This work proposes the reactive power control of an isolated hybrid power system. The system consists of a synchronous generator incorporated for diesel engine system, induction generator incorporated for the wind energy conversion system. In order to minimize the surplus reactive power requirement of the system, FACTS device SVC is employed in the system. For a robust voltage control of the system, controllers of proportional and integral type have been incorporated for AVR of the excitation system of the synchronous generator and SVC. The controller parameters are optimized using firefly algorithm (FA). The dynamic response of the system has been tested for different degrees of load disturbances plus variable nature of the wind system.
Dynamic Modeling of Autonomous Wind–diesel system with Fixed-speed Wind TurbineIJAPEJOURNAL
Wind turbines have often connected to small power systems, operating in parallel to diesel generators, as is typically the case in autonomous wind–diesel installations or small island systems with high wind potential. Hence, the modeling and analysis of the dynamic behavior of wind–diesel power systems in presence of wind power will be important. In this paper, the system under study is modeled by a set of dynamic and algebraic equations (DAE). Dynamic behavior of a wind-diesel system is investigated by the proposed dynamic model. Wind-diesel system consists of wind turbines that are connected to synchronous diesel generator via short transmission line with local load. Dynamic stability of autonomous wind–diesel systems are discussed with emphasis on the eigenvalue analysis and the effective parameters on system stability. In this regards, saddle node bifurcation and hopf bifurcation are also investigated.
Hybrid system with multi-connected boost converterIJERA Editor
Environmentally friendly solutions are becoming more prominent than ever as a result of concern regarding the
state of our deteriorating planet. This paper presents a new system configuration of the front-end rectifier stage
for a hybrid wind/photovoltaic energy system. This configuration allows the two sources to supply the load
separately or simultaneously depending on the availability of the energy sources. The inherent nature of this
Cuk-SEPIC fused converter, additional input filters are not necessary to filter out high frequency harmonics.
Harmonic content is detrimental for the generator lifespan, heating issues, and efficiency. The fused multiinput
rectifier stage also allows Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) to be used to extract maximum power from
the wind and sun when it is available. An adaptive MPPT algorithm will be used for the wind system and a
standard perturb and observe method will be used for the PV system. Operational analysis of the proposed
system will be discussed in this paper. Simulation results are given to highlight the merits of the proposed
circuit
This paper explained details of Comparison of solar based closed loop DC -DC converter using PID and ANN Control for Shunt motor drive. Solar panel output is given to full bridge converter, stepup transformer, full wave converter, ∏ filter and Shunt motor drive are connected.Comparator compare the set value and the output signal of the motor produce a signal, based on the signal, full wave conveter produce the voltage to run the motor, Speed of motor,Torque and Armature current,Rise time,Peak time, Settling time and Steady state error are measured and evaluated by experimental.A circuit operation and simulation designed for a 1000 RPM speed of shunt motor arrived and tested.
In recent years, applications of facts systems have been developed for the compensation of active and reactive power. Facts systems are electronics devices that are connected to the wind farm. This paper presents the impacts of some of these devices on the stability of a wind farm, especially D-STATCOM, Static Var Compensator and Fuzzy SVC controller. First, a presentation of D-STATCOM, SVC, then fuzzy logic controller. In simulation study, the D-STATCOM ensures the stability of the voltage and current at the point of connection with the electrical grid. Finally, Comparing the SVC to the F-SVC simulations, we notice that the F-SVC is more performed than SVC for the compensation of the active and reactive power.
Passivity Based Control for PV Applications by Using a Buck Power Converter
The use of power converters for everyday applications is becoming more and more important. Current technological applications simultaneously demand a high level of precision and performance, so DC-DC converters have a very important role in systems requiring energy level conversion and adaptation. As part of the work of this paper, we are interested in an analysis of modeling and control law synthesis approaches to ensure stability and a certain level of performance in the entire operating domain. The objective of our research work is therefore to propose a control law whose synthesis is based on a formalized (modeling & control) approach with a view to obtaining a control law adapted to the operating point. The principles used are based on the control and observation by the theory of passivity for the synthesis of control law of buck power converter for PV Applications.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF WIND TURBINE IN GRID-OFF SYSTEM Mellah Hacene
Abstract
This paper deals with the construction of a mathematical model of a wind turbine, which is one of the sources in the Grid-Off
system.
Keywords: mathematical model, wind turbine, Grid-Off system, electric generator, wind conditions.
1 Introduction
As one of the power sources of the Grid-Off system is a wind turbine. It is advantageous to work with a
mathematical model for the need of experimental research. In Fig. 1 is a schematic connection of a wind turbine
to a container, which is a Grid-Off system. [1-4]
This document presents an implementation of space vector modulation (SVM) for a two-level three-phase inverter using a dSPACE DS1104 controller. It describes the principles of SVM, including voltage vector modeling, sector detection, and pulse generation. Hardware experiments were conducted to validate a SVM control algorithm developed in Simulink. Results showed line voltages from the real hardware matched simulation. THD comparisons confirmed SVM provides lower distortion and higher fundamental output than sinusoidal PWM. The dSPACE system allows real-time testing of control algorithms on actual hardware.
Performance of FACTS Devices for Power System Stabilityijeei-iaes
When a power grid is connected to an induction type wind electric generator (WEG), when there is variation in load and wind speed, grid voltage also vary. In this paper, we study what is the impact when there is a variation of load and wind by variation of real power and reactive power consumed by WEG effect of load and wind speed variations on real power supplied and reactive power consumed by the WEG as well as voltage on the grid are studied. The voltage variation in the grid is controlled by reactive power compensation using shunt connected Static VAR Compensator (SVC) comprising Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR) and Fixed Capacitor (FC). With the help of Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC), TCR is operated automatically.
Dynamic Modeling of Autonomous Wind–diesel system with Fixed-speed Wind TurbineIJAPEJOURNAL
Wind turbines have often connected to small power systems, operating in parallel to diesel generators, as is typically the case in autonomous wind–diesel installations or small island systems with high wind potential. Hence, the modeling and analysis of the dynamic behavior of wind–diesel power systems in presence of wind power will be important. In this paper, the system under study is modeled by a set of dynamic and algebraic equations (DAE). Dynamic behavior of a wind-diesel system is investigated by the proposed dynamic model. Wind-diesel system consists of wind turbines that are connected to synchronous diesel generator via short transmission line with local load. Dynamic stability of autonomous wind–diesel systems are discussed with emphasis on the eigenvalue analysis and the effective parameters on system stability. In this regards, saddle node bifurcation and hopf bifurcation are also investigated.
Hybrid system with multi-connected boost converterIJERA Editor
Environmentally friendly solutions are becoming more prominent than ever as a result of concern regarding the
state of our deteriorating planet. This paper presents a new system configuration of the front-end rectifier stage
for a hybrid wind/photovoltaic energy system. This configuration allows the two sources to supply the load
separately or simultaneously depending on the availability of the energy sources. The inherent nature of this
Cuk-SEPIC fused converter, additional input filters are not necessary to filter out high frequency harmonics.
Harmonic content is detrimental for the generator lifespan, heating issues, and efficiency. The fused multiinput
rectifier stage also allows Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) to be used to extract maximum power from
the wind and sun when it is available. An adaptive MPPT algorithm will be used for the wind system and a
standard perturb and observe method will be used for the PV system. Operational analysis of the proposed
system will be discussed in this paper. Simulation results are given to highlight the merits of the proposed
circuit
This paper explained details of Comparison of solar based closed loop DC -DC converter using PID and ANN Control for Shunt motor drive. Solar panel output is given to full bridge converter, stepup transformer, full wave converter, ∏ filter and Shunt motor drive are connected.Comparator compare the set value and the output signal of the motor produce a signal, based on the signal, full wave conveter produce the voltage to run the motor, Speed of motor,Torque and Armature current,Rise time,Peak time, Settling time and Steady state error are measured and evaluated by experimental.A circuit operation and simulation designed for a 1000 RPM speed of shunt motor arrived and tested.
In recent years, applications of facts systems have been developed for the compensation of active and reactive power. Facts systems are electronics devices that are connected to the wind farm. This paper presents the impacts of some of these devices on the stability of a wind farm, especially D-STATCOM, Static Var Compensator and Fuzzy SVC controller. First, a presentation of D-STATCOM, SVC, then fuzzy logic controller. In simulation study, the D-STATCOM ensures the stability of the voltage and current at the point of connection with the electrical grid. Finally, Comparing the SVC to the F-SVC simulations, we notice that the F-SVC is more performed than SVC for the compensation of the active and reactive power.
Passivity Based Control for PV Applications by Using a Buck Power Converter
The use of power converters for everyday applications is becoming more and more important. Current technological applications simultaneously demand a high level of precision and performance, so DC-DC converters have a very important role in systems requiring energy level conversion and adaptation. As part of the work of this paper, we are interested in an analysis of modeling and control law synthesis approaches to ensure stability and a certain level of performance in the entire operating domain. The objective of our research work is therefore to propose a control law whose synthesis is based on a formalized (modeling & control) approach with a view to obtaining a control law adapted to the operating point. The principles used are based on the control and observation by the theory of passivity for the synthesis of control law of buck power converter for PV Applications.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF WIND TURBINE IN GRID-OFF SYSTEM Mellah Hacene
Abstract
This paper deals with the construction of a mathematical model of a wind turbine, which is one of the sources in the Grid-Off
system.
