1
1
Cancer is the uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells in the human body. It is defined by a malfunction in cellular mechanisms that control cell growth. Cells evade checkpoint controls and begin growing uncontrollably which resulting in an increase in abnormal cells, cancer cells. These cancer cells form a mass tissue known as a tumor. In the United States of America, cancer has been determined to be among the leading causes of mortality rates after cardiovascular conditions, where one in every four deaths is caused by cancer. The most common types of cancer include prostate cancer, lung cancer, and breast cancer. Risk factors for cancer include excess smoking, radiation exposure, genetics, and environmental pollution. Colon cancer, or colorectal cancer, affects the distal third of the large intestine, the colon, as well as the rectum, chamber in which feces is stored for elimination. Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of death in cancer-related issues in the United States in both males and females (Beadnell et al., 2018). This essay explores the physiology and pathophysiology of colon cancer.
Polyps are tissue growths that generally look like small, flat bumps and are generally less than half an inch wide. They are generally non-cancerous growths that can develop with age on the inner wall of the colon or rectum. There are several types of polyps, such as hyperplastic. They are common and have a low risk of turning cancerous. Hyperplastic polyps found in the colon will be removed and biopsied. Pseudo polyps also referred to as inflammatory polyps, usually occur in people suffering from inflammatory bowel disease and are unlike other polyps. This type of polyp occurs due to chronic inflammation as seen in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. However, a polyp cells which can turn out to be malignant. Villous adenoma or tubulovillous adenoma polyps carry a high risk of turning cancerous. They are sessile and develop flat on the tissue lining the organs. They might blend within the organ, making polyps not easily identifiable and difficult to locate for treatment. Adenomatous or tubular adenoma polyps have a high chance of being cancerous. When a polyp is found, it must be biopsied, and then will regular screenings and polyp removal will follow.
An adenocarcinoma is a cancer formed in a gland that lines an organ. This cancer impacts the epithelial cells, which are spread throughout the human body. Adenocarcinomas of the colon and rectum make up ninety-five percent of all colon cancers (Chang, 2020). Colon adenocarcinomas usually begin in the mucous lining the spread to different layers. Two subtypes of adenocarcinomas are mucinous adenocarcinoma and signet ring cells. Mucinous adenocarcinomas contain about sixty percent mucus which can cause cancer cells to spread faster and become more hostile than typical adenocarcinomas. Signet ring cell adenocarcinoma is responsible for less than one percent of all colon cancer. It is g ...
This ppt has all the details about stomach cancer that will help oncology nursing students, as well as bsc and msc nursing students, and medical students.
Cancer is a disease in which some of the body’s cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body.
Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human body.
It is made up of trillions of cells.
Normally, human cells grow and multiply (through a process called cell division) to form new cells as the body needs them.
When cells grow old or become damaged, they die and new cells take their place.
Sometimes this orderly process breaks down and abnormal or damaged cells grow and multiply when they should not.
These cells may form tumors, which are lumps of tissue.
Tumors can be cancerous (malignant) or not cancerous (benign).
Cancerous tumors spread into or over, nearby tissues and can travel to distant places in the body to form new tumors (a process called metastasis).
Cancerous tumors may also be called malignant tumors. Many cancers form solid tumors, but cancers of the blood, such as leukemias, generally do not.
Benign tumors do not spread into or over, nearby tissues.
When removed, benign tumors usually don’t grow back, whereas cancerous tumors sometimes do.
Benign tumors can sometimes be quite large, however. Some can cause serious symptoms or be life threatening, such as benign tumors in the brain.
Types of Genes that Cause Cancer
The genetic changes that contribute to cancer tend to affect three main types of genes—
proto-oncogenes
tumor suppressor genes
DNA repair genes.
These changes are sometimes called “drivers” of cancer.
Proto-oncogenes are involved in normal cell growth and division. However, when these genes are altered in certain ways or are more active than normal, they may become cancer-causing genes (oncogenes), allowing cells to grow and survive when they should not.
Tumor suppressor genes are also involved in controlling cell growth and division. Cells with certain alterations in tumor suppressor genes may divide in an uncontrolled manner.
DNA repair genes are involved in fixing damaged DNA.
Cells with mutations in these genes tend to develop additional mutations in other genes and changes in their chromosomes, such as duplications and deletions of chromosome parts. Together, these mutations may cause the cells to become cancerous.
TYPES OF CANCER
1) Carcinomas
A carcinoma begins in the skin or the tissue that covers the surface of internal organs and glands.
Carcinomas usually form solid tumors.
They are the most common type of cancer.
Examples of carcinomas include
Prostate Cancer,
Breast Cancer,
Lung Cancer,
Colorectal Cancer.
2) Sarcomas
A sarcoma begins in the tissues that support and connect the body.
A type of cancer that begins in bone or in the soft tissues of the body.
A sarcoma can develop in fat, muscles, nerves, tendons, joints, blood vessels, lymph vessels, cartilage, or bone.3) Leukemias
Leukemia is a cancer of the blood.
Leukemia begins when healthy blood cells change and grow uncontrollably.
The 4 main types of leukemia are :
4) Lymphomas
Lymphoma is a cancer that be
This ppt has all the details about stomach cancer that will help oncology nursing students, as well as bsc and msc nursing students, and medical students.
Cancer is a disease in which some of the body’s cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body.
Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human body.
It is made up of trillions of cells.
Normally, human cells grow and multiply (through a process called cell division) to form new cells as the body needs them.
When cells grow old or become damaged, they die and new cells take their place.
Sometimes this orderly process breaks down and abnormal or damaged cells grow and multiply when they should not.
These cells may form tumors, which are lumps of tissue.
Tumors can be cancerous (malignant) or not cancerous (benign).
Cancerous tumors spread into or over, nearby tissues and can travel to distant places in the body to form new tumors (a process called metastasis).
Cancerous tumors may also be called malignant tumors. Many cancers form solid tumors, but cancers of the blood, such as leukemias, generally do not.
Benign tumors do not spread into or over, nearby tissues.
When removed, benign tumors usually don’t grow back, whereas cancerous tumors sometimes do.
Benign tumors can sometimes be quite large, however. Some can cause serious symptoms or be life threatening, such as benign tumors in the brain.
Types of Genes that Cause Cancer
The genetic changes that contribute to cancer tend to affect three main types of genes—
proto-oncogenes
tumor suppressor genes
DNA repair genes.
These changes are sometimes called “drivers” of cancer.
Proto-oncogenes are involved in normal cell growth and division. However, when these genes are altered in certain ways or are more active than normal, they may become cancer-causing genes (oncogenes), allowing cells to grow and survive when they should not.
Tumor suppressor genes are also involved in controlling cell growth and division. Cells with certain alterations in tumor suppressor genes may divide in an uncontrolled manner.
DNA repair genes are involved in fixing damaged DNA.
Cells with mutations in these genes tend to develop additional mutations in other genes and changes in their chromosomes, such as duplications and deletions of chromosome parts. Together, these mutations may cause the cells to become cancerous.
TYPES OF CANCER
1) Carcinomas
A carcinoma begins in the skin or the tissue that covers the surface of internal organs and glands.
Carcinomas usually form solid tumors.
They are the most common type of cancer.
