This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new topology for a photovoltaic power injection system. The system uses two voltage source inverters in parallel - a quasi-square wave inverter and a PWM inverter. The quasi-square inverter injects power from the PV system into the grid, while the PWM inverter controls current quality. The design is modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results show the power flow characteristics for varying solar intensity and modulation indices. The proposed topology optimizes the system design by reducing losses and increasing the energy injected into the grid compared to traditional boost converter and PWM inverter designs.
This document proposes a compensation strategy using an Unified Power Quality Compensator (UPQC) device to mitigate power quality issues caused by the injection of wind power into electric grids. The UPQC is controlled using both proportional integral (PI) and fuzzy logic controllers to regulate the wind farm's terminal voltage and filter active and reactive power fluctuations. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink are presented to compare the performance of the UPQC using different control strategies, as well as total harmonic distortion calculations.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Design and Development of Power Electronic Controller for Grid-connected PV A...IJAPEJOURNAL
Design and simulation of a simple power electronic interface for grid-connected PV array has been proposed using boost converter and line-commutated inverter with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller. The output of PV array varies with irradiation, and hence the duty cycle of the PI controller is adjusted automatically to supply a constant DC voltage to the inverter circuit, the output of which is directly connected to the grid. The MPPT controller extracts maximum power from the solar array and feeds it to the single-phase utility grid. The proposed scheme has been modeled in the MATLAB 7.1 software and the complete system has been simulated for open loop and closed loop configurations. The active power fed to the grid is taken for different firing angles in open loop mode and the firing angle for maximum power has been determined. This is compared with the firing angle obtained from the closed loop mode and found that both results agree with each other.
A New Control Method for Grid-Connected PV System Based on Quasi-Z-Source Cas...IAES-IJPEDS
In this paper, a new control method for quasi-Z-source cascaded multilevel inverter based grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system is proposed. The proposed method is capable of boosting the PV array voltage to a higher level and solves the imbalance problem of DC-link voltage in traditional cascaded H-bridge inverters. The proposed control system adjusts the grid injected current in phase with the grid voltage and achieves independent maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for the separate PV arrays. To achieve these goals, the proportional-integral (PI) controllers are employed for each module. For achieving the best performance, this paper presents an optimum approach to design the controller parameters using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The primary design goal is to obtain good response by minimizing the integral absolute error. Also, the transient response is guaranteed by minimizing the overshoot, settling time and rise time of the system response. The effectiveness of the new proposed control method has been verified through simulation studies based on a seven level quasi-Z- Source cascaded multilevel inverter.
Power Quality Improvement Using Custom Power Devices in Squirrel Cage Inducti...IJPEDS-IAES
1) The document describes a system using a UPQC (Unified Power Quality Conditioner) to improve power quality when connecting a squirrel cage induction generator wind farm to a weak grid. The UPQC regulates the wind farm terminal voltage and mitigates harmonics at the point of common coupling.
2) It uses a neuro-fuzzy control strategy to manage the active and reactive power exchange between the series and shunt converters of the UPQC via the DC link.
3) Simulation results show the UPQC is able to compensate for voltage fluctuations at the point of common coupling due to variations in wind power generation and regulate the voltage during load connection/disconnection events.
This document compares buck and boost converter topologies for use in photovoltaic power systems to maximize power extraction from solar panels. It finds that the boost converter is better suited as the PV interface as it can maintain continuous input current flow to the load. Simulation results show that a boost converter tracking the maximum power point of a PV array can increase the output voltage from 17.1V to 24.9V and deliver 60W of power to the load. The boost converter also performs well under varying temperature and solar irradiation conditions according to the simulations.
Integration of Unified Power Quality Controller with DGIJRST Journal
This paper proposes integrating a Unified Power Quality Controller (UPQC) with a distributed generator (DG). The UPQC consists of series and shunt inverters connected to a common DC link, and can compensate for power quality issues like voltage sags/swells, harmonics, and reactive power. Integrating a DG connected through a rectifier to the DC link allows the system to operate in two modes: interconnected mode where the DG supplies power to the source and load, and islanding mode where the DG only supplies the load during a source voltage interruption. Simulations show the integrated system can compensate for voltage sags and swells in both forward and reverse power flow modes between the DG and
Grid-Connection Control and Simulation of PMSG Wind Power System Based on Mul...ijsrd.com
This dissertation proposes a wind energy conversion system is composed of a wind turbine PMSG, a rectifier, and an inverter. The wind turbine PMSG transforms the mechanical power from the wind into the electrical power, while the rectifier converts the AC power into DC power and controls the speed of the PMSG. The controllable inverter helps in converting the DC power to variable frequency and magnitude AC power. With the voltage oriented control, the inverter also possesses the ability to control the active and reactive powers injected into the grid. Multilevel inerter is used to step up the voltage and to reduce the THD. Here nine level and eleven level inverter are used and the voltage increases and THD reduces from 12.87 % to 7.46 %. Active and reactive power is controlled dc stabilization and the reactive power is near to unity Here PI controller is used to control the inverter output rms voltage and LC filter is used to remove the harmonics available in the system.
This document proposes a compensation strategy using an Unified Power Quality Compensator (UPQC) device to mitigate power quality issues caused by the injection of wind power into electric grids. The UPQC is controlled using both proportional integral (PI) and fuzzy logic controllers to regulate the wind farm's terminal voltage and filter active and reactive power fluctuations. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink are presented to compare the performance of the UPQC using different control strategies, as well as total harmonic distortion calculations.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Design and Development of Power Electronic Controller for Grid-connected PV A...IJAPEJOURNAL
Design and simulation of a simple power electronic interface for grid-connected PV array has been proposed using boost converter and line-commutated inverter with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller. The output of PV array varies with irradiation, and hence the duty cycle of the PI controller is adjusted automatically to supply a constant DC voltage to the inverter circuit, the output of which is directly connected to the grid. The MPPT controller extracts maximum power from the solar array and feeds it to the single-phase utility grid. The proposed scheme has been modeled in the MATLAB 7.1 software and the complete system has been simulated for open loop and closed loop configurations. The active power fed to the grid is taken for different firing angles in open loop mode and the firing angle for maximum power has been determined. This is compared with the firing angle obtained from the closed loop mode and found that both results agree with each other.
A New Control Method for Grid-Connected PV System Based on Quasi-Z-Source Cas...IAES-IJPEDS
In this paper, a new control method for quasi-Z-source cascaded multilevel inverter based grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system is proposed. The proposed method is capable of boosting the PV array voltage to a higher level and solves the imbalance problem of DC-link voltage in traditional cascaded H-bridge inverters. The proposed control system adjusts the grid injected current in phase with the grid voltage and achieves independent maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for the separate PV arrays. To achieve these goals, the proportional-integral (PI) controllers are employed for each module. For achieving the best performance, this paper presents an optimum approach to design the controller parameters using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The primary design goal is to obtain good response by minimizing the integral absolute error. Also, the transient response is guaranteed by minimizing the overshoot, settling time and rise time of the system response. The effectiveness of the new proposed control method has been verified through simulation studies based on a seven level quasi-Z- Source cascaded multilevel inverter.
Power Quality Improvement Using Custom Power Devices in Squirrel Cage Inducti...IJPEDS-IAES
1) The document describes a system using a UPQC (Unified Power Quality Conditioner) to improve power quality when connecting a squirrel cage induction generator wind farm to a weak grid. The UPQC regulates the wind farm terminal voltage and mitigates harmonics at the point of common coupling.
2) It uses a neuro-fuzzy control strategy to manage the active and reactive power exchange between the series and shunt converters of the UPQC via the DC link.
3) Simulation results show the UPQC is able to compensate for voltage fluctuations at the point of common coupling due to variations in wind power generation and regulate the voltage during load connection/disconnection events.
This document compares buck and boost converter topologies for use in photovoltaic power systems to maximize power extraction from solar panels. It finds that the boost converter is better suited as the PV interface as it can maintain continuous input current flow to the load. Simulation results show that a boost converter tracking the maximum power point of a PV array can increase the output voltage from 17.1V to 24.9V and deliver 60W of power to the load. The boost converter also performs well under varying temperature and solar irradiation conditions according to the simulations.