Keywords: mathematical model, wind turbine, Grid-Off system, electric generator, wind conditions.
1 Introduction
As one of the power sources of the Grid-Off system is a wind turbine. It is advantageous to work with a
mathematical model for the need of experimental research. In Fig. 1 is a schematic connection of a wind turbine
to a container, which is a Grid-Off system. [1-4]
This document presents an implementation of space vector modulation (SVM) for a two-level three-phase inverter using a dSPACE DS1104 controller. It describes the principles of SVM, including voltage vector modeling, sector detection, and pulse generation. Hardware experiments were conducted to validate a SVM control algorithm developed in Simulink. Results showed line voltages from the real hardware matched simulation. THD comparisons confirmed SVM provides lower distortion and higher fundamental output than sinusoidal PWM. The dSPACE system allows real-time testing of control algorithms on actual hardware.
Performance of FACTS Devices for Power System Stabilityijeei-iaes
When a power grid is connected to an induction type wind electric generator (WEG), when there is variation in load and wind speed, grid voltage also vary. In this paper, we study what is the impact when there is a variation of load and wind by variation of real power and reactive power consumed by WEG effect of load and wind speed variations on real power supplied and reactive power consumed by the WEG as well as voltage on the grid are studied. The voltage variation in the grid is controlled by reactive power compensation using shunt connected Static VAR Compensator (SVC) comprising Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR) and Fixed Capacitor (FC). With the help of Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC), TCR is operated automatically.
This document proposes a sensorless estimator for speed, armature temperature, and resistance in brushed DC machines using a cascade-forward neural network (CFNN) and quasi-Newton BFGS backpropagation. A thermal model is used to estimate temperature without a thermal sensor. Simulation results show the CFNN estimates match the model outputs, estimating speed with less than 2% error. This approach provides sensorless simultaneous estimation of multiple parameters without some limitations of prior methods like the extended Kalman filter.
11.design, modeling and performance investigation of gcAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new topology for a photovoltaic power injection system. The system uses two voltage source inverters in parallel - a quasi-square wave inverter and a PWM inverter. The quasi-square inverter injects power from the PV system into the grid, while the PWM inverter controls current quality. The design is modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results show the power flow characteristics for varying solar intensity and modulation indices. The proposed topology optimizes the system design by reducing losses and increasing the energy injected into the grid compared to traditional boost converter and PWM inverter designs.
Design, modeling and performance investigation of gcAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new topology for a photovoltaic power injection system using two voltage source inverters connected in parallel. One inverter operates with a quasi-square voltage waveform at the grid frequency, while the other uses pulse width modulation at a higher switching frequency. The quasi-square inverter injects power from the PV system, while the PWM inverter controls current quality. The proposed system was modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink to analyze power flow characteristics under varying solar intensity and modulation index. Simulation results showed that the system optimizes design, reduces losses, and increases energy injected into the grid compared to a conventional single inverter system.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an enhanced fault ride-through technique for permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbine systems using a DC link-based rotor-side controller. The paper begins with an introduction to PMSG wind turbines and issues around voltage fluctuations and faults. It then reviews three existing grid-connected wind power systems based on PMSG, squirrel cage induction generator, and doubly fed induction generator. The proposed control scheme is compared to conventional control schemes, with simulation results showing the proposed scheme responding faster and more accurately to faults while eliminating the need for a DC chopper. In conclusion, the proposed strategy satisfies power system requirements under different grid conditions and regulates active/reactive current directly through the grid
Control Schemes for Distribution Grids with Mass Distributed GenerationUmair Shahzad
This paper discusses the control schemes for distribution grids with a large amount of wind penetration. Microgrids are constantly gaining popularity, especially in the countries, where there is energy crisis. They are an effective way for providing power to local loads. In case of main grid failure, they ensure smooth and seamless power transfer. Various electrical systems, including synchronous generators, grid and loads, have been investigated in this paper. All simulation work is carried out using SimPower Systems. Major focus is placed on active and reactive power sharing. Load transients have also been modelled. Moreover, power sharing under variable wind has also been simulated and analysed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
IRJET-CUK Converter Based PV Module for Excitation Ff Synchronous MachineIRJET Journal
Vishant G. Naik , Santosh Singh Negi"CUK Converter Based PV Module for Excitation Ff Synchronous Machine", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume2,issue-01 April 2015.e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net
Abstract
The unavailability of fossil fuel and increasing demand for energy has pushed us towards finding alternative source of energy. The solar energy can be used for excitation of synchronous machine as an alternative source of energy. Due to increasing efficiencies and decreasing cost of PV cells, various MPPT algorithms have been implemented. In this paper a Cuk converter has been used in order to achieve constant excitation voltage which is required for exciting field winding of synchronous machine. MATLAB software has been used for simulation of both solar cell and Cuk converter which are modeled using sim power system blocks.
IRJET- Improvement of Power System Stability in Wind Turbine by using Facts D...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a predictive power control strategy to improve the stability of power systems with wind farms that use doubly fed induction generator wind turbines. The strategy involves using a super capacitor energy storage system to control the active power from the grid side converter and using a static synchronous series compensator to reduce low frequency oscillations. A model predictive control approach is used to predict the future system response and increase damping. Simulation results on MATLAB/Simulink show the control strategy is able to stabilize voltage and current signals within 0.25 and 0.29 seconds respectively, improving upon conventional PI control.
Cascade forward neural network based on resilient backpropagation for simulta...Mellah Hacene
Cascade-Forward Neural Network Based on Resilient Backpropagation for Simultaneous Parameters and State Space Estimations of Brushed DC Machines
Advances in Modelling and Analysis B
Design and fabrication of rotor lateral shifting in the axial-flux permanent-...IJECEIAES
The development of axial-flux permanent-magnet (AFPM) machines has become a mature technology. The single-stator double-rotor (SSDR) AFPM structure has advantages on the compactness and the low up to medium power applications so the microscale size and low-cost applications are reachable to be designed. The research main objectives are designing and manufacturing the lateral shifting from the north poles of the first rotor face the north poles of the second rotor (NN) to the north poles of the first rotor face the south poles of the second rotor (NS) categories as well as finding the best performance of the proposed method and implementing in a low cost and micro-scale AFPMG. The novel lateral shifting on the one of the rotors shows performance at 19.2 0 has the highest efficiency at 88.39% during lateral shifting from N–N (0 0 ) to N–S (36 0 ) on rotor 2.
This document proposes a compensation strategy using an Unified Power Quality Compensator (UPQC) device to mitigate power quality issues caused by the injection of wind power into electric grids. The UPQC is controlled using both proportional integral (PI) and fuzzy logic controllers to regulate the wind farm's terminal voltage and filter active and reactive power fluctuations. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink are presented to compare the performance of the UPQC using different control strategies, as well as total harmonic distortion calculations.
Performance investigation of stand-alone induction generator based on STATCOM...IJECEIAES
Self-Excited induction generators (SEIG) display a low voltage and frequency regulation due to variable applied load and input rotation speed. Current work presents a simulation and performance analysis of a three-phase wind-driven, SEIG connect to a three-phase load. In addition, an investigation of the dynamic operation of the induction generator from starting steady state until no-load operation. It is assumed that the input mechanical power is constant where the rotor of the SEIG rotates at a constant speed. The value of the excitation capacitance which is necessary to the operation of the induction generator also computed to ensure a smooth and self-excitation starting. The output voltage of the generator is adjusted by varying the reactive power injected by STATCOM. A 3-phase IGBT voltage source inverter with a fuel cell input supply is connected as STATCOM which is used to compensate for the reduction in the supply voltage and its frequency due to variation occurred in the applied loads. This work includes introducing a neuro-fuzzyy logic controller to enhance the performance of the SEIG by regulation the generated voltage and frequency. The dynamic model of SEIG with STATCOM and loads are implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Enhancement of Voltage Stability by using Fuel Cell as Shunt CompensatorIRJET Journal
This document proposes using a fuel cell system as a shunt compensator to enhance voltage stability in a power distribution system. It models a proton exchange membrane fuel cell connected to a boost converter and three-phase inverter to inject power into the grid. Simulation results in MATLAB Simulink show that connecting the fuel cell compensator maintains voltage levels closer to acceptable ranges when additional loads are added, improving voltage stability, compared to the system without the compensator. The fuel cell system with power electronic interfaces provides flexible distributed generation and reactive power support to enhance power quality and reliability.