Examples of carcinomas include
Prostate Cancer,
Breast Cancer,
Lung Cancer,
Colorectal Cancer.
2) Sarcomas
A sarcoma begins in the tissues that support and connect the body.
A type of cancer that begins in bone or in the soft tissues of the body.
A sarcoma can develop in fat, muscles, nerves, tendons, joints, blood vessels, lymph vessels, cartilage, or bone.3) Leukemias
Leukemia is a cancer of the blood.
Leukemia begins when healthy blood cells change and grow uncontrollably.
The 4 main types of leukemia are :
4) Lymphomas
Lymphoma is a cancer that be
Colorectal Cancer Information, Symptoms, TreatmentAnton Bilchik MD
http://www.antonbilchikmd.com/ | Colorectal cancer is a top killer -- one of the most commonly diagnosed forms of cancer. Early detection and treatment are essential to halting this disease.
Colorectal cancer, also known as bowel cancer, is a type of cancer that affects both the colon and rectum. Studies show that colorectal cancer is the second leading cancer killer in women and third in men. However, due to medical advancements such as screening techniques and improved treatments, the death rates of colorectal cancer can be reduced.
Human health has many aspects, we need to feed the diet which provides better nutrition and gives good health, an absence of disease and good behaviour. There are many health-related problems and conditions are responsible for the weak health and sometimes death causing illness, in which cancer is one most common health risk in human healthcare. Cancer is the state in which cell division is uncontrolled which damage the cells and in the last stage, if incurable caused death. There are many reasons why cell got infected due to cancerous infections, in which food habits and quality of foodstuffs are also increased the risk of cancer, like mycotoxins contamination in the food. MSG additives, taste enhancer, food colouring etc. done by the chemical processing which produces toxins inside the during the oxidation process of food. Cancer is causes of death rate higher than other health risks all over the world. The number of cancer cases is likely to rise up to 24 million by 2035. Several studies were performed in the last years in order to explore and analyze associations between diet and risk of cancer. The risk of cancer is depending on the degree of exposure to contaminated food, availability of nutrients in the body, dietary pattern and lifestyle as well as food behaviour. Research from a number of sources provides information that some vegetables, fruits, and whole grains, dietary fibre, certain micronutrients, few fatty acids and physical activity protect against cancers. Whereas poor dietary intake, imbalanced nutrition, less physical activity trances fatty acids, food processing and cooking method may increase risks.
Keywords: Cancer, death, nutrition, fruits and vegetable
Understanding Cancer: How Genetics Plays a Rolekinsleyaniston
Genetic testing looks at your DNA to identify changes that cause or may put you at risk for certain diseases or disorders. The results from genetic tests provide information that may help you and your doctor recognize and manage these health conditions. Visit: https://www.genomesmart.com/geno-blog/understanding-cancer--how-genetics-plays-a-role
11Getting Started with PhoneGapWHAT’S IN THIS CHAPTERSantosConleyha
11
Getting Started with PhoneGap
WHAT’S IN THIS CHAPTER?
! History of PhoneGap
! Di! erences between HTML5 and PhoneGap
! Getting a development environment set up
! Implementing the Derby App
PhoneGap is an open source set of tools created by Nitobi
Solution
s (now part of Adobe)
that enables you to create mobile applications for multiple devices by utilizing the same code.
PhoneGap is a hybrid mobile application framework that allows the use of HTML, CSS,
and JavaScript to write applications that are based on the open standards of the web. These
applications also have access to the native functionality of the device. PhoneGap has been
downloaded more than 600,000 times, and more than 1,000 apps built with PhoneGap are
available in the respective app stores, which makes PhoneGap a viable solution for creating
cross-platform mobile apps.
HISTORY OF PHONEGAP
PhoneGap was started at the San Francisco iPhone Dev Camp in August 2008. iOS was shaping
up to become a popular mobile platform, but the learning curve for Objective-C was more work
than many developers wanted to take on. PhoneGap originally started as a headless browser
implementation for the iPhone. Because of the popularity of HTML/CSS/JavaScript, it was a
goal that this project use technologies with which many developers where already familiar.
Based on the growing popularity of the framework, in October 2008 Nitobi added support
for Android and BlackBerry. PhoneGap was awarded the People’s Choice award at the Web2.0
Expo Launch Pad in 2009, which was the start of developers recognizing PhoneGap as a
valuable mobile development tool. PhoneGap version 0.7.2 was released in April 2009, and
was the fi rst version for which the Android and iPhone APIs were equivalent.
c11.indd 309c11.indd 309 28/07/12 6:08 PM28/07/12 6:08 PM
310 " CHAPTER 11 GETTING STARTED WITH PHONEGAP
In September 2009 Apple approved the use of the PhoneGap platform to build apps for the iPhone
store. Apple required that all PhoneGap apps be built using at least version 0.8.0 of the PhoneGap
software. In July 2011, PhoneGap released version 1.0.0.
WHY USE PHONEGAP?
PhoneGap enables you to leverage your current HTML, CSS, and JavaScript skill sets to create a mobile
application. This can greatly speed up development time. When you develop for multiple platforms
using PhoneGap, you can reuse the majority of the code you have written for the mobile project, further
reducing development costs. It isn’t necessary to learn Java, C#, and Objective-C to create an applica-
tion with PhoneGap that can target iPhone, Android, BlackBerry, and Windows Phone 7.
If you fi nd native functionality missing from PhoneGap, you can extend the functionality of the
PhoneGap platform using native code. With the PhoneGap add-in structure, you can create an add-in
using the native language of the device and a JavaScript API that will call the native plug-in you
created. Cross-platfo ...
11Proposal Part One - Part 1 Influence of Internet on TourismSantosConleyha
11
Proposal Part One - Part 1: Influence of Internet on Tourism Industry
Research Proposal: Influence of Internet on Tourism Industry
Introduction
The tourism industry has been among the best-valued sectors within the nation to generate massive revenue for the government. Besides, the industry is considered among the earliest since it started several decades ago. For an extended period, the industry uses Integrated Marketing Communications to promote their various products and services to the entire world. The introduction of technology in the industry leads to improvements in the sectors. Most individuals without extensive information on the tourism industry can access the data in their comfort zones. It implies that IT and internet technology play a significant role in ensuring effective strategy due to its existence globally.
Most European countries have tried to promote and implement internet technology in ensuring satisfactory delivery of products and services (Kayumovich, 2020). Since it has a custom within the tourism and hotel industry to provide intangible products and services, including but not limited to services alongside comfort, the internet has been an effective method of delivering its messages to the targeted customers. Also, through internet technology, the industry has achieved more customers in the global market, including the European market. The promotion of branding within the European tourism industry has been effective due to the introduction and implementation of internet technology. Thus, the internet is believed to significantly influence the tourism industry in various sectors, including but limited to infrastructure, travel, alongside the marketing sector. Before introducing the internet alongside the IT, travelling of customers was dangerous and unpleasant since travellers had constraint understanding of locations they were visiting.