Integration of Unified Power Quality Controller with DGIJRST Journal
This paper proposes integrating a Unified Power Quality Controller (UPQC) with a distributed generator (DG). The UPQC consists of series and shunt inverters connected to a common DC link, and can compensate for power quality issues like voltage sags/swells, harmonics, and reactive power. Integrating a DG connected through a rectifier to the DC link allows the system to operate in two modes: interconnected mode where the DG supplies power to the source and load, and islanding mode where the DG only supplies the load during a source voltage interruption. Simulations show the integrated system can compensate for voltage sags and swells in both forward and reverse power flow modes between the DG and
Grid-Connection Control and Simulation of PMSG Wind Power System Based on Mul...ijsrd.com
This dissertation proposes a wind energy conversion system is composed of a wind turbine PMSG, a rectifier, and an inverter. The wind turbine PMSG transforms the mechanical power from the wind into the electrical power, while the rectifier converts the AC power into DC power and controls the speed of the PMSG. The controllable inverter helps in converting the DC power to variable frequency and magnitude AC power. With the voltage oriented control, the inverter also possesses the ability to control the active and reactive powers injected into the grid. Multilevel inerter is used to step up the voltage and to reduce the THD. Here nine level and eleven level inverter are used and the voltage increases and THD reduces from 12.87 % to 7.46 %. Active and reactive power is controlled dc stabilization and the reactive power is near to unity Here PI controller is used to control the inverter output rms voltage and LC filter is used to remove the harmonics available in the system.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Next Generation Researchers in Power Systems_Tao Yang_UCD EITao Yang
This document discusses solid state transformers (SSTs) and their potential applications in future distribution systems. It provides background on SSTs, explaining how they use power electronics to convert AC power to high frequency AC or DC before converting it back to the desired output. The document outlines research objectives to modularly design and optimize an SST for a distribution system. Simulation results show the modular SST has higher efficiency and lower weight than a traditional low frequency transformer under daily loading profiles. The document also explores how SSTs can address issues like imbalanced loads by independently controlling positive, negative, and zero sequence components.
New Structure for Photovoltaic SystemApplications with Maximum Power Point Tr...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper recommendes a new structure for photovoltaicsystems with a new inverter topology. A quasi-Z-source DC-DC converter with capability of dividing its output voltage to the same voltages and tracking maximum power point is proposed. The proportional-integral incremental conductance method is used for maximum power point tracking. The new recommended inverter topology is linked to quasi-Z-source converter for transferring power. For triggering inverter switches, alternate phase opposition disposition switching technique is utilized. A comparison is drawn between suggested multilevel inverter topology and other conventional multilevel inverter topologies. Description of proposed structure along with detailed simulation results that verify its feasibility are given to demonstrate the availability of the proposed system by MATLAB/Simulink software.
Design and fabrication of rotor lateral shifting in the axial-flux permanent-...IJECEIAES
The development of axial-flux permanent-magnet (AFPM) machines has become a mature technology. The single-stator double-rotor (SSDR) AFPM structure has advantages on the compactness and the low up to medium power applications so the microscale size and low-cost applications are reachable to be designed. The research main objectives are designing and manufacturing the lateral shifting from the north poles of the first rotor face the north poles of the second rotor (NN) to the north poles of the first rotor face the south poles of the second rotor (NS) categories as well as finding the best performance of the proposed method and implementing in a low cost and micro-scale AFPMG. The novel lateral shifting on the one of the rotors shows performance at 19.2 0 has the highest efficiency at 88.39% during lateral shifting from N–N (0 0 ) to N–S (36 0 ) on rotor 2.
The performance of PV panel is very much dependent on the amount of sun light as well as the temperature of the surrounding environment which normally hard to be predicted. The use of PV emulator in the investigation of solar inverter especially at a lab scale platform helps to mitigate the inconsistency factors due to this uncontrollable variation. This work discussed on the design and development of a PV emulator for the grid-connected quasi-Z-source inverter which has different topology and control method compared to the conventional voltage source inverter. The I-V characteristics of the PV panel is modelled from the commercially available product and through circuit analysis the relation between capacitor voltage control and the PV terminal voltage is established, thus realizing the MPPT operation. Results from both simulation and experimental verification demonstrated that the PV emulator successfully able to produce power for the inverter according to the requirement.
Alternating current (AC) electrical drives mainly require smaller current (or torque) ripples and lower total harmonic distortion (THD) of voltage for excellent drive performances. Normally, in practice, to achieve these requirements, the inverter needs to be operated at high switching frequency. By operating at high switching frequency, the size of filter can be reduced. However, the inverter which oftenly employs insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) for high power applications cannot be operated at high switching frequency. This is because, the IGBT switching frequency cannot be operated above 50 kHz due to its thermal restrictions. This paper proposes an alternate switching strategy to enable the use of IGBT for operating the inverter at high switching frequency to improve THD performances. In this strategy, each IGBT in a group of switches in the modified inverter circuit will operate the switching frequency at one-fourth of the inverter switching frequency. The alternate switching is implemented using simple analog and digital integrated circuits.
Performance Analysis of CSI Based PV system During LL and TPG faultsIOSR Journals
This document analyzes the performance of a current source inverter (CSI)-based photovoltaic (PV) system during line-to-line (LL) and three-phase-to-ground (TPG) faults. It presents simulation results showing the CSI system is able to limit DC-side current oscillations during faults, unlike voltage source inverter systems. The controller regulates DC and AC currents to maximize PV power extraction and provide sinusoidal current to the grid. Simulation results show DC-side current oscillations dampen quickly after faults clear, while AC current undergoes overmodulation during faults. The CSI provides overcurrent protection and restricts currents on both sides during faults.
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, i...IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
The document proposes a new multi-string inverter topology for photovoltaic systems connected to the electric grid. It connects multiple PV strings in parallel through diodes before boosting the DC voltage and converting it to AC with an inverter. Simulations show the multi-string topology offers higher efficiency compared to traditional string inverters by reducing losses.
A new bidirectional multilevel inverter topology with a high number of voltage levels with a very reduced number of power components is proposed in this paper. Only TEN power switches and four asymmetric DC voltage sources are used to generate 25 voltage levels in this new topology. The proposed multilevel converter is more suitable for e-mobility and photovoltaic applications where the overall energy source can be composed of a few units/associations of several basic source modules. Several benefits are provided by this new topology: Highly sinusoidal current and voltage waveforms, low Total Harmonic Distortion, very low switching losses, and minimum cost and size of the device. For optimum control of this 25-level voltage inverter, a special Modified Hybrid Modulation technique is performed. The proposed 25-level inverter is compared to various topologies published recently in terms of cost, the number of active power switches, clamped diodes, flying capacitors, DC floating capacitors, and the number of DC voltage sources. This comparison clearly shows that the proposed topology is cost-effective, compact, and very efficient. The effectiveness and the good performance of the proposed multilevel power converter (with and without PWM control) are verified and checked by computational simulations.
Modelling of fuzzy logic controller for variable step mppt in photovoltaic sy...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The output power of photovoltaic electrical systems is highly dynamic and non-linear in nature. In order to extract maximum power
from such systems, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is required. MPPT techniques with variable step-size of
perturbation track the maximum power point (MPP) with more efficiency. In this paper, a model of a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for
determining the step-size of perturbation in duty-cycle of a photovoltaic electrical system to track MPP is presented. The model is
simulated in MATLAB/Simulink®.
Keywords: Maximum power point tracking, perturb and observe, boost converter, fuzzy logic control, membership
function, crisp universe, centre of area, pulse width modulation
Modified One Cycle Controlled Scheme for Single-Phase Grid Connected Pv-Fc Hy...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a modified one cycle control scheme for a single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic-fuel cell hybrid system. The proposed scheme generates a fictitious current signal proportional to the grid voltage to overcome instability issues in the original one cycle control approach. It does not require sensing of the grid voltage. The maximum power point tracking is implemented using a perturb and observe method to ensure the system operates at the maximum power point even with variations in solar irradiation and parameter values. The control scheme is able to regulate the DC link voltage and ensure a near-sinusoidal current is injected into the grid with low distortion.
Enhancement of Voltage Stability by using Fuel Cell as Shunt CompensatorIRJET Journal
This document proposes using a fuel cell system as a shunt compensator to enhance voltage stability in a power distribution system. It models a proton exchange membrane fuel cell connected to a boost converter and three-phase inverter to inject power into the grid. Simulation results in MATLAB Simulink show that connecting the fuel cell compensator maintains voltage levels closer to acceptable ranges when additional loads are added, improving voltage stability, compared to the system without the compensator. The fuel cell system with power electronic interfaces provides flexible distributed generation and reactive power support to enhance power quality and reliability.
Control Schemes for Distribution Grids with Mass Distributed GenerationUmair Shahzad
This paper discusses the control schemes for distribution grids with a large amount of wind penetration. Microgrids are constantly gaining popularity, especially in the countries, where there is energy crisis. They are an effective way for providing power to local loads. In case of main grid failure, they ensure smooth and seamless power transfer. Various electrical systems, including synchronous generators, grid and loads, have been investigated in this paper. All simulation work is carried out using SimPower Systems. Major focus is placed on active and reactive power sharing. Load transients have also been modelled. Moreover, power sharing under variable wind has also been simulated and analysed.