Adaptive maximum power point tracking using neural networks for a photovoltai...Mellah Hacene
Adaptive Maximum Power Point Tracking Using Neural Networks for a Photovoltaic Systems According Grid
Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics, (5), 57–66, 2021. https://doi.org/10.20998/2074-272X.2021.5.08
Power transformer faults diagnosis using undestructive methods and ann for dg...Mellah Hacene
Power transformer faults diagnosis using undestructive methods (Roger and IEC) and artificial neural network for dissolved gas analysis applied on the functional transformer in the Algerian north-eastern: a comparative study
Bouchaoui Lahcene, Kamel Eddine Hemsas, Hacene Mellah, saad eddine benlahneche
Nowadays, power transformer aging and failures are viewed with great attention in power transmission industry. Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) is classified among the biggest widely used methods used within the context of asset management policy to detect the incipient faults in their earlier stage in power transformers. Up to now, several procedures have been employed for the lecture of DGA results. Among these useful means, we find Key Gases, Rogers Ratios, IEC Ratios, the historical technique less used today Doernenburg Ratios, the two types of Duval Pentagons methods, several versions of the Duval Triangles method and Logarithmic Nomograph. Problem. DGA data extracted from different units in service served to verify the ability and reliability of these methods in assessing the state of health of the power transformer. Aim. An improving the quality of diagnostics of electrical power transformer by artificial neural network tools based on two conventional methods in the case of a functional power transformer at Sétif province in East North of Algeria. Methodology. Design an inelegant tool for power transformer diagnosis using neural networks based on traditional methods IEC and Rogers, which allows to early detection faults, to increase the reliability, of the entire electrical energy system from transport to consumers and improve a continuity and quality of service. Results. The solution of the problem was carried out by using feed-forward back-propagation neural networks implemented in MATLAB-Simulink environment. Four real power transformers working under different environment and climate conditions such as: desert, humid, cold were taken into account. The practical results of the diagnosis of these power transformers by the DGA are presented. Practical value.....
A New Method of Reference Signal Generation Applied To UPQC-PHEV For Grid Int...IJERA Editor
In this paper a new reference signal generation control technique is proposed for integration of Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) with Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) for overcoming voltage sag and other voltage fault conditions on wind farms which is connected to grid. The interaction of wind generators and grid causes increased short circuit current which leads to instability during fault conditions. The new control technique which generate reference signals for series active power filter (Series APF) and shunt active power filter (Shunt APF) of UPQC by using PHEV as an Energy Storage System (ESS) which will take care of all types of voltage faults occurred in the system and provide energy storage to DC link between Series APF and Shunt APF parts of UPQC. The control scheme proposed also maintains transaction of active and reactive power of Wind Energy Conversion System based on Squirrel Cage Induction Generators (WECS-SCIG) and grid. The fuzzy logic provides fast and dynamic response to clear faults occurred in the system
Design and Development of Power Electronic Controller for Grid-connected PV A...IJAPEJOURNAL
Design and simulation of a simple power electronic interface for grid-connected PV array has been proposed using boost converter and line-commutated inverter with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller. The output of PV array varies with irradiation, and hence the duty cycle of the PI controller is adjusted automatically to supply a constant DC voltage to the inverter circuit, the output of which is directly connected to the grid. The MPPT controller extracts maximum power from the solar array and feeds it to the single-phase utility grid. The proposed scheme has been modeled in the MATLAB 7.1 software and the complete system has been simulated for open loop and closed loop configurations. The active power fed to the grid is taken for different firing angles in open loop mode and the firing angle for maximum power has been determined. This is compared with the firing angle obtained from the closed loop mode and found that both results agree with each other.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a study on controlling DC/DC converters for maximum power tracking in solar energy systems. The study analyzed buck, boost, and buck-boost converter performance using a discrete-time proportional-integral control algorithm to track the maximum power points of a solar array. Simulation and experimental results showed the converters successfully tracked maximum power points under changing solar irradiance. The buck converter achieved the highest efficiency of around 90%. The control method and converter configurations allow solar energy systems to effectively transfer power from solar arrays.
6.a review on wear behaviour of clutch plate made of peek composite materialEditorJST
The conventional clutch plate made of carbon fiber and ceramic mixture of copper, iron, tin bronze,
silicon dioxide, and/or graphite, typical alloy is a lamellar pearlitic gray iron like G11H20b of which, it can be
replaced by developing of new materials for reducing the wear rate of the clutch plate the materials chosen is
Poly Ether Ether Ketone (PEEK) based composites mixed with silicon carbide powder shows better results in
which it can be manufactured by the injection moulding process and it is tested in Friction and wear experiment
wear run under constant temperature in a pin-on-disc arrangement, PEEK and its composites used in this
investigated the friction coefficient decreases with the increasing load on PEEK. The composite showed a very
low friction coefficient and wear rate increase in the normal applied load sliding distance decreases wear rate.
Further the wear and friction behaviour decreases with increases the gradually by addition of fillers.
This paper analysis the engine vibration on the engine mount for heavy duty engines, in vehicle chassis mount of engine is major role So, vibration design of engine mount is one of the main items on the phase of vehicle development, the design should be optimized considering various design variables and uncertainties. In the study, design optimization of engine mount for Heavy duty vehicle, that present will model in proE software and execute Model in 10 modules and Harmonic analysis are in ansys bench work, Here we conclude to results change a material of engine mount frame present was steel to aluminum alloy to reduce the weight and cost ratio, then increase the strength of the engine mount.
This document proposes a sensorless estimator for speed, armature temperature, and resistance in brushed DC machines using a cascade-forward neural network (CFNN) and quasi-Newton BFGS backpropagation. A thermal model is used to estimate temperature without a thermal sensor. Simulation results show the CFNN estimates match the model outputs, estimating speed with less than 2% error. This approach provides sensorless simultaneous estimation of multiple parameters without some limitations of prior methods like the extended Kalman filter.
11.design, modeling and performance investigation of gcAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new topology for a photovoltaic power injection system. The system uses two voltage source inverters in parallel - a quasi-square wave inverter and a PWM inverter. The quasi-square inverter injects power from the PV system into the grid, while the PWM inverter controls current quality. The design is modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results show the power flow characteristics for varying solar intensity and modulation indices. The proposed topology optimizes the system design by reducing losses and increasing the energy injected into the grid compared to traditional boost converter and PWM inverter designs.
Design, modeling and performance investigation of gcAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new topology for a photovoltaic power injection system using two voltage source inverters connected in parallel. One inverter operates with a quasi-square voltage waveform at the grid frequency, while the other uses pulse width modulation at a higher switching frequency. The quasi-square inverter injects power from the PV system, while the PWM inverter controls current quality. The proposed system was modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink to analyze power flow characteristics under varying solar intensity and modulation index. Simulation results showed that the system optimizes design, reduces losses, and increases energy injected into the grid compared to a conventional single inverter system.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an enhanced fault ride-through technique for permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbine systems using a DC link-based rotor-side controller. The paper begins with an introduction to PMSG wind turbines and issues around voltage fluctuations and faults. It then reviews three existing grid-connected wind power systems based on PMSG, squirrel cage induction generator, and doubly fed induction generator. The proposed control scheme is compared to conventional control schemes, with simulation results showing the proposed scheme responding faster and more accurately to faults while eliminating the need for a DC chopper. In conclusion, the proposed strategy satisfies power system requirements under different grid conditions and regulates active/reactive current directly through the grid
Control Schemes for Distribution Grids with Mass Distributed GenerationUmair Shahzad
This paper discusses the control schemes for distribution grids with a large amount of wind penetration. Microgrids are constantly gaining popularity, especially in the countries, where there is energy crisis. They are an effective way for providing power to local loads. In case of main grid failure, they ensure smooth and seamless power transfer. Various electrical systems, including synchronous generators, grid and loads, have been investigated in this paper. All simulation work is carried out using SimPower Systems. Major focus is placed on active and reactive power sharing. Load transients have also been modelled. Moreover, power sharing under variable wind has also been simulated and analysed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
IRJET-CUK Converter Based PV Module for Excitation Ff Synchronous MachineIRJET Journal
Vishant G. Naik , Santosh Singh Negi"CUK Converter Based PV Module for Excitation Ff Synchronous Machine", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume2,issue-01 April 2015.e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net
Abstract
The unavailability of fossil fuel and increasing demand for energy has pushed us towards finding alternative source of energy. The solar energy can be used for excitation of synchronous machine as an alternative source of energy. Due to increasing efficiencies and decreasing cost of PV cells, various MPPT algorithms have been implemented. In this paper a Cuk converter has been used in order to achieve constant excitation voltage which is required for exciting field winding of synchronous machine. MATLAB software has been used for simulation of both solar cell and Cuk converter which are modeled using sim power system blocks.
IRJET- Improvement of Power System Stability in Wind Turbine by using Facts D...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a predictive power control strategy to improve the stability of power systems with wind farms that use doubly fed induction generator wind turbines. The strategy involves using a super capacitor energy storage system to control the active power from the grid side converter and using a static synchronous series compensator to reduce low frequency oscillations. A model predictive control approach is used to predict the future system response and increase damping. Simulation results on MATLAB/Simulink show the control strategy is able to stabilize voltage and current signals within 0.25 and 0.29 seconds respectively, improving upon conventional PI control.
Cascade forward neural network based on resilient backpropagation for simulta...Mellah Hacene
Cascade-Forward Neural Network Based on Resilient Backpropagation for Simultaneous Parameters and State Space Estimations of Brushed DC Machines
Advances in Modelling and Analysis B
Design and fabrication of rotor lateral shifting in the axial-flux permanent-...IJECEIAES
The development of axial-flux permanent-magnet (AFPM) machines has become a mature technology. The single-stator double-rotor (SSDR) AFPM structure has advantages on the compactness and the low up to medium power applications so the microscale size and low-cost applications are reachable to be designed. The research main objectives are designing and manufacturing the lateral shifting from the north poles of the first rotor face the north poles of the second rotor (NN) to the north poles of the first rotor face the south poles of the second rotor (NS) categories as well as finding the best performance of the proposed method and implementing in a low cost and micro-scale AFPMG. The novel lateral shifting on the one of the rotors shows performance at 19.2 0 has the highest efficiency at 88.39% during lateral shifting from N–N (0 0 ) to N–S (36 0 ) on rotor 2.