As a result, the existing vacationers of time had limited knowledge of the cultures and terrain alongside the climate change and patterns necessary to stimulate the travelling issues. Therefore, tourism sectors, including but not limited to tour companies, travel agencies and other like hotels, had developed strategies necessary to promote booking and reservation processes (David-Negre et al. 2018). However, several decades ago, popular sites were visited by tourists. It implies that the tourism sectors within the local or remote area faced challenges of securing sufficient clients as people were could not define the destination. Also, shortage of information on a particular region leads to reduced travelling by visitors. The research involved the utilization of relevant literature review on the subject matter to provide factual information. Therefore, the report offers adequate information on the influence of the internet on the tourism industry. This research would give me the stage to show my finding and view and also propose how the internet can be leveraged to an extend i ...
More Related Content
Similar to 11Cancer is the uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells
Colorectal Cancer Information, Symptoms, TreatmentAnton Bilchik MD
http://www.antonbilchikmd.com/ | Colorectal cancer is a top killer -- one of the most commonly diagnosed forms of cancer. Early detection and treatment are essential to halting this disease.
Colorectal cancer, also known as bowel cancer, is a type of cancer that affects both the colon and rectum. Studies show that colorectal cancer is the second leading cancer killer in women and third in men. However, due to medical advancements such as screening techniques and improved treatments, the death rates of colorectal cancer can be reduced.
Human health has many aspects, we need to feed the diet which provides better nutrition and gives good health, an absence of disease and good behaviour. There are many health-related problems and conditions are responsible for the weak health and sometimes death causing illness, in which cancer is one most common health risk in human healthcare. Cancer is the state in which cell division is uncontrolled which damage the cells and in the last stage, if incurable caused death. There are many reasons why cell got infected due to cancerous infections, in which food habits and quality of foodstuffs are also increased the risk of cancer, like mycotoxins contamination in the food. MSG additives, taste enhancer, food colouring etc. done by the chemical processing which produces toxins inside the during the oxidation process of food. Cancer is causes of death rate higher than other health risks all over the world. The number of cancer cases is likely to rise up to 24 million by 2035. Several studies were performed in the last years in order to explore and analyze associations between diet and risk of cancer. The risk of cancer is depending on the degree of exposure to contaminated food, availability of nutrients in the body, dietary pattern and lifestyle as well as food behaviour. Research from a number of sources provides information that some vegetables, fruits, and whole grains, dietary fibre, certain micronutrients, few fatty acids and physical activity protect against cancers. Whereas poor dietary intake, imbalanced nutrition, less physical activity trances fatty acids, food processing and cooking method may increase risks.
Keywords: Cancer, death, nutrition, fruits and vegetable
Understanding Cancer: How Genetics Plays a Rolekinsleyaniston
Genetic testing looks at your DNA to identify changes that cause or may put you at risk for certain diseases or disorders. The results from genetic tests provide information that may help you and your doctor recognize and manage these health conditions. Visit: https://www.genomesmart.com/geno-blog/understanding-cancer--how-genetics-plays-a-role
11Getting Started with PhoneGapWHAT’S IN THIS CHAPTERSantosConleyha
11
Getting Started with PhoneGap
WHAT’S IN THIS CHAPTER?
! History of PhoneGap
! Di! erences between HTML5 and PhoneGap
! Getting a development environment set up
! Implementing the Derby App
PhoneGap is an open source set of tools created by Nitobi
Solution
s (now part of Adobe)
that enables you to create mobile applications for multiple devices by utilizing the same code.
PhoneGap is a hybrid mobile application framework that allows the use of HTML, CSS,
and JavaScript to write applications that are based on the open standards of the web. These
applications also have access to the native functionality of the device. PhoneGap has been
downloaded more than 600,000 times, and more than 1,000 apps built with PhoneGap are
available in the respective app stores, which makes PhoneGap a viable solution for creating
cross-platform mobile apps.
HISTORY OF PHONEGAP
PhoneGap was started at the San Francisco iPhone Dev Camp in August 2008. iOS was shaping
up to become a popular mobile platform, but the learning curve for Objective-C was more work
than many developers wanted to take on. PhoneGap originally started as a headless browser
implementation for the iPhone. Because of the popularity of HTML/CSS/JavaScript, it was a
goal that this project use technologies with which many developers where already familiar.
Based on the growing popularity of the framework, in October 2008 Nitobi added support
for Android and BlackBerry. PhoneGap was awarded the People’s Choice award at the Web2.0
Expo Launch Pad in 2009, which was the start of developers recognizing PhoneGap as a
valuable mobile development tool. PhoneGap version 0.7.2 was released in April 2009, and
was the fi rst version for which the Android and iPhone APIs were equivalent.
c11.indd 309c11.indd 309 28/07/12 6:08 PM28/07/12 6:08 PM
310 " CHAPTER 11 GETTING STARTED WITH PHONEGAP
In September 2009 Apple approved the use of the PhoneGap platform to build apps for the iPhone
store. Apple required that all PhoneGap apps be built using at least version 0.8.0 of the PhoneGap
software. In July 2011, PhoneGap released version 1.0.0.
WHY USE PHONEGAP?
PhoneGap enables you to leverage your current HTML, CSS, and JavaScript skill sets to create a mobile
application. This can greatly speed up development time. When you develop for multiple platforms
using PhoneGap, you can reuse the majority of the code you have written for the mobile project, further
reducing development costs. It isn’t necessary to learn Java, C#, and Objective-C to create an applica-
tion with PhoneGap that can target iPhone, Android, BlackBerry, and Windows Phone 7.
If you fi nd native functionality missing from PhoneGap, you can extend the functionality of the
PhoneGap platform using native code. With the PhoneGap add-in structure, you can create an add-in
using the native language of the device and a JavaScript API that will call the native plug-in you
created. Cross-platfo ...
11Proposal Part One - Part 1 Influence of Internet on TourismSantosConleyha
11
Proposal Part One - Part 1: Influence of Internet on Tourism Industry
Research Proposal: Influence of Internet on Tourism Industry
Introduction
The tourism industry has been among the best-valued sectors within the nation to generate massive revenue for the government. Besides, the industry is considered among the earliest since it started several decades ago. For an extended period, the industry uses Integrated Marketing Communications to promote their various products and services to the entire world. The introduction of technology in the industry leads to improvements in the sectors. Most individuals without extensive information on the tourism industry can access the data in their comfort zones. It implies that IT and internet technology play a significant role in ensuring effective strategy due to its existence globally.
Most European countries have tried to promote and implement internet technology in ensuring satisfactory delivery of products and services (Kayumovich, 2020). Since it has a custom within the tourism and hotel industry to provide intangible products and services, including but not limited to services alongside comfort, the internet has been an effective method of delivering its messages to the targeted customers. Also, through internet technology, the industry has achieved more customers in the global market, including the European market. The promotion of branding within the European tourism industry has been effective due to the introduction and implementation of internet technology. Thus, the internet is believed to significantly influence the tourism industry in various sectors, including but limited to infrastructure, travel, alongside the marketing sector. Before introducing the internet alongside the IT, travelling of customers was dangerous and unpleasant since travellers had constraint understanding of locations they were visiting.