The growing demand for electricity and the increasing integration of clean energies into the electrical grids requires the multiplication and reinforcement of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) projects throughout the world and demonstrates the interest in this electricity transmission technology. The transmitting system of the voltage source converter-high-voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) consists primarily of two converter stations that are connected by a dc cable. In this paper, a nonlinear control based on the backstepping approach is proposed to improve the dynamic performance of a VSC-HVDC transmission system, these transport systems are characterized by different complexities such as parametric uncertainties, coupled state variables, neglected dynamics, presents a very interesting research topic. Our contribution through adaptive control based on the backstepping approach allows regulating the direct current (DC) bus voltage and the active and reactive powers of the converter stations. Finally, the validity of the proposed control has been verified under various operating conditions by simulation in the MATLAB/Simulink environment.
Autonomous microgrid based parallel inverters using droop controller for impr...journalBEEI
The existing microgrid has become a challenge to the sustainable energy source to provide a better quality of power to the consumer. To build a reliable and efficient microgrid, designing a droop controller for the microgrid is of utmost importance. In this paper, multiple voltage source inverters connected in parallel using an active power-frequency/reactive power-voltage droop scheme. The proposed method connected to two distributed generators local controllers, where each unit consists of a droop controller with an inner voltage-current controller and a virtual droop controller. By adding this controller to the microgrid reliability and load adaptability of an islanded system can be improved. This concept applied without any real-time communication to the microgrid. Thus, simulated using MATLAB/Simulink, the obtained results prove the effectiveness of the autonomous operation's microgrid model.
This paper presents a novel shunt active power filter (SAPF). The power converter that is used in this SAPF is constructed from a four-leg asymmetric multi-level cascaded H-bridge (CHB) inverter that is fed from a photovoltaic source. A three-dimensional space vector modulation (3D-SVPWM) technique is adopted in this work. The multi-level inverter can generate 27-level output with harmonic content is almost zero. In addition to the capability to inject reactive power and mitigating the harmonics, the proposed SAPF has also, the ability to inject real power as it is fed from a PV source. Moreover, it has a fault-tolerant capability that makes the SAPF maintaining its operation under a loss of one leg of the multi-level inverter due to an open-circuit fault without any degradation in the performance. The proposed SAPF is designed and simulated in MATLAB SIMULINK using a single nonlinear load and the results have shown a significant reduction in total harmonics distortion (THD) of the source current under the normal operating condition and post a failure in one phase of the SAPF. Also, similar results are obtained when IEEE 15 bus network is used.
Multilevel inverters find use in industrial drive applications and grid based power generation. Owing to the increasing power demand and rising conventional generation costs a new alternative in renewable energy source is gaining popularity and acceptance. A Wind-PV hybrid renewable energy source is proposed which increases power reliability and improves standalone generation efficiency. A Quasi Z source network allows inverter shoot through possibility while boosting the dc voltage fed to the Neutral Point Clamped MLI. Simulation results were obtained for two levels VSI and further simulations for 3 level quasi NPC-TLI verified using Matlab Simulink and hardware implementation results verified by using DSP controller.
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems that presents a dynamic power management model for a standalone DC microgrid using a Combined PI and Hysteresis Control (CPIHC) technique. The proposed microgrid includes a solar PV array, lead-acid battery storage, and constant/dynamic loads. Simulation results show the CPIHC technique efficiently manages power flow, regulates the DC link voltage, and maintains the battery's state of charge, performing better than a conventional Combined PI and Droop Control approach. The document provides background on various control methods used in microgrids and describes the modeling and simulation of the key components in the proposed standalone DC microgrid system.
The document provides observations from store visits in Melbourne, Australia. Several stores are described, including fashion stores La Costa and Suzanne, health and beauty stores Happy Lab and L'Occitane, and the Apple tech store. Key aspects noted include store environments, personnel, customers, and locations within shopping malls. Insights highlight how Suzanne and La Costa demonstrate maturity, while Happy Lab and L'Occitane use unique design elements. The Apple store provides access but could intimidate first-time visitors.
10 Insightful Quotes On Designing A Better Customer ExperienceYuan Wang
In an ever-changing landscape of one digital disruption after another, companies and organisations are looking for new ways to understand their target markets and engage them better. Increasingly they invest in user experience (UX) and customer experience design (CX) capabilities by working with a specialist UX agency or developing their own UX lab. Some UX practitioners are touting leaner and faster ways of developing customer-centric products and services, via methodologies such as guerilla research, rapid prototyping and Agile UX. Others seek innovation and fulfilment by spending more time in research, being more inclusive, and designing for social goods.
Experience is more than just an interface. It is a relationship, as well as a series of touch points between your brand and your customer. Here are our top 10 highlights and takeaways from the recent UX Australia conference to help you transform your customer experience design.
For full article, continue reading at https://yump.com.au/10-ways-supercharge-customer-experience-design/
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Learn BEM fundamentals as fast as possible. What is BEM (Block, element, modifier), BEM syntax, how it works with a real example, etc.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Next Generation Researchers in Power Systems_Tao Yang_UCD EITao Yang
This document discusses solid state transformers (SSTs) and their potential applications in future distribution systems. It provides background on SSTs, explaining how they use power electronics to convert AC power to high frequency AC or DC before converting it back to the desired output. The document outlines research objectives to modularly design and optimize an SST for a distribution system. Simulation results show the modular SST has higher efficiency and lower weight than a traditional low frequency transformer under daily loading profiles. The document also explores how SSTs can address issues like imbalanced loads by independently controlling positive, negative, and zero sequence components.
New Structure for Photovoltaic SystemApplications with Maximum Power Point Tr...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper recommendes a new structure for photovoltaicsystems with a new inverter topology. A quasi-Z-source DC-DC converter with capability of dividing its output voltage to the same voltages and tracking maximum power point is proposed. The proportional-integral incremental conductance method is used for maximum power point tracking. The new recommended inverter topology is linked to quasi-Z-source converter for transferring power. For triggering inverter switches, alternate phase opposition disposition switching technique is utilized. A comparison is drawn between suggested multilevel inverter topology and other conventional multilevel inverter topologies. Description of proposed structure along with detailed simulation results that verify its feasibility are given to demonstrate the availability of the proposed system by MATLAB/Simulink software.
Design and fabrication of rotor lateral shifting in the axial-flux permanent-...IJECEIAES
The development of axial-flux permanent-magnet (AFPM) machines has become a mature technology. The single-stator double-rotor (SSDR) AFPM structure has advantages on the compactness and the low up to medium power applications so the microscale size and low-cost applications are reachable to be designed. The research main objectives are designing and manufacturing the lateral shifting from the north poles of the first rotor face the north poles of the second rotor (NN) to the north poles of the first rotor face the south poles of the second rotor (NS) categories as well as finding the best performance of the proposed method and implementing in a low cost and micro-scale AFPMG. The novel lateral shifting on the one of the rotors shows performance at 19.2 0 has the highest efficiency at 88.39% during lateral shifting from N–N (0 0 ) to N–S (36 0 ) on rotor 2.
The performance of PV panel is very much dependent on the amount of sun light as well as the temperature of the surrounding environment which normally hard to be predicted. The use of PV emulator in the investigation of solar inverter especially at a lab scale platform helps to mitigate the inconsistency factors due to this uncontrollable variation. This work discussed on the design and development of a PV emulator for the grid-connected quasi-Z-source inverter which has different topology and control method compared to the conventional voltage source inverter. The I-V characteristics of the PV panel is modelled from the commercially available product and through circuit analysis the relation between capacitor voltage control and the PV terminal voltage is established, thus realizing the MPPT operation. Results from both simulation and experimental verification demonstrated that the PV emulator successfully able to produce power for the inverter according to the requirement.
Alternating current (AC) electrical drives mainly require smaller current (or torque) ripples and lower total harmonic distortion (THD) of voltage for excellent drive performances. Normally, in practice, to achieve these requirements, the inverter needs to be operated at high switching frequency. By operating at high switching frequency, the size of filter can be reduced. However, the inverter which oftenly employs insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) for high power applications cannot be operated at high switching frequency. This is because, the IGBT switching frequency cannot be operated above 50 kHz due to its thermal restrictions. This paper proposes an alternate switching strategy to enable the use of IGBT for operating the inverter at high switching frequency to improve THD performances. In this strategy, each IGBT in a group of switches in the modified inverter circuit will operate the switching frequency at one-fourth of the inverter switching frequency. The alternate switching is implemented using simple analog and digital integrated circuits.
Performance Analysis of CSI Based PV system During LL and TPG faultsIOSR Journals
This document analyzes the performance of a current source inverter (CSI)-based photovoltaic (PV) system during line-to-line (LL) and three-phase-to-ground (TPG) faults. It presents simulation results showing the CSI system is able to limit DC-side current oscillations during faults, unlike voltage source inverter systems. The controller regulates DC and AC currents to maximize PV power extraction and provide sinusoidal current to the grid. Simulation results show DC-side current oscillations dampen quickly after faults clear, while AC current undergoes overmodulation during faults. The CSI provides overcurrent protection and restricts currents on both sides during faults.
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, i...IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
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International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
The document proposes a new multi-string inverter topology for photovoltaic systems connected to the electric grid. It connects multiple PV strings in parallel through diodes before boosting the DC voltage and converting it to AC with an inverter. Simulations show the multi-string topology offers higher efficiency compared to traditional string inverters by reducing losses.