This document proposes a compensation strategy using an Unified Power Quality Compensator (UPQC) device to mitigate power quality issues caused by the injection of wind power into electric grids. The UPQC is controlled using both proportional integral (PI) and fuzzy logic controllers to regulate the wind farm's terminal voltage and filter active and reactive power fluctuations. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink are presented to compare the performance of the UPQC using different control strategies, as well as total harmonic distortion calculations.
Performance investigation of stand-alone induction generator based on STATCOM...IJECEIAES
Self-Excited induction generators (SEIG) display a low voltage and frequency regulation due to variable applied load and input rotation speed. Current work presents a simulation and performance analysis of a three-phase wind-driven, SEIG connect to a three-phase load. In addition, an investigation of the dynamic operation of the induction generator from starting steady state until no-load operation. It is assumed that the input mechanical power is constant where the rotor of the SEIG rotates at a constant speed. The value of the excitation capacitance which is necessary to the operation of the induction generator also computed to ensure a smooth and self-excitation starting. The output voltage of the generator is adjusted by varying the reactive power injected by STATCOM. A 3-phase IGBT voltage source inverter with a fuel cell input supply is connected as STATCOM which is used to compensate for the reduction in the supply voltage and its frequency due to variation occurred in the applied loads. This work includes introducing a neuro-fuzzyy logic controller to enhance the performance of the SEIG by regulation the generated voltage and frequency. The dynamic model of SEIG with STATCOM and loads are implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Enhancement of Voltage Stability by using Fuel Cell as Shunt CompensatorIRJET Journal
This document proposes using a fuel cell system as a shunt compensator to enhance voltage stability in a power distribution system. It models a proton exchange membrane fuel cell connected to a boost converter and three-phase inverter to inject power into the grid. Simulation results in MATLAB Simulink show that connecting the fuel cell compensator maintains voltage levels closer to acceptable ranges when additional loads are added, improving voltage stability, compared to the system without the compensator. The fuel cell system with power electronic interfaces provides flexible distributed generation and reactive power support to enhance power quality and reliability.
Adaptive maximum power point tracking using neural networks for a photovoltai...Mellah Hacene
Adaptive Maximum Power Point Tracking Using Neural Networks for a Photovoltaic Systems According Grid
Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics, (5), 57–66, 2021. https://doi.org/10.20998/2074-272X.2021.5.08
Power transformer faults diagnosis using undestructive methods and ann for dg...Mellah Hacene
Power transformer faults diagnosis using undestructive methods (Roger and IEC) and artificial neural network for dissolved gas analysis applied on the functional transformer in the Algerian north-eastern: a comparative study
Bouchaoui Lahcene, Kamel Eddine Hemsas, Hacene Mellah, saad eddine benlahneche
Nowadays, power transformer aging and failures are viewed with great attention in power transmission industry. Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) is classified among the biggest widely used methods used within the context of asset management policy to detect the incipient faults in their earlier stage in power transformers. Up to now, several procedures have been employed for the lecture of DGA results. Among these useful means, we find Key Gases, Rogers Ratios, IEC Ratios, the historical technique less used today Doernenburg Ratios, the two types of Duval Pentagons methods, several versions of the Duval Triangles method and Logarithmic Nomograph. Problem. DGA data extracted from different units in service served to verify the ability and reliability of these methods in assessing the state of health of the power transformer. Aim. An improving the quality of diagnostics of electrical power transformer by artificial neural network tools based on two conventional methods in the case of a functional power transformer at Sétif province in East North of Algeria. Methodology. Design an inelegant tool for power transformer diagnosis using neural networks based on traditional methods IEC and Rogers, which allows to early detection faults, to increase the reliability, of the entire electrical energy system from transport to consumers and improve a continuity and quality of service. Results. The solution of the problem was carried out by using feed-forward back-propagation neural networks implemented in MATLAB-Simulink environment. Four real power transformers working under different environment and climate conditions such as: desert, humid, cold were taken into account. The practical results of the diagnosis of these power transformers by the DGA are presented. Practical value.....
A New Method of Reference Signal Generation Applied To UPQC-PHEV For Grid Int...IJERA Editor
In this paper a new reference signal generation control technique is proposed for integration of Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) with Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) for overcoming voltage sag and other voltage fault conditions on wind farms which is connected to grid. The interaction of wind generators and grid causes increased short circuit current which leads to instability during fault conditions. The new control technique which generate reference signals for series active power filter (Series APF) and shunt active power filter (Shunt APF) of UPQC by using PHEV as an Energy Storage System (ESS) which will take care of all types of voltage faults occurred in the system and provide energy storage to DC link between Series APF and Shunt APF parts of UPQC. The control scheme proposed also maintains transaction of active and reactive power of Wind Energy Conversion System based on Squirrel Cage Induction Generators (WECS-SCIG) and grid. The fuzzy logic provides fast and dynamic response to clear faults occurred in the system
Design and Development of Power Electronic Controller for Grid-connected PV A...IJAPEJOURNAL
Design and simulation of a simple power electronic interface for grid-connected PV array has been proposed using boost converter and line-commutated inverter with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller. The output of PV array varies with irradiation, and hence the duty cycle of the PI controller is adjusted automatically to supply a constant DC voltage to the inverter circuit, the output of which is directly connected to the grid. The MPPT controller extracts maximum power from the solar array and feeds it to the single-phase utility grid. The proposed scheme has been modeled in the MATLAB 7.1 software and the complete system has been simulated for open loop and closed loop configurations. The active power fed to the grid is taken for different firing angles in open loop mode and the firing angle for maximum power has been determined. This is compared with the firing angle obtained from the closed loop mode and found that both results agree with each other.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a study on controlling DC/DC converters for maximum power tracking in solar energy systems. The study analyzed buck, boost, and buck-boost converter performance using a discrete-time proportional-integral control algorithm to track the maximum power points of a solar array. Simulation and experimental results showed the converters successfully tracked maximum power points under changing solar irradiance. The buck converter achieved the highest efficiency of around 90%. The control method and converter configurations allow solar energy systems to effectively transfer power from solar arrays.
6.a review on wear behaviour of clutch plate made of peek composite materialEditorJST
The conventional clutch plate made of carbon fiber and ceramic mixture of copper, iron, tin bronze,
silicon dioxide, and/or graphite, typical alloy is a lamellar pearlitic gray iron like G11H20b of which, it can be
replaced by developing of new materials for reducing the wear rate of the clutch plate the materials chosen is
Poly Ether Ether Ketone (PEEK) based composites mixed with silicon carbide powder shows better results in
which it can be manufactured by the injection moulding process and it is tested in Friction and wear experiment
wear run under constant temperature in a pin-on-disc arrangement, PEEK and its composites used in this
investigated the friction coefficient decreases with the increasing load on PEEK. The composite showed a very
low friction coefficient and wear rate increase in the normal applied load sliding distance decreases wear rate.
Further the wear and friction behaviour decreases with increases the gradually by addition of fillers.
This paper analysis the engine vibration on the engine mount for heavy duty engines, in vehicle chassis mount of engine is major role So, vibration design of engine mount is one of the main items on the phase of vehicle development, the design should be optimized considering various design variables and uncertainties. In the study, design optimization of engine mount for Heavy duty vehicle, that present will model in proE software and execute Model in 10 modules and Harmonic analysis are in ansys bench work, Here we conclude to results change a material of engine mount frame present was steel to aluminum alloy to reduce the weight and cost ratio, then increase the strength of the engine mount.
4.thermal stress analysis of peek fiber composites at cryogenic temperatureEditorJST
Fiber reinforced composites are class of materials that are workable engineering materials
possessing high strength to weight ratio resulting in reduction of weight and hence savings in energy.
Composites can be tailor -made to the required duty by changing the nature and proportion of the constituent
materials. Composites exhibit anisotropy in mechanical and thermal properties. This makes the design of
composite structures more complex and demanding. Composites have wide applications as supports and
structures at cryogenic temperatures in super conducting magnets and as fuel tankage in spacecraft and rocketry.
As these composites are fabricated at 1000 C to 2000 C, ~ their use at low temperatures creates thermal stresses.
They become brittle at low temperatures and thermal strain of matrix ma:f be of the same order of the ultimate
tensile strain at helium temperature (4.2K); thus leaving no more load bearing capability.
1.a literature review on composite material for drive shaftEditorJST
A drive shaft is a pivoting part that transmits control from the motor to the differential apparatus of a
back wheel drive vehicles. The steel driveshaft is utilized as a part of car, these days this steel drive shaft is
supplanted by composite material drive shaft. It has been demonstrated that composite drive shafts are
successful in over-coming the confinements, for example, weight, vibrational qualities and basic speed. Their
flexible properties can be tailored to increase the torque as well as the rotational speed at which they operate.
The drive shafts are used in automotive ,aircraft and aerospace applications. The automotive industry is
exploiting composite material technology for structural components construction in order to obtain there
reduction of the weight without decrease in vehicle quality and reliability. The drive shafts are utilized as a part
of car, air ship and aviation applications. It is known that energy conservation is one of the most important
Indeed, the very way of the composite materials (fiber and resinous fastener) permits drive-shafts to be intended
to meet particular basic operational characteristics ,and accordingly custom fitted to coordinate the prerequisites
of individual applications. The consequence of this are utilized for demonstrating of carbon/epoxy composite
drive shaft and steel drive shaft utilizing CAD programming to perform static, clasping and modular
examination of both drive shaft utilizing ANSYS programming.
