes the AD7716, a 22-bit data acquisition system. It has four analog input channels that use sigma-delta analog-to-digital converters with on-chip digital filtering. The device can process data from up to 32 channels in a simple system and has programmable filter cutoff frequencies from 584Hz to 36.5Hz. It is used in applications like biomedical data acquisition, process control, and seismology.
This document provides specifications for a silicon PIN photodiode with a daylight filter. It lists key characteristics such as operating temperature range, reverse voltage, total power dissipation, spectral sensitivity range, photocurrent and open-circuit voltage as functions of irradiance, dark current as a function of reverse voltage and temperature, and capacitance as a function of reverse voltage. It also includes typical applications such as IR remote controls and photointerrupters.
Automated Traffic Density Detection and Speed MonitoringBharat Biyani
Designed and proposed an RF system to detect speed and traffic density with a RADAR unit in remote areas and to provide real-time monitoring of the traffic density data with a satellite link. Based on calculated parameters, required RF components from real vendors were identified. The system model is then simulated with the obtained parameters in AWR Virtual System Simulator and analyzed nominal and worst case cascaded gain, noise figure, P1dB and OIP3. The general deviation expected in these parameters was determined by performing yield analysis.
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The document describes various applications of voltage-to-frequency (V/F) and frequency-to-voltage (F/V) converter circuits using the TC9400 chip. Specifically, it discusses using two TC9400 converters to perform analog division, and using one TC9400 in F/V mode to convert speed sensor frequency to voltage for RPM displays. It also summarizes applications like motor speed control, flow control, temperature measurement, analog-to-digital conversion, and transmitting analog data via frequency or FSK modulation.
This document describes a technique for digitally calibrating the current of a digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) to optimize its phase noise performance across process and temperature variations. The phase error (PHE) signal from a digital PLL is digitized and used to estimate the DCO's phase noise. By adjusting the DCO current digitally based on the estimated phase noise, the optimum operating point with minimum phase noise can be identified. Measurement results on a 90nm CMOS chip demonstrate good correlation between the estimated and measured DCO phase noise, validating the digital calibration approach.
Datasheet Fluke 43B. Hubungi PT. Siwali Swantika 021-45850618PT. Siwali Swantika
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Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
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- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
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- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
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Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
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2. Source Basics Copyright
2000
Sources Generate Sine Waves
Voltage
Time
Voltage
Frequency
This is the ideal output: most specs deal with deviations from the
ideal and adding modulation to a sine wave
RF Microwave Millimeter
20-50 GHz 300 GHz
3-6 GHz
Spectrum Analyzer
Oscilloscope
3. Source Basics Copyright
2000
Types of Sources
CW
– generates a single frequency, fixed sine wave
Swept
– sweeps over a range of frequencies
– may be phase continuous
Signal Generator
– adds modulation
– produces “real world” signal
5. Source Basics Copyright
2000
CW Source Specifications
...Frequency
Voltage
Frequency
Uncertainty
Range: Range of frequencies covered by the source
Resolution: Smallest frequency increment.
Accuracy: How accurately can the source frequency be
set.
EXAMPLE
Accuracy =
= CW frequency = 1 GHz
= aging rate = 0.152 ppm/year
= time since last calibrated = 1 year
+
_ fCW
taging cal
t
* *
fCW
taging
cal
t
Accuracy = 152
Hz
+
_
6. Source Basics Copyright
2000
CW Source Specifications
...Amplitude
DUT
Source protected from accidental transmission from
DUT
Voltage
Frequency
How
accurate is
this number?
What is P out?
What is P out?
max
min
Range (-136dBm to +13dBm)
Accuracy (+/- 0.5dB)
Resolution (0.02dB)
Switching Speed (25ms)
Reverse Power Protection
7. Source Basics Copyright
2000
Phase Noise
Residual FM
Spurious
CW Source Specifications
...Spectral Purity
non-harmonic spur
~65dBc
harmonic spur
~30dBc
CW output
Residual FM is the
integrated phase noise
over 300 Hz - 3 kHz BW phase
noise
0.5 f0 f0
2f0
sub-harmonics
16. Source Basics Copyright
2000
Applications & Critical Specifications
As a Local Oscillator
IF signal transmitter output
poor phase noise spreads
energy into adjacent
channels
poor frequency accuracy
will cause transmitter to
be at the wrong
frequency
DUT
17. Source Basics Copyright
2000
Applications & Critical Specifications
Amplifier Testing
f2
f1
fU = 2f2 - f1
fL = 2f1 - f2
spurious signals from
source can corrupt
measurement
frequency
test system third order
products will also fall here
output RF
isolator
f1
f2
DUT
Intermodulation
Distortion
18. Source Basics Copyright
2000
Applications & Critical Specifications
Receiver Testing
IF Rejection Curve
Frequency
Level
(dBm)
spur from source and/or high levels
of phase noise can cause a good
receiver to fail
source output
IF
signal
in-channel signal
(modulated signal)
out-of-channel signal
(CW or modulated signal)
DUT
Receiver Selectivity
19. Source Basics Copyright
2000
Agilent Families of CW Generators
RF
Microwave
Agilent 8664/65 family
100 MHz - 6 GHz
Low out channel noise
AM/FM/Pulse.