A new bidirectional multilevel inverter topology with a high number of voltage levels with a very reduced number of power components is proposed in this paper. Only TEN power switches and four asymmetric DC voltage sources are used to generate 25 voltage levels in this new topology. The proposed multilevel converter is more suitable for e-mobility and photovoltaic applications where the overall energy source can be composed of a few units/associations of several basic source modules. Several benefits are provided by this new topology: Highly sinusoidal current and voltage waveforms, low Total Harmonic Distortion, very low switching losses, and minimum cost and size of the device. For optimum control of this 25-level voltage inverter, a special Modified Hybrid Modulation technique is performed. The proposed 25-level inverter is compared to various topologies published recently in terms of cost, the number of active power switches, clamped diodes, flying capacitors, DC floating capacitors, and the number of DC voltage sources. This comparison clearly shows that the proposed topology is cost-effective, compact, and very efficient. The effectiveness and the good performance of the proposed multilevel power converter (with and without PWM control) are verified and checked by computational simulations.
Modelling of fuzzy logic controller for variable step mppt in photovoltaic sy...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The output power of photovoltaic electrical systems is highly dynamic and non-linear in nature. In order to extract maximum power
from such systems, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is required. MPPT techniques with variable step-size of
perturbation track the maximum power point (MPP) with more efficiency. In this paper, a model of a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for
determining the step-size of perturbation in duty-cycle of a photovoltaic electrical system to track MPP is presented. The model is
simulated in MATLAB/Simulink®.
Keywords: Maximum power point tracking, perturb and observe, boost converter, fuzzy logic control, membership
function, crisp universe, centre of area, pulse width modulation
Modified One Cycle Controlled Scheme for Single-Phase Grid Connected Pv-Fc Hy...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a modified one cycle control scheme for a single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic-fuel cell hybrid system. The proposed scheme generates a fictitious current signal proportional to the grid voltage to overcome instability issues in the original one cycle control approach. It does not require sensing of the grid voltage. The maximum power point tracking is implemented using a perturb and observe method to ensure the system operates at the maximum power point even with variations in solar irradiation and parameter values. The control scheme is able to regulate the DC link voltage and ensure a near-sinusoidal current is injected into the grid with low distortion.
Enhancement of Voltage Stability by using Fuel Cell as Shunt CompensatorIRJET Journal
This document proposes using a fuel cell system as a shunt compensator to enhance voltage stability in a power distribution system. It models a proton exchange membrane fuel cell connected to a boost converter and three-phase inverter to inject power into the grid. Simulation results in MATLAB Simulink show that connecting the fuel cell compensator maintains voltage levels closer to acceptable ranges when additional loads are added, improving voltage stability, compared to the system without the compensator. The fuel cell system with power electronic interfaces provides flexible distributed generation and reactive power support to enhance power quality and reliability.
Control Schemes for Distribution Grids with Mass Distributed GenerationUmair Shahzad
This paper discusses the control schemes for distribution grids with a large amount of wind penetration. Microgrids are constantly gaining popularity, especially in the countries, where there is energy crisis. They are an effective way for providing power to local loads. In case of main grid failure, they ensure smooth and seamless power transfer. Various electrical systems, including synchronous generators, grid and loads, have been investigated in this paper. All simulation work is carried out using SimPower Systems. Major focus is placed on active and reactive power sharing. Load transients have also been modelled. Moreover, power sharing under variable wind has also been simulated and analysed.
The growing demand for electricity and the increasing integration of clean energies into the electrical grids requires the multiplication and reinforcement of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) projects throughout the world and demonstrates the interest in this electricity transmission technology. The transmitting system of the voltage source converter-high-voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) consists primarily of two converter stations that are connected by a dc cable. In this paper, a nonlinear control based on the backstepping approach is proposed to improve the dynamic performance of a VSC-HVDC transmission system, these transport systems are characterized by different complexities such as parametric uncertainties, coupled state variables, neglected dynamics, presents a very interesting research topic. Our contribution through adaptive control based on the backstepping approach allows regulating the direct current (DC) bus voltage and the active and reactive powers of the converter stations. Finally, the validity of the proposed control has been verified under various operating conditions by simulation in the MATLAB/Simulink environment.
Autonomous microgrid based parallel inverters using droop controller for impr...journalBEEI
The existing microgrid has become a challenge to the sustainable energy source to provide a better quality of power to the consumer. To build a reliable and efficient microgrid, designing a droop controller for the microgrid is of utmost importance. In this paper, multiple voltage source inverters connected in parallel using an active power-frequency/reactive power-voltage droop scheme. The proposed method connected to two distributed generators local controllers, where each unit consists of a droop controller with an inner voltage-current controller and a virtual droop controller. By adding this controller to the microgrid reliability and load adaptability of an islanded system can be improved. This concept applied without any real-time communication to the microgrid. Thus, simulated using MATLAB/Simulink, the obtained results prove the effectiveness of the autonomous operation's microgrid model.
This paper presents a novel shunt active power filter (SAPF). The power converter that is used in this SAPF is constructed from a four-leg asymmetric multi-level cascaded H-bridge (CHB) inverter that is fed from a photovoltaic source. A three-dimensional space vector modulation (3D-SVPWM) technique is adopted in this work. The multi-level inverter can generate 27-level output with harmonic content is almost zero. In addition to the capability to inject reactive power and mitigating the harmonics, the proposed SAPF has also, the ability to inject real power as it is fed from a PV source. Moreover, it has a fault-tolerant capability that makes the SAPF maintaining its operation under a loss of one leg of the multi-level inverter due to an open-circuit fault without any degradation in the performance. The proposed SAPF is designed and simulated in MATLAB SIMULINK using a single nonlinear load and the results have shown a significant reduction in total harmonics distortion (THD) of the source current under the normal operating condition and post a failure in one phase of the SAPF. Also, similar results are obtained when IEEE 15 bus network is used.
Multilevel inverters find use in industrial drive applications and grid based power generation. Owing to the increasing power demand and rising conventional generation costs a new alternative in renewable energy source is gaining popularity and acceptance. A Wind-PV hybrid renewable energy source is proposed which increases power reliability and improves standalone generation efficiency. A Quasi Z source network allows inverter shoot through possibility while boosting the dc voltage fed to the Neutral Point Clamped MLI. Simulation results were obtained for two levels VSI and further simulations for 3 level quasi NPC-TLI verified using Matlab Simulink and hardware implementation results verified by using DSP controller.
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems that presents a dynamic power management model for a standalone DC microgrid using a Combined PI and Hysteresis Control (CPIHC) technique. The proposed microgrid includes a solar PV array, lead-acid battery storage, and constant/dynamic loads. Simulation results show the CPIHC technique efficiently manages power flow, regulates the DC link voltage, and maintains the battery's state of charge, performing better than a conventional Combined PI and Droop Control approach. The document provides background on various control methods used in microgrids and describes the modeling and simulation of the key components in the proposed standalone DC microgrid system.
The document provides observations from store visits in Melbourne, Australia. Several stores are described, including fashion stores La Costa and Suzanne, health and beauty stores Happy Lab and L'Occitane, and the Apple tech store. Key aspects noted include store environments, personnel, customers, and locations within shopping malls. Insights highlight how Suzanne and La Costa demonstrate maturity, while Happy Lab and L'Occitane use unique design elements. The Apple store provides access but could intimidate first-time visitors.
10 Insightful Quotes On Designing A Better Customer ExperienceYuan Wang
In an ever-changing landscape of one digital disruption after another, companies and organisations are looking for new ways to understand their target markets and engage them better. Increasingly they invest in user experience (UX) and customer experience design (CX) capabilities by working with a specialist UX agency or developing their own UX lab. Some UX practitioners are touting leaner and faster ways of developing customer-centric products and services, via methodologies such as guerilla research, rapid prototyping and Agile UX. Others seek innovation and fulfilment by spending more time in research, being more inclusive, and designing for social goods.
Experience is more than just an interface. It is a relationship, as well as a series of touch points between your brand and your customer. Here are our top 10 highlights and takeaways from the recent UX Australia conference to help you transform your customer experience design.
For full article, continue reading at https://yump.com.au/10-ways-supercharge-customer-experience-design/
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The document discusses how personalization and dynamic content are becoming increasingly important on websites. It notes that 52% of marketers see content personalization as critical and 75% of consumers like it when brands personalize their content. However, personalization can create issues for search engine optimization as dynamic URLs and content are more difficult for search engines to index than static pages. The document provides tips for SEOs to help address these personalization and SEO challenges, such as using static URLs when possible and submitting accurate sitemaps.
Lightning Talk #9: How UX and Data Storytelling Can Shape Policy by Mika Aldabaux singapore
How can we take UX and Data Storytelling out of the tech context and use them to change the way government behaves?