3.an update on nano coatings to mitigate corrosion (1)EditorJST
In real time situation machine members are subjected to variable and impact loading experience displacement patterns that may through loading of beam members beyond the yield stress. This causes permanent deformations and excessive fatigue making the beam weak and unserviceable
5.effect of gender on problem solving skills through integrated teaching prog...EditorJST
Integration of teaching has an important purpose of assisting the teacher to have a wide range of
approaches for creating a proper interactive environment for learning. The aim of this study. effectiveness of
integrated teaching programme(ITP), Gender and their interaction on problem solving skills amongst teacher
trainees. The study was conducted on forty male and female teacher trainees. The study was intervention study
where pre post experimental control group design was carried out. The data were analyzed through factorial
ANCOVA. The finding revealed that there was a significant effect of interaction between ITP, gender and
problem solving skills when pre problem solving scores as co variate.
To give sheltered and symphonies stream of movement , particular standards are given by each administration . There are certain rules laid down by the government of most of the countries for the safe, systematic and orderly movement of vehicles and traffic. Many of these rules are displayed through traffic signs to help the driver to follow while driving. The Traffic Sign Detection and Recognition (TSDR) perceives the activity signs by dissecting pictures /recordings taken from a camera system and helps in detecting and recognizing the traffic signs by analyzing images / videos captured by the camera planted on the car. This framework has many elements which help the driver in enhancing the well being and solace; today it is broadly utilized as a part of discovery and acknowledgement of our perceived signs. The framework of system can be developed using two algorithms, first is the detection of the image followed by its recognition. In wake of getting the best possible information for recognition we utilize the diverse morphological handling procedures. Colour Image processing play an vital role in the detection of the traffic sign. In this paper we chiefly accentuation on the color/shade of the activity sign for its recognition on the grounds that in many spots a standard arrangement of hues are utilized as a part of movement sign like red is used in prohibition signs. In the directional signs blue is the foundation shading in the directional signs and yellow is chosen for warning signs.
6.a survey on big data challenges in the context of predictiveEditorJST
Information is producing from various assets in a quick fashion. In request to know how much information is advancing we require predictive analytics. When the information is semi organized or unstructured the ordinary business insight calculations or instruments are not useful. In this paper, we have attempted to call attention to the difficulties when we utilize business knowledge devices
2.a literature survey on design of smart structuresEditorJST
In real time situation machine members are subjected to variable and impact loading experience displacement patterns that may through loading of beam members beyond the yield stress. This causes permanent deformations and excessive fatigue making the beam weak and unserviceable
2.evaluation of crack propagation phenomenon in bituminous mixEditorJST
Crack propagation was experimentally simulated using semicircular specimen with a crack initiated on one side. The work shows that the rate of crack propagation can be described by a power relationship between the stiffness of the mixture and the number of cycles to failure, which is mixture and binder dependent.
7.significance of software layered technology on size of projects (2)EditorJST
The objective of the software engineering is committed to build software projects within the budget, time and required quality. Software engineering is a layered paradigm comprised of process, methods, tools and quality focus as bedrock to develop the product. Software firms build software projects of varying sizes constrained on resources, time and functional requirement. Impact of software engineering layered technology may vary according to the size of the projects during their development. Quantitative evaluation of layer significance on size of the software project could be categorized as a complex task because it involves a collective decision on multiple criteria. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) provides an effective quantitative approach for finding the significance of software layered technology on size of the projects. This paper presents the estimations through quantitative approach on real time data collected from several software firms. These findings help for a better project management with respect to the cost, time and resources during building a software project.
4.language expert rendering unicode text on ascii editor for indian languages...EditorJST
In this paper we introduce the Language Engine which addresses rendering of Unicode characters on a ASCII supportable editor. Unicode characters are related to Indian regional languages based on their character sets. With the application of Parse Engine, Language Engine and Rules Engine to identify the language and convert from Unicode to ASCII in the target editor to resolve rendering problem, also improvises file size reduction. Parse Engine parses the input text character by character and checks if it is a new text or already parsed. Inference Engine checks the Unicode character and identifies the language. Respective Language Engine is loaded with rules. Rules Engine identifies the corresponding ASCII text to be placed in output. Here Rules stored in Rules Engine are composed of XML formats and comes from manual entry. Input Unicode text can come from any source of input. Finally, the output composed from the output file is pasted on the ASCII editor with the installation of the font renders the correct text.
Fault Ride-Through capability of DSTATCOM for Distributed Wind Generation SystemIJPEDS-IAES
In this paper, fault ride through analysis of a low voltage distribution system
augmented with distributed wind generation using squirrel cage induction
generator and distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) is carried out
through modeling and simulation study in MATLAB. The impact of
unbalanced (single line to ground) fault in a low voltage distribution system
in normal and severe conditions is studied and analyzed in details. Analysis
on system instability is also shown in case of sever fault condition. A
distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) is used to improve fault ride
through (FRT) capability of wind generation system by compensating
positive sequence voltage. A comparison of dynamic response of the system
with and without DSTATCOM and effects of DSTATCOM on voltage and
generator speed are presented. The simulation results shows that
DSTATCOM is capable of reducing the voltage dips and improving the
voltage profiles by providing reactive power support to distributed wind
generation system under unbalanced fault condition and enhances the fault
ride through capability of the wind generator.
This paper presents the modeling and simulation of wind energy Conversion System using the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). The objectives are: to extract the maximum power of the wind speed by controlling the electromagnetic torque of the PMSG, to maintain constant the DC-link voltage despite the wind speed variations and to attain the unity power factor. In order to ensure a regulation with high performance and a good robustness against the internal and the external disturbances, a new control strategy called the Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) is used. Therefore, the Analysis and simulation of the ADRC and PI controllers are developed with MATLAB/Simulink software. The performance of these controllers is compared in term of references tracking, robustness and grid faults.
This paper focuses on the modeling and control of a wind energy conversion chain using a permanent magnet synchronous machine. This system behaves a turbine, a generator, DC/DC and DC/AC power converters. These are connected on both sides to the DC bus, where the inverter is followed by a filter which is connected to the grid. In this paper, we have been used two types of controllers. For the stator side converter, we consider the Takagi-Sugeno approach where the parameters of controller have been computed by the theory of linear matrix inequalities. The stability synthesis has been checked using the Lyapunov theory. According to the grid side converter, the proportional integral controller is exploited to keep a constant voltage on the DC bus and control both types of powers. The simulation results demonstrate the robustness of the approach used.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
1) The document describes a regenerative loading system that uses a converter to emulate various active and reactive power loads and regenerate consumed power back to the grid.
2) The system uses vector control to independently control active and reactive power by controlling the quadrature and direct axis current components.
3) A phase locked loop and transformations between stationary and synchronously rotating reference frames are used to generate control signals for the converter.
Modeling and performance analysis of a small scale direct driven pmsg based w...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that models and analyzes the performance of a small-scale direct-driven wind energy conversion system using a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) connected directly to the grid through a power electronic interface. It presents the modeling of the system components, including the wind turbine, PMSG, and power conditioning system consisting of a rectifier, boost chopper, and inverter. The power flow is analyzed for different wind velocities and the effect of duty ratio and modulation index on maximum power extraction is studied through MATLAB/SIMULINK simulations.
11.modeling and performance analysis of a small scale direct driven pmsg base...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper that models and analyzes the performance of a small-scale direct-driven wind energy conversion system using a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). The system includes a PMSG connected directly to the grid through a power electronic interface. The interface includes a rectifier, boost chopper, and inverter to convert the variable voltage/frequency output of the generator to a fixed voltage/frequency for the grid. The system components are modeled in MATLAB/Simulink and simulations are performed to analyze power flow under different wind velocities. The effect of duty ratio and modulation index on maximum power extraction is also studied. Optimum duty ratios for different wind speeds are determined.
This document summarizes modeling and control techniques for a wind power system using a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). It first models the various components of the wind system, including the wind turbine, speed multiplier, mechanical shaft, and DFIG generator. It then describes two field oriented control techniques - direct field oriented control and indirect field oriented control - to independently control the active and reactive power output of the DFIG. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink show that both control techniques effectively regulate the power to reference values, with the indirect method having better performance due to compensating for coupling terms between control axes.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
A new control methods for offshore grid connected wind energy conversion syst...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a new control method for an offshore wind energy conversion system using a doubly fed induction generator and Z-source inverter. Two control methods are proposed - capacitor voltage control and DC-link voltage control. Simulation results show that for capacitor voltage control, the rotor speed tracks the maximum power point, extracted mechanical power tracks maximum turbine power, and capacitor voltage is kept constant. The power delivered to the grid matches the extracted mechanical power. DC-link voltage control maintains a constant DC-link voltage while capacitor voltage and power outputs vary with shoot-through time. Capacitor voltage control regulates power transfer more effectively.
dSPACE Implementation for a Fuzzy Logic Voltage Control using a Self-Excited ...IJECEIAES
This document describes a study that implements fuzzy logic voltage control using a self-excited induction generator and voltage source inverter. A dSPACE board is used to compare simulation and experimental results. The system aims to maintain a constant RMS voltage output despite variable speed and load conditions from the generator. Simulation results show that a fuzzy logic PI controller regulating a sinusoidal pulse width modulation switching scheme is effective at keeping the output voltage at 220Vrms with minimal distortion during changes in rotor speed from 1000rpm to 1200rpm and load variations from 500W to 1KW. Experimental testing using the dSPACE board validated the effectiveness of the proposed control approach.