As a result, the existing vacationers of time had limited knowledge of the cultures and terrain alongside the climate change and patterns necessary to stimulate the travelling issues. Therefore, tourism sectors, including but not limited to tour companies, travel agencies and other like hotels, had developed strategies necessary to promote booking and reservation processes (David-Negre et al. 2018). However, several decades ago, popular sites were visited by tourists. It implies that the tourism sectors within the local or remote area faced challenges of securing sufficient clients as people were could not define the destination. Also, shortage of information on a particular region leads to reduced travelling by visitors. The research involved the utilization of relevant literature review on the subject matter to provide factual information. Therefore, the report offers adequate information on the influence of the internet on the tourism industry. This research would give me the stage to show my finding and view and also propose how the internet can be leveraged to an extend i ...
11Social Inclusion of Deaf with Hearing CongreSantosConleyha
11
Social Inclusion of Deaf with Hearing Congregants within a Ministerial Setting Comment by Stumme, Clifford James (College Applied Studies & Acad Succ): As you review this sample student paper, please keep in mind that there are some flaws in this paper (as with any piece of writing). However, it is one of the best INDS 400 research proposals received to date, so it is an excellent reference point.
Sample Student Comment by Stumme, Clifford James (College Applied Studies & Acad Succ) [2]: Also, remember that what you are looking at is an example of the overall research proposal, not just the literature review. If you are working on your literature review, refer to the portion marked “literature review” and remember that within that literature review portion, there is a unique introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. The first paragraph is the introduction for the proposal as a whole, which is different from the kind of introduction you should write for the literature review itself. Also remember that while this research proposal has an abstract, you do not need one for the literature review.
Liberty University
INDS 400: Knowledge Synthesis for Professional and Personal Development
January 3, 2020
Abstract Comment by Stumme, Clifford James (College Applied Studies & Acad Succ) [2]: Notice how the abstract gives a brief overview of the elements of the research proposal without arguing or getting ahead of itself by predicting results.
Culture can influence how people interact and the level of inclusion of different cultures in a particular setting.While numerous studies have been conducted examining deaf studies and deaf culture, there is a curious lack of research that has specifically considered the level of inclusion of deaf people in evangelical hearing churches. This research proposal includes an interdisciplinary including a literature review that examines a handful of studies on interactions among deaf and hearing populations to consider challenges of hearing and deaf integration. Examining these diverse perspectives, including Catholic ministry, disability ministry and deaf culture, provides a fresh interdisciplinary perspective to approach the challenges of deaf inclusion in ministerial settings. It was found through this literature review that a gap in scholarly research exists in this area. As further research would be necessary to address this gap, the goal of this research proposal is to conduct a qualitative study for further research by petitioning deaf perspective through online interviews utilizing the social media platform of Facebook. Although a low budget would be necessary, the implications of this research would provide a platform to open community conversation to address challenges and provide ideas on integration of deaf and hearing congregants in evangelical hearing churches. Examining deaf perspectives may provide additional information for fellowship, growth and exposure to the Gospel for deaf congr ...
11Mental Health Among College StudentsTomia WillinSantosConleyha
11
Mental Health Among College Students
Tomia Willingham
Sophia Learning
Eng 215
March 14, 2021
Introduction
Going to college can be demanding for many people. In addition to managing academic insistence, many students have to cope with their families' complex separation tasks. At the same time, some of them continue to deal with a lot of many family duties. Mental health experts and advocates contend that it is an epidemic that colleges need to investigate further. Depression, anxiety disorders are some of the significant mental health issues that affect college students. The effects of suicidal ideas on university students' academic achievement have not been explored, yet mental health conditions are associated with academic achievement (De Luca et al., 2016). A novel coronavirus has worsened the situation of mental health. Even before the onset of this virus, there was concern from mental health policymakers in America because of the rising mental health challenges. They claimed a need for additional aid for struggling university students and the capability for these institutions to provide it. Regrettably, many university students with mental health conditions do not seek and receive the necessary treatment. The primary reasons for not pursuing help include thinking that the challenge will get better with time, stigma from their peers and no time to seek the treatment because of a busy schedule (Corrigan et al. 2016). Without this treatment, college students experiencing medical conditions most of the time get lower grades, drop out of college, immerse themselves into substance abuse, or become unemployed. Because these mental health conditions are invisible, they can only be seen through academic performance or social behavior change. Should universities strike a balance between mental health conditions and academics? This review will conclude that the mental health condition of university students and scholars should be balanced. Comment by Dr. Helen Doss: You need to answer this question and present the answer as the thesis at the end of this paragraph. Comment by Dr. Helen Doss: This is not a review essay—it is an argumentative or persuasive essay. Comment by Dr. Helen Doss: What does this mean—should be balanced? By what? For what? And, by whom? Comment by Dr. Helen Doss: This paragraph is too long. See: https://www.umgc.edu/current-students/learning-resources/writing-center/writing-resources/parts-of-an-essay/paragraph-structure.cfm
Effects of not Balancing Mental Health and Academics
There are consequences of not balancing mental health and academics in higher learning institutions, mainly if they do not receive any treatment. For example, if depression goes untreated, it raises the chances of risky behavior like substance abuse. The condition affects how students sleep, eat, and it also affects how students think. Also, students cannot concentrate in class, and they cannot make rational decisions. By lack of concent ...
11From Introductions to ConclusionsDrafting an EssayIn this chapSantosConleyha
11From Introductions to ConclusionsDrafting an Essay
In this chapter, we describe strategies for crafting introductions that set up your argument. We then describe the characteristics of well-formulated paragraphs that will help you build your argument. Finally, we provide you with some strategies for writing conclusions that reinforce what is new about your argument, what is at stake, and what readers should do with the knowledge you convey
DRAFTING INTRODUCTIONS
The introduction is where you set up your argument. It’s where you identify a widely held assumption, challenge that assumption, and state your thesis. Writers use a number of strategies to set up their arguments. In this section we look at five of them:
· Moving from a general topic to a specific thesis (inverted-triangle introduction)
· Introducing the topic with a story (narrative introduction)
· Beginning with a question (interrogative introduction)
· Capturing readers’ attention with something unexpected (paradoxical introduction)
· Identifying a gap in knowledge (minding-the-gap introduction)
Remember that an introduction need not be limited to a single paragraph. It may take several paragraphs to effectively set up your argument.
Keep in mind that you have to make these strategies your own. That is, we can suggest models, but you must make them work for your own argument. You must imagine your readers and what will engage them. What tone do you want to take? Playful? Serious? Formal? Urgent? The attitude you want to convey will depend on your purpose, your argument, and the needs of your audience.◼ The Inverted-Triangle Introduction
An inverted-triangle introduction, like an upside-down triangle, is broad at the top and pointed at the base. It begins with a general statement of the topic and then narrows its focus, ending with the point of the paragraph (and the triangle), the writer’s thesis. We can see this strategy at work in the following introduction from a student’s essay. The student writer (1) begins with a broad description of the problem she will address, (2) then focuses on a set of widely held but troublesome assumptions, and (3) finally, presents her thesis in response to what she sees as a pervasive problem.
The paragraph reads, “In today’s world, many believe that education’s sole purpose is to communicate information for students to store and draw on as necessary. By storing this information, students hope to perform well on tests. Good test scores assure good grades. Good grades eventually lead to acceptances into good colleges, which ultimately guarantee good jobs. Many teachers and students, convinced that education exists as a tool to secure good jobs, rely on the banking system. In her essay “Teaching to Transgress,” bell hooks defines the banking system as an “approach to learning that is rooted in the notion that all students need to do is consume information fed to them by a professor and be able to memorize and store it” (185). Through the banking s ...