Agilent 8662/63 family
100 KHz - 2.5 GHz
Low in channel noise
AM/FM/Phase/Pulse
Agilent 83711/12B
family
10 MHz - 20 GHz
CW only
21. Source Basics Copyright
2000
Sweeper Specifications
...Frequency
ramp sweep
– accuracy
– sweep time
– resolution
step sweep
– accuracy
– number of points
– switching time
time
f2
t2
t1
f1
t4
t3
t1 t2
f4
f3
f1
f2
22. Source Basics Copyright
2000
Sweeper Specifications
...Amplitude
Frequency Sweep
Level Accuracy
Flatness
Source Match (SWR)
Power Sweep
Power Sweep Range
Power Slope Range
Source Match (SWR)
flatness spec
level accuracy
spec
f1 f2
frequency
power
power
}
P2
P1
power sweep
range
t1 t2
23. Source Basics Copyright
2000
Applications & Critical Specifications
Frequency Response
– Frequency Accuracy
– Output Power (Level) Accuracy
– Flatness
– Speed
– residual FM
Amplifier Compression
– Power Range
24. Source Basics Copyright
2000
Applications & Critical Specifications
Frequency Response Testing
LO
Sweeper Input
Frequency Accuracy
Output Power (Level) Accuracy
Flatness
Speed
residual FM
25. Source Basics Copyright
2000
Applications & Critical Specifications
Frequency Response Testing
Center 2 450.212 MHz Span 1 099.577 MHz
1
1
3
5 6
BW: 429.600 MHz
CF: 2405.782 MHz
Q: 5.60
Loss: -0.84 dB
1:Transmission Log Mag 5.0 dB/ Ref -15.00 dB
-35
-30
-25
-20
-10
-5
0
5
Abs
dB
Ch1
Who Cares About Accuracy?
26. Source Basics Copyright
2000
Applications & Critical Specifications
Amplifier Compression
Power In
1 dB compression
point
The 1 dB compression point is a common amplifier specification used to
identify the linear operating range of an amplifier. Power sweep is available
on some Agilent sources.
Power Range
27. Source Basics Copyright
2000
Synthesized Sweep Generators
Agilent 83750 Series
Step/Analog sweep
AM/FM/Phase modulation
10MHz to 20GHz
up to 110GHz with 83550 series
modules and amplifier
Agilent 8360L Series
Step/Analog sweep
8510/8757 Compatibility
10MHz to 50GHz
up to 110GHz with 83550 series
modules
31. Source Basics Copyright
2000
Modulation: Analog
Amplitude Modulation
Important Signal Generator Specs
for Amplitude Modulation
Voltage
Time
Carrier
Modulation
Modulation frequency
Linear AM
Log AM
Depth of modulation (Mod
Index)
32. Source Basics Copyright
2000
Modulation: Analog
Frequency Modulation
Voltage
Time
Important Signal Generator Specs
for Frequency Modulation
V= A sin[2 f t + m(t)]
p c b
F /F
dev mod
b = D
Frequency Deviation
Modulation Frequency
dcFM
Accuracy
Resolution
33. Source Basics Copyright
2000
Modulation: Analog
Phase Modulation
b = Df peak
V= A sin[2 p f t + m(t)]
Important Signal Generator Specs
for Phase Modulation
Phase deviation
Rates
Accuracy
Resolution
Voltage
Time
c b
34. Source Basics Copyright
2000
Modulation: Analog
Pulse Modulation
Time
Pulse
On/Off ratio
Rise
time
Rate=1/T T
Width
Power
t
1/t
1/T
Power
Important Signal Generator Specs
for Pulse Modulation
Pulse width
Pulse period
On/Off ratio
Rise time
36. Source Basics Copyright
2000
Digital Modulation
Polar Display: Magnitude & Phase Represented Together
Magnitude is an absolute value
Phase is relative to a reference signal
Phase
0 deg
37. Source Basics Copyright
2000
Digital Modulation
Signal Changes or Modifications
Phase
0 deg
Magnitude Change
Phase
0 deg
Phase Change
Frequency Change
Both Change
0 deg
0 deg
40. Source Basics Copyright
2000
Digital Modulation
...Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
V= A sin[2 ft + (t)]