Showcasing the truth is the highest goal of data storytelling. Because the design of a chart can affect the interpretation of data in a major way, one must wield visual tools with care and deliberation. Using quantitative facts to evoke an emotional response is best achieved with the combination of UX and data storytelling.
This document summarizes a study of CEO succession events among the largest 100 U.S. corporations between 2005-2015. The study analyzed executives who were passed over for the CEO role ("succession losers") and their subsequent careers. It found that 74% of passed over executives left their companies, with 30% eventually becoming CEOs elsewhere. However, companies led by succession losers saw average stock price declines of 13% over 3 years, compared to gains for companies whose CEO selections remained unchanged. The findings suggest that boards generally identify the most qualified CEO candidates, though differences between internal and external hires complicate comparisons.
This document presents a new fault ride-through (FRT) scheme called a bridge-type fault current limiter (BFCL) for a three-phase grid-tied photovoltaic system to optimize performance during unbalanced fault conditions. A 100 kW MATLAB/Simulink model is used to simulate the system response with the new BFCL FRT scheme and compare it to a conventional crowbar circuit approach. Simulation results show the BFCL scheme achieves stable operation with minimal oscillations and ripples for unbalanced fault variables, performing better than the crowbar method. The BFCL is tested under single phase-to-ground and phase-to-phase faults both at the point of common coupling and 5 km away
Power quality improvement using fuzzy logic controller based unified power fl...nooriasukmaningtyas
The power quality of the electrical system is an important issue for industrial, commercial, and housing uses. An increasing request for high quality electrical power and an increasing number of distorting loads had led to increase the consideration of power quality by customers and utilities. The development and use of flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTs) controllers in power transmission systems had led to many applications of these controllers. A unified power flow controller (UPFC) is one of the FACTs elements which is used to control both active and reactive power flow of the transmission line. This paper tried to improve power quality using a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) based UPFC, where it used to control both active and reactive power flow, decreas the total harmonic distortion (THD), correct power factor, regulate line voltage and enhance transient stability. A comparison study of the performance between the system with a conventional PID controller and FLC has been done. The theoretical analysis has been proved by implementing the system using MATLAB/SIMULINK package.
Performance of Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm based Photovoltaic Arra...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that models and simulates a hybrid microgrid system interconnected with a photovoltaic array and utility grid. It uses a DC-DC boost converter controlled by an incremental conductance maximum power point tracking algorithm connected to the photovoltaic panels. A three-phase three-level inverter with IGBT switches is used to convert the DC power to AC power that is synchronized to the utility grid using a phase locked loop control algorithm. The system is simulated under varying sunlight conditions and the desired results are obtained, demonstrating effective maximum power point tracking and grid integration of solar power.
In this paper the harmonic stability is investigated for multi paralleled three-phase photovoltaic inverters connected to grid. The causes to harmonically stabilize/destabilize the multi-paralleled PV inverters when tied to the grid isanalysed by the impedance-based stability criterion (IBSC). In this paper stability of the system is investigated by varying the grid inductance with constant grid resistance and also by varying load impedance while maintaining grid inductance constant. Stability of the multiple three phase inverters tied to the grid with different grid impedance, inductance value inparticular are analyzed. Overall system is stable up to grid inductance of5mH even though there is change in load admittance. It is concluded that system stability depends only on grid impedance. It is verified with Matlab Simulations.
Modeling Simulation and Design of Photovoltaic Array with MPPT Control Techni...IJAPEJOURNAL
The Renewable energy is important part of power generation system due to diminution of fossils fuel. Energy production from photovoltaic (PV) is widely accepted as it is clean, available in abundance, & free of cost. This paper deals with modeling of PV array including the effects of temperature and irradiation. The DC-DC converter is used for boosting low voltage of the PV array to high DC voltage. Since the efficiency of a PV array is around 13% which is low, it is desirable to operate the module at the peak power point to improve the utilization of the PV array. A maximum power point tracker (MPPT) is used for extracting the maximum power from the solar PV array and transferring that power to the load. To track maximum power point (MPP) Perturb & Observe (P & O) algorithm is used which periodically perturbs the array voltage or current and compare PV output power with that of previous perturbation cycle which controls duty cycle of DC-DC converter. The entire system is simulated in MATLAB /SIMULINK and simulation results are presented.
An Intelligent Technique By Using The Method of Constant Coefficient of Short...Ali Mahmood
Photovoltaic (PV) system is extensively increasing since it is clean,
pollution free, and inexhaustible and by consider available resource as a future
energy supply. The PV array output power is used to directly control the Pulse-width
modulation (PWM), dc/dc boost converter, thereby reducing the complexity of the
system. The resulting system has high efficiency with lower cost. This paper presents
an improved Constant Coefficient of Short Circuit Current (CCSCC) Maximum Power
Point Tracking (MPPT) technique under PWM control of photovoltaic (PV) power
generation systems to obtain the maximum output power. The solar panel is
modelled and analyzed in MATLAB/SIMULINK.
IRJET- FPGA Controlled Three Level Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverter for Sola...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a three-level diode clamped multilevel inverter controlled by an FPGA for a solar PV system. It begins with an abstract that outlines the working principle and simulation of the FPGA-controlled three-level inverter fed by a solar PV DC bus. It then discusses the principles of two-level and multilevel inverters, focusing on the diode clamped topology. The document introduces the proposed three-level diode clamped inverter with FPGA control and discusses its advantages like fast switching speeds and low cost. It then shows simulations of the system in MATLAB Simulink and Xilinx, including waveforms that demonstrate the stepped output waveform and reduced harmonics.
14 9737 lightning paper id 0005 edit septianIAESIJEECS
Study the impacts of lightning-induced transient overvoltage on a hybrid PV-Wind system has been addressed in this work. Overvoltage that is generated due to lightning stroke travels along the system where it can be very harmful to the expensive equipment of the system such as PV models, inverters, charge controllers, batteries, transformers, and generator etc. The simulation model of a system has been completed by using PSCAD/EMTDC software. The system comprises of 2 MW PV farm, battery system, 2.1 MW wind farm and loads which are all connected to the common AC bus and then to the utility grid through an interfacing transformer. Lightning current is generated by using the double exponential function, from the simulation results, when the lightning current is injected to the AC and DC sides of PV system, the transient current and voltage have appeared at different points of the hybrid system. The results were obtained for 8/20 μs and 10/350 μs standards lightning waveforms with current magnitude of 100 kA.
Incremental Conductance MPPT Algorithm for PV System Implemented Using DC-DC ...IJERA Editor
This document discusses implementing an incremental conductance maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm for a photovoltaic (PV) system using DC-DC buck and boost converters. It provides mathematical models and analysis of the buck and boost converters. The incremental conductance MPPT algorithm is based on matching the source impedance of the PV panel to the load impedance to extract maximum power. The document compares implementing this algorithm with a buck versus boost converter for transferring power from the PV panel to the load.
This work includes the establishment of a Photovoltaic system connected to the grid by means of an inverter. The fundamental goal of the work is to incorporate an advanced active power flow management scheme in order to adopt load at any weather condition along with the advantage of maximum active power flow and zero harmonics from PV inverter to the grid. The outcome of analysis and control design of grid connected PV inverter using a Proportional-Integral (PI) control technique is based on synchronous dq rotating reference frame so as to achieve maximum output voltage and record the active power. It has been observed that the model provides a better rate of stability as compared to the existing topology.
Design and Simulation of Efficient DC-DC Converter Topology for a Solar PV Mo...Sajin Ismail
Modulated Integrated Converter systems are considered to be the new and global turning point in the field of
Solar PV systems. These converters are highly recognised for its modular size and compact nature and they are supposed to
be attached directly with each PV module and since one PV module is having the power rating of a few watts ranging from
0-500Ws, the design rating would be in the same range and thus the most vital condition in such a design is efficiency
under these relatively low loads. In this paper an isolated interleaved boost converter topology is considered in the DC-DC
section and which is designed and simulated for a specific power rating (250W) and the efficiency is analysed with varying
load conditions and compared with the target efficiency of the system.
IRJET- Power Quality Improvement in Solar by using Fuzzy Logic ControllerIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed system for improving power quality in solar photovoltaic systems using a fuzzy logic controller. The system uses a single-phase inverter controlled by a predictive control algorithm to perform maximum power point tracking from the PV array and deliver power to the grid, while also compensating for current harmonics and reactive power from nonlinear loads. A fuzzy logic control method is applied for maximum power point tracking to handle model uncertainties and nonlinearity. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated using MATLAB simulation.