11Groupthink John SmithCampbellsville UnivSantosConleyha
1
1
Groupthink
John Smith
Campbellsville University
BA611 – Organizational Theory
Dr. Jane Corbett
January 17, 2021
Definition
Groupthink is a pattern of thought characterized by self-deception, forced manufacture of consent, and conformity to group values and ethics.
Summary
Valine (2018) discussed how powerful an effect groupthink can have on community and peers. It followed two case studies about JPMorgan Chase and Wells Fargo, which explains how many sources and credentials the author has used. The focus of the article is that circumstances have occurred inside these companies which were able to affect the entire economy as well. Groupthink is usually followed by irrational thinking and decision making which completely ignores alternatives and constantly goes for the primary decision. The large difference between group and groupthink is that the group consists of members of various backgrounds and experiences, while groupthink usually has members of similar ones. Further, there is no way for groupthink to recover from bad decisions mainly because all members have a similar understanding and point of the view towards a certain topic. The illusion of invulnerability is the main characteristic related to groupthink, where teammates ignore the danger, take extreme risks, and act highly optimistic.
Discussion
Groupthink is characterized by incorrect decisions that groups make mainly due to mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment. Many conditions can cause groupthink to occur, and the most frequent ones are collective rationalization, belief in inherent morality, stereotyped views of out-groups, direct pressure on dissenters, and self-censorship.
The collective rationalization explains how different warnings are against the group thinking, so and where those opinions can create a misunderstanding. Belief in inherent morality points out that members ignore the ethical and moral consequences of decisions because they believe the correctness of their cause. The stereotyped views of out-groups are the characters to create a negative feeling about opposition outside the group environment. The direct pressure on dissenters is where team leaders discuss all members that have different opinions and philosophies than the group’s commitments and agreement. Lastly, the self-censorship is where teammates keep their thoughts and opinions without expressing them to others.
The case study about the London Whale explains how JPMC, one of the largest banks in the world, has lost 6.5 billion dollars due to bad and poor investment decisions. Everything occurred in April and May of 2012, where larger trading loss happened in Chase’s Investment Office throughout the London branch. The main transaction that affected Morgan Chase was credit default swaps (CDS) and it was shown that famous trader Bruno Iksil has gathered significant CDS position in the market at that time. Following this case, the internal control has risen o ...
11Sun Coast Remediation Research Objectives, Research QueSantosConleyha
11
Sun Coast Remediation: Research Objectives, Research Questions, and Hypotheses
4
Sun Coast Remediation
Unique R. Simpkins
Southern Columbia University
Course Name Here
Instructor Name
11-2-2021
Research Objectives, Research Questions, and Hypotheses
Based on the information amassed by the former health and safety director, the organization needs to pursue safety-related programs or initiatives to ensure employees' health. It is an appropriate approach to help the firm and the employees achieve goals and inhibit costs arising from injuries and illnesses while on duty. The completion of this task will provide managers with practicable insights on the approach to enhance safety and protect the firm from losses. This task accounts for the objectives, questions, and hypotheses of the research based on the provided statement of the problem.
RO1: Explore the correlation between the size of the Particulate Matter (PM) and the health of the employee.
RQ1: Is there a correlation between the size of the Particulate Matter (PM) and the health of the employee?
Ho1: There is no statistically significant evidence connecting the size of the Particulate Matter (PM) and the health of the employee.
Ha1: There is statistically significant evidence connecting the size of the Particulate Matter (PM) and the health of the employee.
RO2: Establish whether safety training is feasible in decreasing the lost-time hours.
RQ2: Is safety training feasible in decreasing the lost-time hours?
Ho2: There is no statistically significant evidence linking safety training and reduction in lost-time hours.
Ha2: There is statistically significant evidence linking safety training and reduction in lost-time hours.
RO3: Establish the effectiveness of predicting the decibels (dB) levels before the employee placement on determining the on-site risk.
RQ3: Is predicting the decibels (dB) levels before the employee placement on determining the on site risk effective?
Ho3: There is no statistically significant relationship between predicting the decibels (dB) levels before the employee placement and effective determination of the on-site risk.
Ha3: There is a statistically significant relationship between predicting the decibels (dB) levels before the employee placement and effective determination of the on-site risk.
RO4: Establish whether the revised training program is more practicable than the initially adopted initiative.
RQ4: Is the revised training program is more practicable than the previously adopted initiative?
Ho4: There is no statistically significant proof that the new training program is more feasible than the old program.
Ha4: There is statistically significant proof that the new training program is more feasible than the old program.
RO5: Determine the blood lead levels variation before and after exposure at the end of the remediation service.
RQ5: Do the blood lead levels before and after exposure at the end of the remediation service va ...
11Me Talk Pretty One Day # By David Sedaris From his bSantosConleyha
11
Me Talk Pretty One Day # By David Sedaris
From his book Me Talk Pretty One Day
At the age of forty-one, I am returning to school and have to think of myself as
what my French textbook calls Ba true debutant.D After paying my tuition, I was issued
a student ID, which allows me a discounted entry fee at movie theaters, puppet shows,
and Festyland, a far-flung amusement park that advertises with billboards picturing a
cartoon stegosaurus sitting in a canoe and eating what appears to be a ham sandwich.
IFve moved to Paris with hopes of learning the language. My school is an easy
ten-minute walk from my apartment, and on the first day of class I arrived early,
watching as the returning students greeted one another in the school lobby. Vacations
were recounted, and questions were raised concerning mutual friends with names like
Kang and Vlatnya. Regardless of their nationalities, everyone spoke what sounded to
me like excellent French. Some accents were better than others, but the students
exhibited an ease and confidence that I found intimidating. As an added discomfort,
they were all young, attractive, and well-dressed, causing me to feel not unlike Pa Kettle
trapped backstage after a fashion show.
The first day of class was nerve-racking because I knew IFd be expected to
perform. ThatFs the way they do it here # itFs everybody into the language pool, sink or
swim. The teacher marched in, deeply tanned from a recent vacation, and proceeded to
rattle off a series of administrative announcements. IFve spent quite a few summers in
Normandy, and I took a monthlong French class before leaving New York. IFm not
completely in the dark, yet I understood only half of what this woman was saying.
BIf you have not meimslsxp or lgpdmurct by this time, then you should not be in
this room. Has everyone apzkiubjxow? Everyone? Good, we shall begin.D She spread
out her lesson plan and sighed, saying, BAll right, then, who knows the alphabet?D
It was startling because (a) I hadnFt been asked that question in a while and (b) I
realized, while laughing, that I myself did not know the alphabet. TheyFre the same
letters, but in France theyFre pronounced differently. I know the shape of the alphabet
but had no idea what it actually sounded like.
BAhh.D The teacher went to the board and sketched the letter a. BDo we have
anyone in the room whose first name commences with an ahh?D
12
Two Polish Annas raised their hands, and the teachers instructed them to present
themselves by stating their names, nationalities, occupations, and a brief list of things
they liked and disliked in this world. The first Anna hailed from an industrial town
outside of Warsaw and had front teeth the size of tombstones. She worked as a
seamstress, enjoyed quiet times with friends, and hated the mosquito.
