Blood makes up 7% of the human body and contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets suspended in plasma. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body using hemoglobin, while white blood cells defend against pathogens and platelets help with clotting. There are four main blood types - A, B, AB, and O - which are determined by the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells and the antibodies that correspond. A person's blood type affects their compatibility for receiving or donating blood.

1. Blood
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2. Facts
•Blood makes up 7% of the weight of a human body.
•Blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells and
platelets.
•Blood cells float in plasma. Blood plasma is made up of
90% water and also contains various nutrients,
electrolytes, gases, proteins, glucose and hormones.

3. • Blood plasma can be separated from the cells
by spinning blood in a centrifuge until the cells
collect at the bottom of the tube.
• Red blood cells have the job of carrying
oxygen around the body. They also contain
hemoglobin. Hemoglobin contains iron which
combines with oxygen to give hemoglobin and
our blood, a red color.

4. Facts
• Red blood cells develop in bone marrow and circulate in the
body in 120 days.
• White blood cells are very important in the body’s immune
system. They defend against bacteria, viruses, cancer cells,
infectious diseases and other unwanted materials.

5. • Platelets help blood clot to limit bleeding
when your skin is cut. Blood clots can have
negative effects, if they form in blood vessels
in the brain they can cause a stroke while
clotting in a blood vessel in the heart can lead
to a heart attack.
• As well as delivering important substances to
our cells, blood also helps take away
unwanted waste products.

6. Blood Types
• A blood type(also called a blood group) is a classification of
blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic
substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs).
• These antigens(Any substance that stimulates the immune
system)may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or
glycolipids, depending on the blood group system.

7. • Some of these antigens are also present on the
surface of other types of cells of various tissues.
Several of these red blood cell surface antigens
can stem from one allele (or very closely linked
genes) and collectively form a blood group
system. Blood types are inherited and represent
contributions from both parents. A total of 30
human blood group systems are now recognized
by the International Society of Blood Transfusion
(ISBT).

8. Human Blood Type Chart - A, B, AB or O
Can Can
ABO Per Cent of General DONATE RECEIVE Chance of Finding A Compatible
Blood Type Population Red Cells To: Red Cells From: Donor
1 out of 2
O+ 38.5% O+, A+, B+, AB+ O+, O-
50%
All Types 1 out of 15
O- 6.5% O-
(universal donor) 7%
4 out of 5
A+ 34.3% A+, AB+ A+, A-, O+, O-
80%
1 out of 8
A- 5.7% A-, A+, AB-, AB+ A-, O-
13%
3 out of 5
B+ 8.6% B+, AB+ B+, B-, O+, O-
60%
1 out of 12
B- 1.7% B-, B+, AB-, AB+ B-, O-
9%
All Types
AB+ 4.3% AB+ 100%
(universal recipient)
1 out of 7
AB- 0.7% AB-, AB+ AB-, A-, B-, O-
14%

9. ABO blood types
• The medically important blood types are in the ABO
group. They were discovered in 1900 and 1901 at the
University of Vienna by Karl Landsteiner in the process of
trying to learn why blood transfusions sometimes cause death
and at other times save a patient. In 1930, he belatedly
received the Nobel Prize for his discovery of blood types.
• All humans and many other primates can be typed for the
ABO blood group. There are four principal types: A, B, AB, and
O. There are two antigens and two antibodies that are mostly
responsible for the ABO types. The specific combination of
these four components determines an individual's type in
most cases. The next slide shows the possible permutations
of antigens and antibodies with the corresponding ABO type.

10. ABO Antigen Antigen Antibody Antibody
Blood Type A B anti-A Anti-B
A yes no no yes
B no yes yes no
O no no yes yes
AB yes yes no no

11. Antigen
• An antigen is a foreign molecule that, when introduced into the
body, triggers the production of an antibody by the immune
system. The immune system will then kill or neutralize the
antigen that is recognized as a foreign and potentially harmful
invader.
• These invaders can be molecules such as pollen or cells such as
bacteria. The term originally came from antibody generator and
was a molecule that binds specifically to an antibody, but the
term now also refers to any molecule or molecular fragment that
can be bound by a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and
presented to a T-cell receptor.

12. • "Self" antigens are usually tolerated by the
immune system; whereas "Non-self" antigens
are identified as invaders and attacked by the
immune system.

13. Antibodies
• An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, is a large Y-
shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and
neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses.
• The antibody recognizes a unique part of the foreign target,
termed an antigen. Each tip of the "Y" of an antibody contains a
paratope (a structure analogous to a lock) that is specific for one
particular epitope (similarly analogous to a key) on an antigen,
allowing these two structures to bind together with precision.

14. • Using this binding mechanism, an antibody
can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack
by other parts of the immune system, or can
neutralize its target directly (for example, by
blocking a part of a microbe that is essential
for its invasion and survival). The production
of antibodies is the main function of the
humoral immune system.