Hysteresis SVM for Coupled Inductor Z Source Diode Clamped 3-Level Inverter B...IAES-IJPEDS
Due to its advantages such as it can defeat problems such as leakage current
and insertion of DC in the grid and provides low stress on power devices,
Diode-clamped three-level inverter (DCTLI) is habitually used in
transformerless photovoltaic (PV) connected to grid network. But it still has
a problem of shoot-through which dwells in its legs, so its operation not
reliable. Z source network is employed to permit operation without shoot
through risk and improve its reliability. Coupled inductors are replaced the
line transformers in to attain lower cost, reduced size, and improved its
reliability and efficiency. Coupled inductor which avoids leakage current
problem and losses. It employs coupled inductor z source diode clamped
three level inverter (CI-Z-DC-TLI) to boost the voltage and further progress
the consistency of the proposed system by avoiding the shoot through the
problem. The proposed system assures that common-mode voltage
and shoot-through risk is avoided. Moreover, controlling DC-TLI with
Hysteresis SVM algorithm which improves output voltage and current
control. Simulation and experimental results of this proposed system were
analyzed using MATLAB environment and FPGA hardware.
1.firefly algorithm based reactive power control of an isolated wind diesel h...EditorJST
This work proposes the reactive power control of an isolated hybrid power system. The system consists of a synchronous generator incorporated for diesel engine system, induction generator incorporated for the wind energy conversion system. In order to minimize the surplus reactive power requirement of the system, FACTS device SVC is employed in the system. For a robust voltage control of the system, controllers of proportional and integral type have been incorporated for AVR of the excitation system of the synchronous generator and SVC. The controller parameters are optimized using firefly algorithm (FA). The dynamic response of the system has been tested for different degrees of load disturbances plus variable nature of the wind system.
Real and Reactive Power Compensation by using Diode Clamped Multilevel Invert...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using a diode-clamped multilevel inverter based STATCOM to provide both real and reactive power compensation on a transmission line. A STATCOM is a shunt connected device that can regulate voltage and provide reactive power support. A diode-clamped multilevel inverter is proposed for the STATCOM due to its ability to generate stepped voltage waveforms with lower harmonic distortion compared to a two-level inverter. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink show that the multilevel inverter based STATCOM can effectively regulate the voltage and maintain stability of the load while supplying real and reactive power to the transmission line.
In this paper the multicarrier pulse width modulation (MCPWM) with multi value DC voltage source multilevel inverter is presented. These MLI’s are suitable in high voltage & high power application due to their ability to synthesize waveforms with better harmonic spectrum. Seven level inverter is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink. The use of Photovoltaic Cell as a DC source for the multilevel Inverter is proposed here.
Control of Two Stage PV Power System under the Unbalanced Three Phase Grid Vo...ijtsrd
This paper proposes a dynamic power decoupling DPD strategy for the three phase grid tied PV power system without increasing the dc link capacitance. Under normal condition, the interleaved boost converter will extract the maximum power point MPP from the PV array and the three phase inverter will inject the power to the grid. During the unbalanced grid fault scenario, the input power and current of the interleaved boost converter will be controlled by the proposed DPD to achieve the power decoupling capability as well as to eliminate the dc link voltage oscillation. The proposed work has been carried out in MATLAB, and the results are presented. Manasa | Nirmaladevi ""Control of Two Stage PV Power System under the Unbalanced Three-Phase Grid Voltages"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30091.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/30091/control-of-two-stage-pv-power-system-under-the-unbalanced-three-phase-grid-voltages/manasa
A single stage photo voltaic grid-connected inverter using spwmSHAIK AMANULLA
A Single-stage PhotoVoltaic Grid-Connected Inverter using SPWM. It was simulated and modeled with MATLAB/SIMULINK. It was simulated with constant and variable irradiation profiles. I got the results with variations in PV characteristics with different irradiation with SPWM technique.
Application of Variable Inductors in a DC/DC Converter to Increase the Operat...theijes
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using variable inductors in a Cuk DC/DC converter to increase the operating range of a maximum power point tracker (MPPT) at low solar irradiation levels. The variable inductors allow the inductance to decrease at higher currents, reducing component size and cost while maintaining continuous conduction mode over a wider load range. This extends the operating range of the MPPT controller to recover more solar energy during periods of low light or partial shading. Computer simulations using PSCAD/EMTDC validated the effectiveness of the proposed converter design with variable inductance.
The Journal of MC Square Scientific Research is published by MC Square Publication on the monthly basis. It aims to publish original research papers devoted to wide areas in various disciplines of science and engineering and their applications in industry. This journal is basically devoted to interdisciplinary research in Science, Engineering and Technology, which can improve the technology being used in industry. The real-life problems involve multi-disciplinary knowledge, and thus strong inter-disciplinary approach is the need of the research.
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11.design, modeling and performance investigation of gc
1. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.2, No.1, 2011
Design, Modeling and Performance Investigation of GC
PVGS
K.Rajambal, G.Renukadevi, N.K.Sakthivel
Department of Electrical Electronics Engg , Pondicherry Engineering College , Pondicherry ,India
* E-mail of the corresponding author: renunila_1977@yahoo.com
Abstract
This paper proposes a new topology for the power injection system that is based on the parallel association
of two voltage source inverters: one is operated using a quasi-square voltage waveform strategy and the
other operates with a PWM based strategy. The aim of this topology is that the quasi-square inverter injects
the power from the photovoltaic generation system and the PWM inverter controls the current quality. The
proposal optimizes the system design, permitting reduction of system losses and an increase of the energy
injected into the grid.
Keywords: quasi square wave inverter, pulse width Modulation inverter, photo voltaic power system,
modulation Index (M).
1. Introduction
Since the start of the industrial age more than 150Years ago, the world economy was running on fossil fuels,
which were cheap as there was no cost associated with their Production, but only with their extraction and
transportation. The negative effects on the environment became visible only in the last 30 years. Renewable
energy resources will be increasingly important part of power generation in the new Millennium. Besides
assisting in the reduction of the emission of greenhouse gases, they add the much needed flexibility to the
energy resource mix by decreasing the dependence on Fossil fuels. Due to their modular characteristics,
ease of the Installation and because they can be located closer to the user photovoltaic (PV) systems have
great potential as distributed power source to the utilities. PV systems are installed on the roof of the
residential buildings and connected directly to the grid.(called grid-tie or grid-connected ). A grid-tied PV
system consists of two main stages a PV module and power injection System as shown in Figure. 1. In
these PV systems , power Conditioning system (PCS) should have high efficiency and Low cost The
power generated from the renewable energy systems are tied to the utility grid (Doumbia 2004) and
(Jih-heng Lai 2003). In remote places where there is less/no feasibility of utility grids, renewable energy
Systems provides electricity to the isolated region. These isolated renewable energy systems can be
employed to power residential applications. For renewable energy sources, the output voltage and power
typically depends on a variety of uncontrollable factors. for example: radiation intensity determines the
obtainable voltage and power output of a solar panel, wind speed determines voltage and power of a wind
electrical generator; and the output Voltage and power of a fuel cell changes with the operating
temperature, fuel and air flow rates (Detrick 2005) to (DeSouza 2006). To obtain the required
voltage output for varying input conditions, power conditioning Systems (PCS) are introduced
as interfacing scheme between the PV panels and grid . The existing power conversion topologies
used in power conditioning system consist of boost converter and a pulse width
modulation inverter or a multi level inverter. The boost converter enhances the low
voltage output from the renewable energy sources during low input conditions And the
inverter converts the dc power into ac of required voltage and frequency. The two stage
conversion system also increases the system cost and decreases the efficiency of the
system. In this project, an inverter topology without the intermediate dc-dc converter has
been presented. This scheme reduces the system losses and increases the efficiency and increase of the
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2. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.2, No.1, 2011
energy injected into the grid. The proposed inverter is designed for a kW photovoltaic generation system.
Photovoltaic generation scheme along with the inverter is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation is
carried out to study the power flow characteristics for varying solar intensities and modulation indices and
the results are presented.