BOh, really,D the teacher said. BHow very interesting. I thought that everyone
loved the mosquito, but here, in front of all the world, you claim to ...
11Program analysis using different perspectivesSantosConleyha
11
Program analysis using different perspectives
Student's Name
Institution
Course
Professor
Date
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………
Program Description/ Analysis of a Classical Liberal perspective…………………………
Program Description/ Analysis of a Radical perspective……………………………………
Program Description/ Analysis of a Conservative perspective……………………………..
Program Description/ Analysis of a Mordern Liberal perspective...………………………
Comparisons of four perspectives……………………………………………………………
Assessment and modifications of the perspectives………………………………………….
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………..
Introduction
Program analysis using different perspectives
In a political economy, policies and programs are essential tools that assist in understanding the ongoing struggle for equality and social justice. Although both have an underlying difference, they serve an almost similar purpose. Essentially, understanding the goal of any program or policy can be achieved by analyzing the contending perspectives (Harvey, 2020). This involves the intentional bringing of different perspectives in contrast. They help examine core economic problems or concepts from an orthodox perspective, and others criticize it from a heterodox perspective. The perspectives are essential since both the heterodox and orthodox positions can be examined and reach a consensus.
In the United States, there has been a rise in spending on prescription drugs, which has led to the introduction of a Build Better Program. One proposal is driving down the cost of prescription drugs by allowing Medicare to negotiate with drugmakers over price; starting in 2025-ten drugs (plus insulin) would be on the table the first year, growing to 20 by 2028 (The White House, 2021). Although members of Congress have accepted the proposal, there is a need to analyze it using the different contending perspectives. This paper explores the proposal using the Classical Liberal, The radical, the Conservative Perspective, and the Modern Liberal Perspective. Individuals have the right to pursue their happiness, and proponents of the different political economy perspectives should work hand-in-hand to promote human development within society.
Analysis by Perspective
The Classical Liberal
The political philosophy and ideology belonging to liberalism emphasize securing citizens' freedom by limiting government power. Today, the proponents hold various thoughts and Perspectives, one being Neo-Austrian economics (Clark, 2016). Essentially, the program's main aim is to reduce the overall cost of prescription drugs. From the Perspective of Neo-Austrians, humans are self-interested. They can act autonomously by utilizing their capacity to discover an efficient means of satisfying their desires and basic needs (Harvey, 2020). Also, the government is created by the people to protect their natural rights. At the same time, justice requires safeguarding the people's rights established by the c ...
11Factors that Affect the Teaching and Learning ProcessSantosConleyha
11
Factors that Affect the Teaching and Learning Process
Lua Shanks
Dr. Thompson
Valley State University
10-6-2021
Factors that Affect the Teaching and Learning Process
Contextual Factors
The efficacious teaching and learning processes are important in generating the desired academic outcomes for students. Such processes entail the transformation and transfer of knowledge from the educators to students. It requires a combination of different elements within the procedure, in which an instructor determines and establishes the learning goals and objectives, and designs teaching resources. Thereafter, teachers implement the learning strategy that they will utilize to impart intellectual content into students. However, learning is a cardinal factor that an educator musty take into account while overseeing the process of knowledge acquisition and retention. Many factors play an important role in shaping the process of teaching and learning. Contextual factors, for instance, are associated with a particular context and characteristic that is distinct to a specific group, community, society, and individual. Such factors may take the form of a child’s educational, community, as well as classroom settings.
Community, District, and School Factors
Armstrong School District is a major public learning institution that occupies a geographical area of approximately 437 square miles. Located in Pennsylvania, it forms one of the 500 public school districts in the state, and hosts teachers and students from diverse racial, ethnic, and ethnic backgrounds. As a consequence, the institution partners with families, community leaders, and teachers to improve students’’ capacity to acquire knowledge ahead of their graduation. The community refers to the urban or rural environment in which both the teachers and learners operate. These may include the teacher and students’ ethnic, racial political or social affiliations that affect learning or knowledge acquisition. Additionally, parents and community members play an integral role in ensuring the quality of education in schools. They for, example, collaborate with teachers and school administrators to develop the most effective ways of improving their students’ learning outcomes. Indeed, community involvement in schooling issues is potentially a rich area for innovation that has immense benefits that far exceeds its limitations. Considering that governments are constrained in offering quality education due to contextual issues such as remoteness, bureaucracy, corruption, and inefficient management, community factors are pivotal in bridging the gap between government initiatives and community needs. This helps to adjust the child’s familial obligations to family interests, thereby shifting towards ways of mobilizing a sense of community by strengthening trust and relationships between community members, parents, governments, as well as teachers and school leaders. Other important community factors that af ...
11
Criminal Justice: Racial discrimination
Student’s Name:
Institutional Affiliation:
Instructor’s Name:
Course Code:
Due Date:
Racial discrimination
Abstract
When there is justice in society, every person feels satisfied with the way legal actions are carried out in the community. Unfortunately, there are several instances of racial discrimination in the United States. Most of the racial discrimination in the United States ate directed towards black people. Although everyone is required to have equal treatment in the United States, achieving zero discrimination has always been difficult.
Understanding racial discrimination in the USA is vital as it makes it easy for one to identify ways to eliminate the criminal injustices resulting from racial discrimination. This will be essential since it will help to eliminate racial discrimination in the criminal justice system.
Introduction
When there is justice in society, every person feels satisfied with the way legal actions are carried out in society. The criminal justice community is when people are not discriminated against based on their skin color. Laws applicable are carried out uniformly such that every person is treated equally. When the laws are applied equally to every individual, it increases the trust in the criminal justice system. However, when there are biases in applying the laws, the criminal justice system becomes compromised. According to Kovera (2019), there are many disparities in the criminal justice system as black people are discriminated against by police officers based on their race. As a result, black people suffer more as compared to white people when they violate similar laws.
There is a lot of disparity in the criminal justice system of the United States. Many people suffer as a result of racial discrimination in the United States. People are discriminated against a lot in the administration of the policies. According to Donnel (2017), there is racial inequality in how criminal justice is carried out in policymaking. The criminal justice system discriminates against people based on their race. For example, police officers harass black people for minor mistakes which white people are left to walk freely even after making similar mistakes. Black people suffer because of the color of their skin.
Hypothesis/Problem Statement/Purpose Statement
Racial discrimination affects the outcomes of the criminal justice system adversely. How does racial discrimination affect the judicial criminal justice system? The study aims to identify ways in which criminal justice racial discrimination is practiced in the United States. It will also provide insights on the racial discrimination cases, which are helpful in the development of policies that can be helpful in the elimination of racial discrimination in society hence promoting equality among the citizens.
Literature Review and Definitions included in the research
According to Hinton, Henderson, and Reed (2018), there is mu ...