In this paper, a new approach is proposed for keeping the RMS voltage output constant, the system is supplying by a self-excited induction generator (SEIG) driven by a controlled DC motor with variable speed and load. The scheme used in this paper is based on a classical Proportional-Integral regulator wich controls a SPWM switching. A MATLAB Simulink model of the system is developed to maintain the AC voltage at the desired value. Then a comparison is examined between simulation and experimental results using dSPACE board. The results are provided to verify the effectiveness of this approach and it gives very high performance.
LOAD SHEDDING DESIGN FOR AN INDUSTRIAL COGENERATION SYSTEMELELIJ
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using an artificial neural network (ANN) to design an adaptive load shedding scheme for an industrial cogeneration power system. The paper describes modeling the cogeneration system in ETAP software and using it to generate training data for the ANN by simulating different operating scenarios. The ANN is trained to determine the minimum amount of load shedding needed based on inputs like generation, load, and frequency change rate. Compared to conventional under-frequency relay load shedding, the ANN approach aims to more accurately calculate the needed load reduction while maintaining power to critical loads. Simulation results demonstrate the ANN scheme's effectiveness at stabilizing system frequency during contingencies with generation-load mismatches
Real-Time simulation of static synchronous condenser for compensation of reac...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a real time simulation stability of power system by static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), also known as astatic synchronous condenser (STATCON) in modern platform real-time simulator named (RT-LAB) using the latest INTEL quad-core processors to simulate a relatively large power system In our work, We have to study the problem of controlling voltage and reactive power in electric system by STATCOM. All the simulations for the above work have been carried out using MATLAB/Simulink and RT-LAB. Various simulations have given very satisfactory results and we have successfully improved the voltage by injecting a FACTS device, which is the STATCOM, the Studies and comparisons of real-time simulation results of the power system without and with STATCOM connected illustrate the effectiveness and capability of STATCOM in improving voltage stability in the power system.
Study of Wind Turbine based Variable Reluctance Generator using Hybrid FEMM-M...Yayah Zakaria
Based on exhaustive review of the state of the art of the electric generators fitted to Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS), this study is focused on an innovative machine that is a Variable Reluctance Generator (VRG). Indeed, its simple and rugged structure (low cost), its high torque at low speed (gearless), its fault-tolerance (lowest maintenance), allow it to be a potential candidate for a small wind power application at variable wind
speed. For better accuracy, a finite element model of a studied doubly salient VRG is developed using open source software FEMM to identify the electromagnetic characteristics such as linkage flux, torque or inductance versus rotor position and stator excitation. The obtained data are then transferred into look-up tables of MATLAB/Simulink to perform various simulations. Performance of the proposed wind power system is analyzed for several parameters and results are discussed.
Study of Wind Turbine based Variable Reluctance Generator using Hybrid FEMM-M...IJECEIAES
Based on exhaustive review of the state of the art of the electric generators fitted to Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS), this study is focused on an innovative machine that is a Variable Reluctance Generator (VRG). Indeed, its simple and rugged structure (low cost), its high torque at low speed (gearless), its fault-tolerance (lowest maintenance), allow it to be a potential candidate for a small wind power application at variable wind speed. For better accuracy, a finite element model of a studied doubly salient VRG is developed using open source software FEMM to identify the electromagnetic characteristics such as linkage flux, torque or inductance versus rotor position and stator excitation. The obtained data are then transferred into look-up tables of MATLAB/Simulink to perform various simulations. Performance of the proposed wind power system is analyzed for several parameters and results are discussed.
Voltage Stabilization of a Wind Turbine with STATCOM Using Intelligent Contro...ijeei-iaes
Application of FACTS controller called Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOM to improve the performance of power grid with Wind System is investigated. The essential feature of the STATCOM is that it has the ability to absorb or inject fastly reactive power with power grid. Therefore the voltage regulation of the power grid with STATCOM FACTS device is achieved. Moreover restoring the stability of the wind system at suddenly step up or down in wind speed is obtained with STATCOM. This paper describes a complete simulation of voltage regulation of a wind system using STATCOM. Conventional control technique as proportional plus integral controller , and intelligent techniques as FLC and ANFIS are used in this work. The control technique is performed using MATLAB package software. The dynamic response of uncontrolled system is also investigated under wide range of disturbances. The voltage regulation by using STATCOM whose output is varied so as to maintain or control output voltage in the system. The dynamic response of controlled system is shown and comparison between the uncontrolled system and the controlled system is described to assure the validity of the proposed controller. Also comparison between the proposed control methods scheme is presented. To validate the powerful of the STATCOM FACTS controllers, the studied power system is simulated and subjected to different severe disturbances. The results prove the effectiveness of the proposed STATCOM controller in terms of fast damping the power system oscillations and restoring the power system stability and voltage.
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL IN TWO AREA NETWORK INCLUDING DGIAEME Publication
Automatic Generation Control (AGC) is associate integral a part of Energy Management
System. This paper deals with the automatic generation control of interconnected multi area grid
network. The first purpose of the AGC is to balance the full system generation against system load
and losses so the specified frequency and power interchange with neighboring systems are
maintained. Any pair between generation and demand causes the system frequency to deviate from
regular worth. So high frequency deviation could result in system collapse. This necessitates
associate correct and quick acting controller to take care of constant nominal frequency. The
limitations of the conventional controls are slow and lack of efficiency in handling system nonlinearity.
This leads to develop a control technique for AGC. In this paper both conventional and
PI viz. Proportional Integral controller approach of automatic generation control has been
examined. PI based AGC has been used for all optimization purposes. System performance has
been evaluated at various disturbances such as, load disturbances, grid disturbances and both load
and grid disturbances. Various responses due to conventional and proposed PI based AGC
controllers have been compared at load disturbances, grid disturbances and both load and grid
disturbances.
Modeling and Simulation of Self Excited Induction Machine for Wind Power Gene...IDES Editor
This document presents a model and simulation of a self-excited induction machine for wind power generation. The key points are:
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1. A self-excited induction machine is proposed to generate power from wind without using mechanical gearing, to reduce mechanical losses.
2. The model varies the mutual inductance of the stator and rotor wind
A Hybrid Control Scheme for Fault Ride-Through Capability using Line-Side Con...Suganthi Thangaraj
As the wind power installations are increasing in number, Wind Turbine Generators (WTG) are required to have Fault Ride-Through (FRT) capabilities. Lately developed grid operating codes demand the WTGs to stay connected during fault conditions, supporting the grid to recover faster back to its normal state. In this paper, the generator side converter incorporates the maximum power point tracking algorithm to extract maximum energy from wind turbine system. A hybrid control scheme for energy storage systems (ESS) and braking choppers for fault ride-through capability and a suppression of the output power fluctuation is proposed for permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbine systems. During grid faults, the dc-link voltage is controlled by the ESS instead of the line-side converter (LSC), whereas the LSC is exploited as a STATCOM to inject reactive current into the grid for assisting in the grid voltage recovery. A simple model of the proposed system is developed and simulated in MATLAB environment. The effectiveness of the system is validated through extensive simulation results
Similar to 1.firefly algorithm based reactive power control of an isolated wind diesel hybrid power system (20)
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HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
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1.firefly algorithm based reactive power control of an isolated wind diesel hybrid power system
1. Journal of Science and Technology (JST)
Volume 2, Issue 2, February 2017, PP 01-13
www.jst.org.in
www.jst.org.in 1 | Page
Firefly Algorithm Based Reactive Power Control of an Isolated
Wind-Diesel Hybrid Power System
Syed Shahbazuddin
(Assistant Professor, Vaagdevi Engineering College, Waranngal)
Abstract : This work proposes the reactive power control of an isolated hybrid power system. The system
consists of a synchronous generator incorporated for diesel engine system, induction generator incorporated for
the wind energy conversion system. In order to minimize the surplus reactive power requirement of the system,
FACTS device SVC is employed in the system. For a robust voltage control of the system, controllers of
proportional and integral type have been incorporated for AVR of the excitation system of the synchronous
generator and SVC. The controller parameters are optimized using firefly algorithm (FA). The dynamic
response of the system has been tested for different degrees of load disturbances plus variable nature of the
wind system.
Keywords - Diesel engine generator (DEG), Induction generator (IG), Firefly Algorithm (FA), Static VAr
compensator (SVC), Synchronous generator (SG).
______________________________________________________________________________
I. INTRODUCTION
Rapid increase for the demand of electrical energy, increased global environmental concern by the
usage of fossil fuels, and tight constraints on the construction of transmission systems has triggered the
implementation of isolated power systems. Of particular interest are the renewable energy sources with free
energy. These renewable energy sources are emission free, sustainable, eco-friendly and different types of
renewable energy sources are accessible depending on the location of the loads. But the major drawback is that
they are intermittent in nature [5].Hence, to boost the capacity, improve the continuity and reliability of the
supply, these renewable energy systems are integrated with conventional systems such as diesel energy systems.