2. Description of the Pvgs with QSWI-PWM Inverter
Fig.1 shows the inverter topology. This Photovoltaic Generation system presents a topology of the
power injection system (PIS) that has the function of injecting the power produced by the photovoltaic cell
groups, converting the energy from the original DC form to the final AC form with the desired electrical
characteristics. The part of the PIS that carries out this conversion is the inverter (Carrasco 2006) .Usually,
Pulse width modulation (PWM) based inverters (Kwon 2006) or multilevel topology inverters are used
(Gupta 2006). In this paper a new topology for the PIS is presented based on the parallel association of two
voltage source inverters. (VSI): one is operated using a quasi-square voltage waveform strategy
(quasi-square waveform inverter, QSWI).It can be operated with the operating frequency of grid frequency
(50Hz) and the other operates with a PWM based strategy (high-switching-frequency inverter, HSFI).and
this inverter can be operated as high switching frequency of 20kHz.The general purpose of the QSWI is to
inject the power generated by the PVGS into the grid. In order to achieve this, controlling the fundamental
component of the inverter and that of the HSFI is to be responsible for controlling the quality of the current
injected into the grid. The mathematical modeling of the various system components are discussed below:
(a) Modeling Of PV Cell
The characteristics of a solar cell relating the cells voltage to current are expressed
by the equations, that are given below ,The PV cell output current is given as,
q(Vpv + I pvRs
I pv = I ph − I0[exp( ) −1] ......... ( 1 )
AKT
The PV cell output voltage is given as,
AKT I ph − I pv + I0
Vpv = ln( ) − I pvRs ……..( 2 )
q AKT
The light generated current is given as,
I ph = [ I scr + K i (T − 298)]λ / 100 …… ( 3 )
The saturation current is given as,
T 3 qEgo 1 1
I 0 = I or ( ) exp[ ( − )] ..…… (4 )
Tr BK Tr T
(b) Power Injection System
A direct connection to the inverters without a previous DC/DC converter has been chosen. The upper
inverter in the figure.1 (inverter 1) is the Quasi Square Wave Inverter and the lower inverter (inverter 2), is
the High Switching Frequency Inverter. Both inverters share the same DC bus, which is connected to the
PVGS. The capacitor between the PVGS and the PIS must absorb the active power fluctuations (that
always exist in a single-phase system). Therefore it achieves constant power extracted from the PVGS, by
keeping the DC voltage at the output terminal of the PVGS constant under these power fluctuations. The
QSWI is responsible for injecting the energy produced by the PVGS. This inverter deals with high currents
but at low switching frequency (50-60 Hz), resulting in lower losses than if the inverter is operated with a
PWM technique. This inverter injects a current with a high total harmonic distortion (THD) into the grid.
The PWMI is connected in parallel with the QSWI and working as a part of the PIS and its corrects the
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3. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.2, No.1, 2011
current produced by the QSWI improving its THD.The PWMI (working as APF) not only can correct the
QSWI current, but also correct the current demanded by a non-linear load connected to the same point of
common coupling (PCC) than the PVGS. (Usually between 10 to 20 kHz).
(C) Design of Inductance
The QSWI inductance value (L1) must be selected to permit the injection of
the maximum power That the PVGS can generate (which depends on the irradiance
and temperature conditions).The power injected into the grid from the PVGS (neglecting
the PIS losses),
PS = V S I S ,1 = PPVGS …….………….. (5)
As the current is in phase with the grid voltage. The RMS fundamental current
component injected by the QSWI (I1) can be determined by ,
V1 − VS
2 2
I1 = …..……….…… (6)
L1ω
From that two equations we get,
VS
L1 = V1 − VS
2 2
…….………….. (7)
ωPPVGS
The inductance with proposed DC voltage is given by,
VS π
L1 = (0.9Vdc cos )2 −VS .
2
.………………… (8) and,
ωPPVGS 6
Vdc − 2VS
L2 = ..….……………… (9)
i2,slope
The coupled inductors enable the advantage of, output ripple current reduction due to AC
magnetic field cancellation within the inductor core. Improved efficiency due to lower peak
currents. Reduction in required output capacitance. Faster transient response due to the ability
to use lower effective inductance values. Reduced overshoot or undershoot during load transients.
Frequency range up to 2 MHZ.
3. Simulation Results
The individual models of the PV array and inverters are simulated and their characteristics are studied.
Then the models of PV array and inverters are integrated along with grid and simulation is carried out to
study the power flow characteristics for varying solar intensities. The effect of modulation index is studied
and the optimum modulation is identified for different solar intensities for maximizing the power output.
The simulation results are discussed below,
(a) Characteristics of the PV module.
The model equations (1) - (4) of the PV cell detailed in section II (a) are used to obtain the I-V
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ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.2, No.1, 2011
characteristics of the PV module given in appendix. Figure.2 shows the I-V characteristics for varying solar
intensities at constant temperature of 25°C.It observed that the current increases with increase in intensity
thereby increasing the power output of the solar cell. It is observed that the PV array generates 550V
Voltage and 8.8A current at the rated intensity of 100mW/cm² with 34 modules in series and 2 modules in
parallel. Figure.3 shows that I-V characteristics for varying temperature at rated intensity of 100mW/cm².It
is observed that the current variation for marginal temperature variation from 25°C to 65°C.The output
power versus power characteristics of the PV array for different intensity is shown in Figure.4 It is observed
that the power increases with increasing voltage and reaches a maximum value and starts decreasing for
any further increase in voltage. It is also seen that the output power increases with increasing intensity.
(b) PIS results
The quasi square wave inverter and pulse width modulation inverter are modeled in MATLAB-SIMULINK.
The performance of the grid connected PIS which includes PWM and QSW Inverters are studied for
different modulation indices. Figure.5 shows the firing pulses for Quasi Square Wave Inverter. A reference
sine wave of 50Hz is compared with constant dc voltage to generate the firing pulse. The output voltage is
varied by controlling the width of the pulse. In this switching scheme, the positive and negative half cycles
are present for an interval less than the half the period of the output frequency. The QSWI is responsible for
injecting the energy produced by the PVGS. The steady state voltage and current waveforms of the inverter
are presented in Figures.6&7. It is seen that peak current of the QSWI is about 17 A without the controller.
A reference sine wave of 50Hz is compared with triangular wave of 20 kHz to generate the firing pulse.
The width of each pulse varies as a sine fashion. The frequency of the reference determines the output
frequency of the inverter. The number of pulses in each half cycle depends on the carrier frequency. The
output voltage is controlled by adjusting the modulation index. The PWMI is connected in parallel with the
QSWI and working as a part of the PIS and its corrects the current produced by the QSWI improving its
THD are seen from Figure.11. The main advantage of the proposed system is the inverter loss decrease,
because the QSWI has low losses which are due principally to conduction. The switching losses are small
because the switching frequency matches the grid frequency, near 50Hz. The conduction losses could be
even further reduced if a low ON- voltage semiconductor is selected, since no high speed switching
semiconductors are needed for this inverter. But also losses in the HSFI (principally due to the switching
losses) decrease notably, because the current levels for this inverter are lower than those produced if it was
working alone (without the QSWI cooperation). This can be observed in Figure.10. Where the maximum
instantaneous current value is lower than 3 A, a value that is significantly lower than the maximum value of
15 A for the total injected current, Figure.11. If one assumes that the switching losses are proportional to the
maximum instantaneous current value, these losses will be reduced to approximately 20%. Therefore the
high switching semiconductors used in this inverter will have a current ratio of about five times lower than
the semiconductor used in a conventional PWM inverter for the same task. The reduction in losses allows
one to use a smaller aluminium radiator. Furthermore, the QSWI inductor can be built with a conventional
core coil designed for a working frequency of 50 Hz (ferromagnetic core and conventional cupper wire),
and the HSFI inductor can be built with an air core coil with smaller section cupper wire (usually special
cupper wires must be used due to the high switching frequency), because the RMS current value is smaller
than if it operates alone.
4. Control system
The PIS control can be divided into the blocks shown in the schematic diagram of Figure. 12.
(a) Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) block:
The objective of this block is to set and to maintain the PVGS at its maximum power point (MPP). When
the PVGS is working at this point, one hast that,
dPPVGS
=0 ..….……. (10)
dVPV
The MPPT scheme is shown in Figure. 13. In the proposed system, this condition is achieved by
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5. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.2, No.1, 2011
considering the power derivative as the error input of a proportional integral (PI) controller. In this way if
the PI controller is well-designed, the power derivative will become zero in the steady state and the MPP
will be tracked. A saturation function has been included to prevent the improper operation of the integral
part of the controller during start-up transients. A low-pass filter is included to eliminate the components in
the power derivative due to the switching frequency.
(b) Reference Supply Current Generation Block
This is the principal block of the proposed control system, because it guarantees that the current extracted
from the PVGS is the desired one and so the MPP is tracked. The RMS value of the fundamental current
component that must be injected into the grid is determined by neglecting the PIS losses:
VPV I PV ,ref
I S ,ref = ..….……. ( 11 )
VS
This reference current value is tuned by the output of an additional PI whose input is the error between the
reference current that must be extracted from the PVGS(determined by the MPPT block) and the actual
one(measured from the system). The aim of this tuning is to compensate the system losses that have not
been considered in (11).The RSCG block contains a synchronization module in fig.14. that generates two
sinusoidal signals with unity RMS value, which are in phase (the first one) and in quadrature (the second
one) with the fundamental grid voltage component, and an RMS grid voltage fundamental component
calculation module .As a result the reference supply current is a sinusoidal wave in phase with the grid
voltage, and its RMS value is equal to that given by (11).
(c) Signal Generation for Inverter 1
This block implements the collaboration between the two inverters and their principle of operation was
described in above. Figures 15 and 16 shows the schematic diagram for each inverter. In Figure.15 the
function block “Fcn” implements equation (11) , and the function block “Fcn1” is used to avoid values
greater than 1 for the arc cosine function of this equation.
(d) Switching Signal Generation for Inverter 2
The QSWI is operated in a quasi-open-loop obtaining the value of β from the reference supply current
(determined in part B), not its measured value. The HSFI switching signals are generated based on the error
existing between the reference supply current and the measured one, by using a hysteresis band that
compares the error with zero for a fixed sample period (Figure.16).