f(t) =
f1 = 3 /4
p
f2 = /4
p
f3 = - /4
p
f4 = - 3
/4
p
p f
43. Source Basics Copyright
2000
Digital Modulation
Modulation Accuracy
I
Q Magnitude Error (IQ error mag)
Error Vector
Ideal (Reference) Signal
Phase Error (IQ error phase)
Test
Signal
f
44. Source Basics Copyright
2000
Digital Signal Generator Block Diagram
IQ Modulator
– modulation
quality
Baseband Generator
– modulation quality
– adjacent channel
performance
– supported modulation
formats
reference section
(supplies timing)
to output section
45. Source Basics Copyright
2000
Digital Modulation
PSK Implementation: IQ Method
p/2
Carrier
Good Interface with Digital Signals and
Circuits
Can be Implemented with Simple Circuits
Can be Modified for Bandwidth Efficiency
I:
Q:
46. Source Basics Copyright
2000
Digital Signal Generator Block Diagram
IQ Modulator
p/2
DAC
DAC
Ext I
Ext Q
from synthesizer
section
to output section
Q from Baseband Generator
I from Baseband Generator
47. Source Basics Copyright
2000
Digital Signal Generator Block Diagram
Baseband Generator
DAC
DAC
Pattern RAM Constellation
Map and
Baseband Filters
Timing
Data
Data Clock
Symbol
Clock
From CPU
I
Q
Analog
Reconstruction
Filters
48. Source Basics Copyright
2000
Digital Signal Generator
Format Specific Digital Signals
NADC (TDMA IS-54)
Parameter Specification
Access Method TDMA/FDD
Modulation p/4 DQPSK
Channel Bandwidth 30 kHz
Reverse Channel
Frequency Band
824 - 849 MHz
Forward Channel
Frequency Band
869 - 894 MHz
Filtering 0.35 RRC
49. Source Basics Copyright
2000
Digital Signal Generator
Access and Framing
one frame = 1944 bits (972 symbols) = 40ms; 25frames/sec
slot 1 slot 2 slot 3 slot 4 slot
5 slot 6
324 bit (162 symbols) = 6.667ms
G R Data Sync Data SACCH
CDVCC Data
6 6 16 28 122 12 12
122 Mobile to Base Station
50. Source Basics Copyright
2000
Applications and Critical Specifications
Analog and Digital
Receiver Sensitivity
– frequency accuracy
– level accuracy
– error vector magnitude
Receiver Selectivity
– phase noise
– spurious
– spectral accuracy
Spectral Regrowth
– ACP performance
51. Source Basics Copyright
2000
Applications and Critical Specifications
Receiver Sensitivity
Want to measure
sensitivity in a channel
Measurement impaired by
frequency inaccuracy
frequency inaccuracy
amplitude inaccuracy
input for signal
generator
DUT
Frequency Accuracy
52. Source Basics Copyright
2000
Applications and Critical Specifications
Receiver Sensitivity
Customer is testing a -110 dB sensitivity pager:
-110 dB specification
Case 1: Source has +/-5 dB of
output power accuracy at
-100 to -120 dBm output power.
Set source to -115 dBm
Actual output power= -114 dBm
X
X
X X
X
O
Case 2: Source has +/-1 dB of
output power accuracy at
-100 to -120 dBm output power.
-110 dB specification
Set source to -111 dBm
Actual output power= -112 dBm
X
X
O O
O
O
X= Failed unit
O=Passed unit
Frequency Frequency
Level Accuracy
53. Source Basics Copyright
2000
Applications and Critical Specifications
Receiver Sensitivity
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM)
Error
Vector
p
e.g. TETRA Signal
/4 DQPSK
EVM < 1.0%
54. Source Basics Copyright
2000
Applications and Critical Specifications
Receiver Selectivity
IF Rejection Curve
Frequency
Level
(dBm)
spur from source and/or high
levels of phase noise can cause a
good receiver to fail
IF
signal
in-channel signal
(modulated signal)
out-of-channel signal
(CW or modulated signal) DUT
Phase Noise
Spurious