11Communication Plan for Manufacturing PlantStudSantosConleyha
11
Communication Plan for Manufacturing Plant
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Instructor
Course
Date
Communication Plan of a Manufacturing Plant
Background
In manufacturing companies, organization employees are at the centre of an organization. Most of them are at the front lines with the ability to change strategy into results. At the culmination of the day, the plant employees have the responsibility of ensuring that the operations are conducted smoothly, a product reaches consumers timely, and quality products are manufacture with the appropriate specifications. However, despite the primary role they play, manufacturing plants are disjointed (Adejimola, 2008). That disengagement is embodied with a hefty price which is paying a negative role in the performance of manufacturing plants just as they are being challenged to increase their efficiency and effectiveness to the company compared to previous years. To realize rapid growth around the globe, the manufacturing industry is attempting to standardize operations and continuously leverage operations. Such kind of effort needs a company to possess highly invested employees (Obiekwe, O& Eke, 2019). For this reason, natural communication naturally is primary on the path to more highly engaged and motivated employees. However, it can sometimes be challenging to plant employees due to natural challenges that accompany workplace. Some may not frequently be on Smartphone’s or emails, or they may be having various shifts to manage, and the environment may be less conducive, which makes it challenging for them to have one-on-one conversations.
Policies for Oral, Written, and Non-Verbal Communications
Interpersonal communication in a manufacturing plant is the way employees or people communication with others. It may involve a group of p-people, another person or the members of the public. In some instances, it may encompass non-verbal, written or non-verbal communication. In the manufacturing industry, when an individual is communicating with others, they need to consider the person they are talking to, the type of information they want to deliver and the most appropriate and relevant form of communication change. In some instances, such issues may be determined by the information an individual wants to communication (Obiekwe, O& Eke, 2019). At all times, it is required that the staff members remain polite, respectful to both the clients and one another. At no time should they sear, raise their voice, speak in a way belittling another.
Cultural awareness is also another essential element when communicating in a cultural plant. All individuals working in the plant need to recognize that individuals emerge from varying backgrounds and cultures, and they also accompany various attitudes, different values and beliefs (Obiekwe, O& Eke, 2019). All staffs in the plant need to exercise non-judgmental communication remain respectful and are tolerant of the differences prevalence ...
11CapitalKarl MarxPART I. COMMODITIES AND MONEYCHAPTER I. SantosConleyha
11
Capital
Karl Marx
PART I. COMMODITIES AND MONEY
CHAPTER I. COMMODITIES
Section 1. The two factors of a commodity: use-value and value (the substance of value and the magnitude of value)
The wealth of those societies in which the capitalist mode of production prevails, presents itself as “an immense accumulation of commodities,”1 its unit being a single commodity. Our investigation must therefore begin with the analysis of a commodity.
A commodity is, in the first place, an object outside us, a thing that by its properties satisfies human wants of some sort or another. The nature of such wants, whether, for instance, they spring from the stomach or from fancy, makes no difference.2 Neither are we here concerned to know how the object satisfies these wants, whether directly as means of subsistence, or indirectly as means of production.
Every useful thing, as iron, paper, &c., may be looked at from the two points of view of quality and quantity. It is an assemblage of many properties, and may therefore be of use in various ways. To discover the various uses of things is the work of history.3 So also is the establishment of socially-recognised standards of measure for the quantities of these useful objects. The diversity of these measures has its origin partly in the diverse nature of the objects to be measured, partly in convention.
The utility of a thing makes it a use-value.4 But this utility is not a thing of air. Being limited by the physical properties of the commodity, it has no existence apart from that commodity. A commodity, such as iron, corn, or a diamond, is therefore, so far as it is a material thing, a use-value, something useful. This property of a commodity is independent of the amount of labour required to appropriate its useful qualities. When treating of use-value, we always assume to be dealing with definite quantities, such as dozens of watches, yards of linen, or tons of iron. The use-values of commodities furnish the material for a special study, that of the commercial knowledge of commodities.5 Use-values become a reality only by use or consumption: they also constitute the substance of all wealth, whatever may be the social form of that wealth. In the form of society we are about to consider, they are, in addition, the material depositories of exchange-value.
Exchange-value, at first sight, presents itself as a quantitative relation, as the proportion in which values in use of one sort are exchanged for those of another sort,6 a relation constantly changing with time and place. Hence exchange-value appears to be something accidental and purely relative, and consequently an intrinsic value, i.e., an exchange-value that is inseparably connected with, inherent in commodities, seems a contradiction in terms.7 Let us consider the matter a little more closely.
A given commodity, e.g., a quarter of wheat is exchanged for x blacking, y silk, or z gold, &c.—in short, for other commodities in the most different proportions. Ins ...
1
1
Criminal Justice System
Shambri Chillis
June 11, 2022
Criminal justice system
The criminal justice system is essential to identify and prevent crimes in the community. Various functions of the criminale system now adhere to the development of technology. Modern technology helps the criminal justice system in different ways. It has made the job easier and has assisted in the prevention of crimes.
Role of criminal justice practitioners in the technology development
The Ccriminal justice practitioners are responsible for identifying and analyzing different crimes in the community. They are responsible for developing and implementing the technology in the criminal justice system because they can use it for different purposes. They can introduce the new trends in the criminal justice system like the officers can collect and gather the data through the technology. Human error can be reduced through it. The dataset can be maintained, and it is also essential for criminal justice practitioners to develop the technology to locate the criminals and track their local places through GPS. The technology cannot be developed untill the criminal officers implement it in the routine. The criminal system now has to use robots and cameras that help them get information about the criminals. The practitioners can also implement the technology by guiding the juniors to use it. The training is needed to make them understand the use of advanced technologies and to ensure that they use them in the right direction. The high-performance computer and internet systems are also essential for developing the technology, and it has been seen that the future will be bright regarding implementing technology (John S. Hollywood, 2018).
Controversial issues criminal justice policymakers face when considering an expansion in the use of DNA in criminal justice
Tthere are various controversial issues that criminal justice policymakers must consider while using DNA in the criminal justice system. The first thing that is criticized during the use of DNA is the fundamental human error, and iIt has been observed that there can be errors in the investigation, and people have to suffer. The issue in technology is also referred to as the error in using DNA because it might be possible that the results do not come correct at the first attempt. It involves several people who are not linked to the crimes but have to go for the fingerprinting tests by courts. However, DNA technology in criminal justice is highly advanced and has multiple benefits compared to disadvantages, but it has always faced significant controversy in the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system has to make sure that if DNA technology is being used, it must be error-free. The controversy has two opinions. There are two schools of thought regarding the use of DNA. One of the classes of experts thinks that DNA can be used to catch the different criminals. It is helpful in the family c ...
11American Government and Politics in a Racially DividSantosConleyha
1
1American Government
and Politics in a Racially
Divided World
chap ter
In 2016, Gov. Jack Markell signed a long-awaited resolution officially apologizing for the state’s role
in slavery. The apology for slavery illustrates the long and sometimes painful history of the United
States’ struggle with race, from the time of Thomas Jefferson, a slave owner, to President Barack
Obama, the first Black president of the United States.