This diesel energy system will act as a back bone for total isolated system. This combination of conventional
and renewable energy systems is called as hybrid power systems [14].
In an isolated system, as the generation and consumption of electrical energy are in proximity to each
other, so the reactive power requirement has direct effect on generators. This problem becomes more severe in
hybrid power systems, which affect the power quality and the voltage stability of the system [6]. Hence to
supply the additional reactive power, required by the load along with induction generator of the system, SVC
has been incorporated.
The met heuristic algorithms that are based on the swarm intelligence have attracted much attention in
last few years [9]. Firefly algorithm, developed by X. S. Yang, a swarm intelligence based algorithm is based on
the flashing pattern of tropical fireflies [8]. It was shown that the new firefly algorithm is superior to both PSO
and GA in terms of efficiency in finding the global optimum and success rate [8].
FA is superior to other swarm intelligence techniques in two aspects that are automatic subdivision and
the ability to deal with multimodality. This implies that the whole fireflies categorize themselves into subgroups
and each group swarm around each local optimum. Among all these, the global best is chosen. Secondly, this
subdivision allows fireflies to find all the optima in parallel. These advantages make FA suitable to deal with
continuous and multimodal problems and combinational optimization as well [8].
In this work, the integral square error criterion is considered to calculate the optimal gain settings of controller
parameters of SVC and AVR of synchronous generator.
The objectives of the present work are summarized as follows.
(i) Performance of the system with and without the incorporation of SVC.
(ii) Optimizing the gains of PI controllers of SVC and AVR of the system using FA.
(iii) Investigate the performance of the system with the optimized controller parameters for step changes in
reactive power load and/or wind power input to the IG.
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This paper is structured as follows: Mathematical modeling is presented in section II. Problem
formulation is done in section III. Simulation results and analysis of 3 different cases have been carried out in
section IV, V respectively and section VI covers the conclusions.
II. MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF COMPONENTS OF THE WIND-DIESEL HYBRID POWER
SYSTEM
A hybrid system consisting of wind energy system (150 kW), DEG (150 kW) and load (250 kW) is
considered for reactive power analysis as shown in fig.1. The diesel engine system is integrated with
synchronous generator and the wind energy system is coupled with an induction generator for electro
mechanical energy conversion [1-3] [5-7].
The reactive power required by the system load and also the induction generator cannot be
supplemented alone by the SG. Even an oversized generator for supplying reactive power may prove to be
uneconomical and inefficient under light loaded conditions [1]. As this reactive power compensation is a major
factor to be considered for better voltage stability and power quality, An SVC is incorporated, that can supply
fast and continuous reactive power [4].
Figure 1. Block diagram of wind-diesel hybrid energy system
From the knowledge of various sources of generation and load, the power balance equations of the system is
given by [2],
SG IG LP P P (1)
SG SVC L IGQ Q Q Q (2)
The mathematical modeling of the system is based on [1-7].
Under equilibrium conditions, reactive power supplied by the SG, SVC is balanced by the reactive power
absorbed by IG and system load [1-7]. When the system is subjected to an incremental reactive power load
∆QL, due to the action of AVR of the SG and SVC, the reactive power generated in the system increases by an
amount of (∆QSG+∆QSVC). Due to the change in the voltage of the system, reactive power required by the load
and the induction generator also changes. Hence, the net surplus reactive power of the system is given by,
∆QSG+∆QSVC-∆QL-∆QIG. This surplus will attribute to the increase in system voltage in two ways [1-7]:
(1) By increasing the electromagnetic energy absorbed (EM) by the IG at the rate M
d
E
dt
(2) Increase of reactive power consumption by the load at the rate of VD .
This is mathematically expressed as,
SG SVC Load I MG V
d
E
dt
Q Q Q Q D V
(3)
This excess reactive power leading to increase in system voltage in Laplace form is given by [1-3] [4-7] [11-
13],
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( ) [ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )]
1
V
SG SVC Load IG
V
K
V s Q s Q s Q s Q s
sT
(4)
Where o
T =2H / VrV VD and V VK 1/ D are the system time constant and gain, respectively and LQ
V VD
.
The SG of diesel engine system employs an IEEE type-1 excitation system [13].the equations
pertaining to change in field voltage for changes in system terminal voltage are given by,
1
( ) ( )fd a
E E
E s V s
K sT
(5)
'
( ) ( )
1
A
a a
A
K
V s V s
sT
(6)
A PI controller provided with the AVR for a better voltage control i.e.
( ) / [ ( ) ( ) ( )]F
a pAVR iAVR fd ref
F
K
V s K K s V s E s V s
T
(7)
/
( ) ( )
1
F F
f fd
F
K T
V s E s
sT
(8)
The flux linkage equations which governs the changes in SG terminal voltage according to changes in field
voltage is given by [2]
'
1 2
1
( ) ( ) ( )
(1 )
q fd
G
E s K E s K V s
sT
(9)
Where
'
1
d
d
x
K
x
,
'
2 {( )cos }/d d dK x x x
and
'
' d
G do
d
x
T T
x
The expression for reactive power required by SG under transient conditions is given by,
' 2
'
cosq
SG
d
K V V
Q
x
(10)
For small perturbation, (10) can be written as,
'
'
' '
cos 2cos q
SG q
d d
E VV
Q E V
x x
(11)
Equation (11) in Laplace form is written as [2],
'
3 4( ) ( ) ( )SG qQ s K E s K V s (12)
Where
3 '
cos
d
V
K
x
and
'
4 '
cos 2q
d
E V
K
x
Considering equivalent circuit model of the IG for its mathematical modeling, which makes it more suitable for
multi machine system, the reactive power absorbed by the IG is given by [11],
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2
2 2
( ) eq
IG
Y eq
V X
Q s
R X
(13)
Under constant slip conditions, reactive power absorbed for small perturbation of voltage is given by [1-3] [4-
7],
5( ) ( )IGQ s K V s (14)
Where
5 2 2
2 eq
Y eq
VX
K
R X
and Y P eqR R R , '
2 /PR R s
Under variable slip conditions, reactive power absorbed [11] is given by,
6 7( ) ( ) ( )IG IWQ s K P s K V s (15)
Where
6 2
1
2
IG
IW closs
Y
Q
K
V
P P
R
(16)
7 22 2
2
1
2
P IG
eq
Y eq
IW closs
Y
R QV
K X
VR X
P P
R
(17)
The SVC generally comprised of a fixed capacitor in shunt with a Thyristor controlled reactor is considered for
reactive power compensation as shown in fig. 2.
XL
IL
Xc
Ic
Figure. 2. Equivalent circuit of an SVC.
Reactive power supplied by the SVC is given by [1-3] [4-7] [11],
2
SVC SVCQ B V (18)
For a small disturbance, (18) is given by [1-3] [4-7] [11],
2
SVC SVCQ 2VB V V BSVC (19)
= 6 7K V K BSVC (20)
Where 6K 2VBSVC and 2
7K V (21)
The expressions for SVC having a PI type of controller for firing angle delay, phase sequence zero crossing
delay are given by [2]
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'1
( )
1
SVC SVC
d
B s B s
sT
(22)
'
( )
1
SVC
K
B s s
sT
(23)
iSVC
pSVC ref
K
s K V s V s
s
(24)
Using above equations, the transfer function model of wind-diesel system has been developed as shown
in fig. 3.
III. PROBLEM FORMUATION
To provide a robust voltage control, PI controller parameters of SVC and AVR are to be optimized
simultaneously. The integral square error (ISE) criterion is considered to calculate the optimum gain parameters
of SVC, AVR which is given by,
2
0
T
J V dt (25)
Where T is the simulation time and V is the voltage deviation. The objective is to minimize the
performance index J by optimizing controller parameters. The objective function is subjected to following
constraints,
min max
pSVC pSVC pSVCK K K (26)
min max
iSVC iSVC iSVCK K K (27)
min max
PAVR pAVR PAVRK K K (28)
maxmin
iAVR iAVR iAVRK K K (29)
1
V
V
K
T s
1
1GT s
1
A
A
K
sT
1
E EK sT
+_
- +
_
K7loadQ
3K K4
K6
2K 1K
iAVR
pAVR
K
K
s
FS1
F
F
sK
sT
( )refV s
( )fdE s
ExciterAVR
( )aV s
'
( )aV s
( )V s
( )fV s
( )SVCQ s
+
+
( )SGQ s
+ +
Induction Generator
Synchronous Generator
Saturation function
Stabilizer
SVC
max
RV
min
RV
++
( )V s
( )IGQ s
IWP (s) '
5K
''
5K
+
+
Figure 3. Transfer function model of the proposed system
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Controller parameters are optimized using Firefly Algorithm. It is very efficient in dealing with multi
modal and global optimization problems [8]. The tuned parameters of Firefly optimization algorithm are
presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Parameters of FA
Parameter Value
Alpha 0.25
Beta 0.20
Gamma 1.00
No. Of Iterations 100
No. Of Fireflies 20
The first paragraph under each heading or subheading should be flush left, and subsequent paragraphs
should have a five-space indentation. A colon is inserted before an equation is presented, but there is no
punctuation following the equation. All equations are numbered and referred to in the text solely by a number
enclosed in a round bracket (i.e., (3) reads as "equation 3"). Ensure that any miscellaneous numbering system
you use in your paper cannot be confused with a reference [4] or an equation (3) designation.