5. Controller results:
The closed loop control systems are simulated with the parameters given in Appendix. The simulation
results of the PVGS and Inverter are studied individually and the overall system performance for varying
solar intensities and modulation indices are observed. From Figure.17 to 21 shows that the performance of
the PVGS and the grid connected system results of the both inverter currents are simulated at rated intensity
of 100mW/cm². The main advantage of the proposed system is the inverter loss decrease, because the
QSWI has low losses which are due principally to conduction. The switching losses are small because the
switching frequency matches the grid frequency, near 50Hz. The conduction losses could be even further
reduced if a low ON- voltage semiconductor is selected, since no high speed switching semiconductors are
needed for this inverter. But also losses in the HSFI (principally due to the switching losses) decrease
notably, because the current levels for this inverter are lower than those produced if it was working alone
(without the QSWI cooperation). This can be observed in Figure. 21. Where the maximum instantaneous
current value is lower than 3 A, a value that is significantly lower than the maximum value of 15 A for the
total injected current shown in Figure.22. If one assumes that the switching losses are proportional to the
maximum instantaneous current value, these losses will be reduced to approximately 20%. Therefore the
high switching semiconductors used in this inverter will have a current ratio of about five times lower than
the semiconductor used in a conventional PWM inverter for the same task. The reduction in losses allows
one to use a smaller aluminium radiator. Furthermore, the QSWI inductor can be built with a conventional
core coil designed for a working frequency of 50 Hz (ferromagnetic core and conventional cupper wire),
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6. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.2, No.1, 2011
and the HSFI inductor can be built with an air core coil with smaller section cupper wire (usually special
cupper wires must be used due to the high switching frequency), because the RMS current value is smaller
than if it operates alone. The total inductor losses will be lower: (a) the electric losses in inductor of inverter
1 decrease because it has a lower resistance (R1) then if it had been built with air core coils
(because far fewer turns of copper wire are needed). Ferromagnetic losses will be small since the
operation frequency is 50 Hz.(b) the electric losses in inductor of inverter 2 decrease too, because the RMS
of the current that flows through it(I 2) is reduced by five times Although the cost could seem to increase
due to the more complex topology and control and to the higher number of semiconductors needed, others
factor related to cost should be taken into account: decrease in losses and so decrease in the size of the
aluminium radiator, possibility of using ferromagnetic core inductors for filtering the greater fraction of the
current (this inductors are about 30% less expensive than air core inductors), possibility of using slower
semiconductors (so cheaper devices) for the greater current fraction, and using lower rating high frequency
semiconductors (because they operate with a lower current fraction).
6. Experimental results:
The prototype model of this scheme has been implemented in hardware. The prototype model has been
tested with a laboratory Prototype (Figure.23) solar module (supplying 12 VDC) is connected to a four
branches inverter (MOSFET-IRF840) and it can be connected into the load. The results are shown in Figure.
24 to 29.The proposed PIS behaves as in the simulation setup. The output voltage of the 15W PV module is
found to vary from 15.07V to 18.09Volt over a day. The corresponding output voltages of the inverter
voltage are varying from 11.8V to 13.2Volt.The output voltage and current waveform are observed and
presented. The hardware results are compared with the simulation results. It is found that the hardware a
result closely matches with the simulation results, thus validating the simulation model of the grid
connected PVGS.
7. Conclusion
The power characteristics of the photovoltaic generation system is investigated for varying solar
intensisties.The power output of the photovoltaic module, the voltage and currents of the inverters and the
power export to the grid are observed for different intensities. The effect of modulation index is studied and
the optimum modulation is identified for every solar intensities for maximizing the power output. A closed
loop control is designed to maximize the power output for varying intensities. The proposed system
optimizes the system design, permitting the reduction of the system losses (conduction and switching losses,
and Joule effect losses in inductors) and so increases the energy effectively injected into the grid. There will
consequently be an increase in profit when selling this energy.
APPENDIX
PV Generation System
Parameter Value
34
Number of series connected cells
2
Number of parallel connected cells
SHELL BP150-P
Photovoltaic cell reference
8.8A
MPP current (25°C, 100mW/cm²)
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Vol.2, No.1, 2011
550V
MPP voltage (25°C, 100mW/cm²)
Power rating at rated intensity of 100(mW/cm²) 3kW
Power Injection System
50mh ×2
Filter inductance L1
25mH ×2
Filter inductance L2
20 kHz
Switching frequency
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Power Point Tracking”. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol 54, issue 3, pages 1696 – 1704.
Kwon.J.-M, Nam.K.-H, Kwon.B.H (2006), “Photovoltaic Power Conditioning System with Line
Connection”. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, issue 4, pages 1048- 1054.
Gupta.A.K, Khambadkone.A.M (2006). “A Space Vector PWM Scheme for Multilevel Inverters Based on
Two-Level Space Vector PWM”. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, issue 5, pages
1631 – 1639.
Rico, Amparo,Cadaval, Enrique Romero; Montero, Maria Isabel Milanes (2007) “Power Injection Control
System and Experimental Model based on Manufacturer Characteristic Curves for a Photovoltaic
Generation System”. Compatibility in Power Electronics,CPE '07, pages 1 – 7. May 29 2007.
18
8. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.2, No.1, 2011
Figure.1. Power Conditioning System for a Grid connected Photovoltaic System Figure.2 I-V characteristics of PV module for varying solar
intensities at rated cell temperature
Figure.3 I-V characteristics of PV module for different cell temperature Figure .4 Power characteristics for various solar
at rated intensity intensities at rated cell temperature
Figure.5. Firing pulse for QSWI Figure.6. Quasi Square Wave Inverter Voltage
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9. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.2, No.1, 2011
Figure.7. Quasi Square Wave Inverter Current Figure.8. Firing pulse for PWMI
Figure.9.Pulse Width Modulation Inverter Voltage Figure.10. High Switching Frequency Inverter
Current
Figure.11. Current Injected into the grid Figure.12 Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
Figure.13 MPPT scheme Figure.14.RSCG block contains a synchronization module
20
10. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
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Figure.15. Inverter Switching Figure.16. Inverter Switching
Figure.17 PVGS Current at 100mW/cm² Figure.18 Power Extracted from the PVGS
Figure.19 Supply reference current rms Figure.20.Quasi Square Wave Inverter Current
Figure.21. High Switching Frequency Inverter Current Figure.22.Current Injected into the grid
21
11. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.2, No.1, 2011
Figure.23. Hardware setup Figure.24. Firing pulse for QSWI
Figure.25. Firing pulse for PWMI Figure.26. Quasi Square Wave Inverter Voltage
Figure.27. Pulse Width Modulation Inverter Voltage Figure.28. High Switching Frequency Inverter Current
Table 1
DC AC
VOLTAGE VOLTAGE CURRENT POWER
15 12.2 0.51 6.22
16 12.8 0.65 8.32
17 12.9 0.67 8.64
18 13.5 0.69 9.31
Fig.29. Load Voltage
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ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
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Table 2
DC AC VOLTAGE AC VOLTAGE
TIME VOLTAGE (Peak) (Rms) CURRENT POWER
9.30 am 15.07 16.68 11.8 0.49 5.78
10.30
15.19 17.53 12.4 0.54 6.69
am
11.30
16.16 18.10 12.8 0.62 7.93
am
12.30
16.27 18.24 12.9 0.64 8.25
pm
1.30 pm 18.09 18.66 13.2 0.66 8.71
2.30 pm 17.92 17.67 12.5 0.64 8.00
3.30 pm 15.08 16.68 11.8 0.60 7.08
4.30 pm 11.83 11.03 7.8 0.5 3.9
Bibliography of authors
K.Rajambal received her Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical &
Electronics, Master of Engineering in power electronics and Ph.D in Wind Energy
Systems in 1991, 1993 and 2005 respectively from Anna University, Chennai,
India. She is working as a Associate professor in the Department of Electrical and
Electronics in Pondicherry Engineering College,Pondicherry, India. Her area of
interest includes in the fields of Wind Energy systems and Photovoltaic Cell, Power
Converter such as DC-DC Converters, AC-AC Converters and Multilevel Inverters
with soft switching PWM schemes and power electronics application towards
power systems. She has published papers in national, international conferences and
journals in the field of non renewable energy sources and power electronics.
G.Renukadevi received her Undergraduate Degree in Electrical Engineering from
The Institution of Engineers, India in 2006 and Master of technology in Electrical
Drives and Control from Pondicherry Engineering College, Pondicherry, India in
2009. Now pursuing Ph.D in Pondicherry Engineering College, Pondicherry, India.
Her field of interest is power electronics, Drives and control, Modeling, AI
techniques and control systems.
N.K.Sakthivel received Master of technology in Electrical Drives and Control in
2010 from Pondicherry Engineering College, Pondicherry, India in 2009.His field of
interest is power electronics, renewable energy and control systems.
23
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