IT certification is a professional standard that demonstrates competence in a particular field. Certifications are managed by non-government professional organizations to ensure qualifications meet industry requirements. Certifications benefit individuals by opening access to national and international job markets, and benefit companies by improving competitive advantage and allowing them to differentiate more and less experienced workers. Common IT certifications are offered by vendors like Microsoft, Cisco, and Oracle or vendor-neutral organizations and test skills in areas like networking, security, and programming.