IV. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
Analysis of the proposed system under various loading conditions and/or input wind power is discussed
in this section.
Case 1: Performance of the system without SVC under step Changes in Reactive power loading QLoad and
Constant Input Wind Power PIW
Under normal operating conditions, reactive power absorbed by the load is 0.75p.u. To investigate the transient
response of the system without employing SVC, step change in QLoad is considered keeping the mechanical
input to the wind system constant. QLoad rises by 10% of its nominal value 0.75 p.u. (i.e., ∆QLoad =0.075) as
shown in fig. 4(a). Transient response of the voltage deviation with and without employing the SVC has been
shown in fig. 4(b). The voltage deviation of the system is not converging even after certain time interval the
disturbance in reactive power load is given. The reactive power supplied by AVR alone is unable to supplement
the additional reactive power load in the system.
Figure 4(a) Step change in reactive power load (QLoad) at constant input wind power (PIW)
Fig. 4(b) Voltage deviation of the hybrid system with and without the SVC for a step change in reactive power
loading (case 1)
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Case 2: Performance of the system with SVC under Step Disturbance QLoad and Constant PIW
In this case, the transient response of the system with SVC under step changes of reactive power
absorbedby the load is analyzed. Step changes in reactive power consumed by the load have been shown in Fig.
4(a). The mechanical input (i.e. PIW) to the induction generator is considered constant in this case. The voltage
deviation of the system has been shown in Fig. 4(c). Due to the action of AVR and SVC, the voltage deviation
has settled very quickly within a time period of 0.015s. The transient response of ∆QSVC, ∆QSG and ∆QIG for
corresponding load disturbance has been shown in Fig. 4(d-e) respectively. The maximum voltage deviation
observed in this case is about 0.298%, which is quite below the IEEE requirements limit. Table 4.1(a) presents
the parameters of the PI controller employed with SVC and AVR in different case studies. The voltage
deviation and transient response of each component in case 2 is shown in Table 5(b).
Figure 4(c) Voltage deviation of the system for step changes in reactive power loading (case 2).
Figure 4(d) Transient response of SVC for step changes in reactive power loading (case 2).
Figure 4(d) Transient response of SG for step changes in reactive power loading (case 2).
Figure 4(e) Transient response of IG for step changes in reactive power loading (case 2).
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Case 3: Performance analysis of the system with SVC, under Step Changes in QLoad as well as PIW
The transient response of the system under step change in QLoad as well as PIW has been investigated in
this case. These step changes are shown in Fig. 4(f). The deviation in system voltage corresponding to given
disturbances is shown in Fig. 4(g). The transient responses of ∆QSVC, ∆QSG and ∆QIG corresponding to changes
in QLoad and PIW are shown in Fig. 4(h-j) respectively. Voltage deviation and transient response of each
component in case 3 is shown in Table 5(c).
A sensitivity analysis has been carried out to check the robustness of FA optimized controller
parameters. Controllers’ gain parameters obtained in case 2 has been substituted for the controller parameters
of case 3. Deviation in voltage is shown in Fig. 4(k). The response shows that the FA optimized PI controller
parameters are quite robust and need not be adjusted further for changes in the disturbance conditions.
Figure 4(f) Step changes in reactive power loading (QLoad) as well as input wind power (PIW) (case3).
Figure 4(g) Transient response of voltage for step changes in reactive power loading (QLoad) as well as input wind
power (PIW) (case3).
Figure 4 (h) Transient response of SVC for step changes in reactive power loading (QLoad) as well as input wind
power (PIW) (case 3).
Figure 4(i) Transient response of SG for step changes in reactive power loading (QLoad) as well as input wind
power (PIW) (case 3).
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Figure 4(j) Transient response of IG for step changes in reactive power loading as well as input wind power
(case 3).
Figure 4(k) Comparative performance of FA optimized PI controller under step changes in QLoad (case2)
vis-à-vis FA optimized PI controller under step changes in QLoad and PIW (case 3) in terms of voltage
deviations.
Case 4: Performance analysis of the system with SVC, under Random Variations in QLoad as well as PIW
The transient response of the system under random variations in QLoad as well as PIW (as shown in Fig.
4(l), Fig. 4(m)) has been investigated in this case. The system voltage deviation under such disturbances is
shown in Fig. 4(n). The transient responses of ∆QSVC, ∆QSG and ∆QIG corresponding to changes in QLoad and
PIW are shown in Fig. 4(o-q) respectively. Voltage deviation and transient response of each component in case
4 is shown in Table 5(d).
Another sensitivity analysis has been carried out to check the robustness of FA optimized controller
parameters. Controllers’ gain parameters obtained in case 2 has been substituted for the controller parameters
of case 4. The voltage deviation is shown in Fig. 4(r). The response shows that the FA optimized PI controller
parameters are quite robust and need not be changed for a wide range of disturbance in reactive power load and
wind input power.
Figure 4(l) Random variation of reactive power loading QLoad (case 4).
Figure. 4(m) Random variation in mechanical input to the wind turbine PIW (case 4)
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Figure. 4(n) Transient response of voltage for random variation of reactive power load (QLoad) as well as input
wind power (PIW) (case 4).
Figure 4(o) Transient response of SVC for random variation of reactive power load (QLoad) as well as input
wind power (PIW) (case 4).
Figure 4(p) Transient response of SG for random variation of reactive power load (QLoad) as well as input wind
power (PIW) (case 4).
Figure 4(q) Transient response of IG for random variation of reactive power load (QLoad) as well as input wind
power (PIW) (case 4).
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Figure 4(r) Comparative performance of FA optimized PI controller under step changes in QLoad (case2) vis-à-
vis FA optimized PI controller under random changes in QLoad , PIW (case 4) in terms of voltage deviations.
V. ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS
Table 5(a) gives the gain parameters of controllers employed SVC and AVR of the wind-diesel hybrid power
system.
Table5(a) Gain parameters of PI controllers employed with SVC and AVR in three different case 2, 3, 4
respectively
S.
No
Gain Case 2 Case 3 Case 4
1 KpSVC 142.1709 483.312 108.520
2 KiSVC 2033.90 294.63 2024.220
3 KpAVR 120.039 117.920 76.688
4 KiAVR 97.373 109.321 141.257
Following tabular forms gives the data associated with the response of each component of the system when it
is subjected to different types of reactive power loading conditions and/or mechanical input to the induction
generation of wind energy system as described in case 2, case 3, case 4 respectively.
Table 5(b) Transient responses of different components of the system for 10% of reactive load perturbation and
constant slip conditions (case 2)
S.
No
Response
Peak
Undershoot
Peak
Overshoot
Settling
Time(sec)
1 ∆V -6.379*10-3
3.068*10-3
0.01807
2 ∆QSVC 0.05701 0.1007 0.01714
3 ∆QSG -0.02402 0.0499 0.01714
4 ∆QIG -1.984*10-3
4.248*10-3
0.01523
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Table 5(c) Transient responses of different components of the system for 10% of reactive load perturbation and
variable slip conditions (case 3)
S.
No
Response
Peak
Undershoot
Peak
Overshoot
Settling
Time(sec)
1 ∆V -5.809*10-3
5.478*10-3
0.0282
2 ∆QSVC 0.08095 0.1744 0.02846
3 ∆QSG -0.04287 0.04544 0.0292
4 ∆QIG 0.03436 0.04013 0.0286
Table 5(d) Transient responses of different components of the system for random variations in reactive power
load as well as mechanical input to the IG (case 4)
S. No Response
Peak
Undershoot
Peak Overshoot
1 ∆V -4.185*10-3
1.374*10-3
2 ∆QSVC 0.0297 0.06605
3 ∆QSG -0.010177 0.03291
4 ∆QIG 5.522*10-4
0.03268
From the time domain simulation results of the wind-diesel hybrid system, following can be concluded:
The net change in the reactive power of the system and the voltage deviation when the system is subjected to
reactive power load disturbances and wind input variations are minimized with the incorporation of the SVC.
Though the AVR of the SG is supplying the reactive power under transient conditions, major amount of the
surplus reactive power is compensated by SVC only both under transient and steady state conditions.
As in case 4, when the system is subjected to random variations in reactive power loading as well as
wind power input, the voltage deviation and other transient responses are sufficiently within the limits as show
in Table 5(d).
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, automatic reactive power control of an isolated system consisting of wind, diesel engine
systems is considered. In addition to the reactive power provided by AVR, SVC provides the major portion of
required reactive power. A complete dynamic model of the system has been developed to study the effect of
load disturbances and/ or change in PIW. To ensure the coordinated control, the parameters of SVC and AVR
controllers are optimized simultaneously considering uncertainties as mentioned in the case studies. . It is
observed that major part of the reactive power is provided by the SVC only. Reactive power is supplied by SG
under transient conditions only. FA is applied in optimizing the controller parameters. The significant
contributions from this work are as follows:
The transient study for voltage deviations of the hybrid system without SVC has been carried out for
step changes in QLoad. Results indicated that the voltage deviations are considerably large and AVR alone are not
capable of maintaining the voltage at the desired level. In order to provide a better voltage control, system is
incorporated with an SVC.
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The dynamic responses show that coordinated control of SVC and AVR with their gains tuned by
Firefly algorithm can provide improved dynamic performance of the hybrid energy system in containing the
voltage deviation.
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