01-McClain-Chap01.indd 1 11/24/16 8:34 PM
08/20/2017 - RS0000000000000000000000562545 (Anthony Ratcliff) - American
Government in Black and White
2 CHAPTER 1: AmericAn Government And Politics in A rAciAlly divided World
intro
D
ecember 6, 2015, marked the 150th anniversary of the abolish-
ment of slavery, when the U.S. Congress ratified the Thirteenth
Amendment to the Constitution. There were numerous events
recognizing the end of slavery, including an official White House event
presided over by President Obama. On February 11, 2016, Delaware
joined eight other states to formally apologize for slavery when Gover-
nor Jack Markell (D) signed the state’s joint resolution. Delaware’s reso-
lution acknowledged its participation in 226 years of
slavery first of both Native Americans and Africans in
the mid-1600s; by the close of the 1700s its entire
slave population was of African descent. The resolu-
tion also included acknowledgments that Delaware
criminalized humanitarian attempts to assist slaves
and that in later times Delaware passed and enforced
Jim Crow laws to deny the rights of African American
citizens for much of the twentieth century.1
On July 29, 2008, the U.S. House of Representa-
tives passed a nonbinding resolution, introduced and
championed by Representative Steven Cohen (D-TN),
which offered a formal apology for the government’s
participation in African American slavery and the
establishment of Jim Crow laws. The resolution said, in part, “African
Americans continue to suffer from the consequences of slavery and Jim
Crow—long after both systems were formally abolished—through
enormous damage and loss, both tangible and intangible, including the
loss of human dignity and liberty, the frustration of careers and profes-
sional lives, and the long-term loss of income and opportunity.”2
On June 18, 2009, the U.S. Senate unanimously passed a similar reso-
lution apologizing to African Americans for slavery and Jim Crow. The
Senate resolution said explicitly that the apology could not be used in
support of reparations (or compensation for past wrongs).3
The story of apologies for slavery is a complex one that highlights some of the
underlying dilemmas that face the U.S. political system—how to reconcile its stated
principles of how individuals should be treated with how the government actually
treats and has treated individuals. The apologies are intended to acknowledge the
nation’s complicity in a destructive and immoral institution, at ...
11SENSE MAKING Runze DuChee PiongBUS 700 LSantosConleyha
1
1
SENSE MAKING
Runze Du
Chee Piong
BUS 700 Leadership and Creative
Solution
s Implementation
Feb 14th 2021
SENSE MAKING
Sensemaking refers to an action or a process of making sense where meaning is given to something. Sensemaking is a process through which individuals give meaning to their collective experiences. Sensemaking is also a process of structuring the unknown by inserting stimuli into some framework kinds to enable individuals to understand or comprehend, attribute, to extrapolate and predict the meaning of something. Sensemaking is an activity that allows people to turn the ongoing complexity in the entire world into a situation that can be understood. Sensemaking Therefore, Sensemaking requires articulating the unknown because, in many cases, trying to put meaning to something strange is the only means by which one can understand it. For instance, the occurrence or the origin of COVID-19 in the entire world has been a phenomenon that has disturbed the heads of many trying to understand what it is, where it came from, who caused it, how it can be prevented and how it can be cured. In attempting to understand COVID 19, people came up with the explanations of what it is, what caused it, and that is where the scientists realized that this is a disease that is caused by a virus known as Coronavirus, since the condition merged in the year 2019, the virus was given the name coronavirus 19, and the disease it caused known as COVID 19. This is how sensemaking enables individuals to give meaning to something that can be understood easily by individuals.
The organization that I am familiar with that has experienced a current change in its operations is Starbucks. Starbucks is an American company that is known for its production and sell of coffee products. It was started in 1971 as a coffee selling company where it was majorly involved in roasting, marketing and selling coffee globally. It has more than 300 stores all over the world selling coffee. This organization has sold coffee within its stores since its initiation. However, because of the corona's onset, the management of this organization decided to change its operation to accommodate the changes in the environment depending on the restrictions imposed on businesses by the ministries of health all over the world. Starbucks company reacted to the industry changes brought about by COVID 19, where businesses were required to close their doors to enhance the measures of curbing the spread of coronavirus disease. Thus, the company embraced technology where it introduced Starbucks-pick up only stores that replaced the over 300 stores globally. The new stores required that no one could sit in as they take their coffee. Instead, everyone would be allowed only to take their orders from the store and to avoid congesting people in one place. Starbucks introduced Starbucks pick-up stores that use technology to supply coffee to customers. The business submitted a mobile app ...
119E ECUTIVE BAR AININ CEOS NE OTIATIN THEIR PAWITH EMSantosConleyha
119
E ECUTIVE BAR AININ : CEOS NE OTIATIN THEIR PA
WITH EMPLO EES OR CORPORATE E ICIENC
By Nathan Witkin
I INTRODUCTION
Rising executive pay is a significant problem that points to a structural
flaw in American corporations. This article presents a solution to that flaw
through which Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) negotiate their pay in
company resources with lower-paid employees. Exploring this solution also
unearths an explanation for capitalism s apparent drive toward inequality and
examines the historical development of corporations and trade unions in the
United States.
The problem is that managers and corporate directors will raise pay at the
top so long as that pay-setting process does not consider the pay of average-
and low-wage workers. The solution is that CEOs and other top executives
negotiate their pay in company resources with employees in a process that
determines the pay and bonuses of both sides. Microeconomic theory indicates
that confronting the tradeoffs of raising executive compensation with other
potential corporate expenditures—by negotiating this compensation with
workers from different parts of the company—will make executive
compensation more efficient.1 Also, historical analysis indicates a pattern in
which executive compensation became aligned with public interest only during
the period in which workers had significant power to negotiate their wages and
Master of Public Policy Candidate at eorgetown University s McCourt School of Public
Policy J.D., The Ohio State Moritz College of Law. The Author is an independent researcher,
originator of a variety of social innovations (co-resolution, interest group mediation, consensus
arbitration, dependent advocacy, the popular tax audit, the hostile correction, a partnership
between citizen review boards and community policing, and a two-state/one-land solution to the
Israeli-Palestinian conflict), and author of several ambitious theories (the shift in sovereignty
from land to people under international treaties, the use of impact bonds as a solution to climate
change, and resistance to the accelerating expansion of the universe as the cause of gravitation).
He is also a former solo-practitioner in criminal and family law.
1 N. RE OR MAN IW, PRINCIPLES O MICROECONOMICS ( th ed. 2012) (describing the first
principle of microeconomics as centered on trade-offs). Many basic microeconomic models
involve trade-offs between potential allocations of resources to achieve efficiency. See DAVID
BESAN O RONALD R. BRAEUTI AM, MICROECONOMICS 20 07 (5th ed. 201 ).
120 KAN. J.L. & P B. POL’Y Vol. I :1
benefits. This is not to say that the solution to executive compensation is a
return to unions, which developed as a separate organizational structure with
their own flaws and inefficiencies. Rather, a corporation that synthesizes the
inputs of all its employees will be able to maximize efficiency and
productivity, producing profits for shareholders and growth for the overall
econ ...
11CALIFORNIA MANAGEMENT REVIEW VOL. 51, NO. 4 SUMMER 2009 CMR.BERKELEY.EDU
The Emergence and
Evolution of the
Multidimensional
Organization
J. Strikwerda
J.W. Stoelhorst
“In terms of its impact, not just on economic activity, but also on human life as a
whole, the multidivisional organizational design must rank as one of the major
innovations of the last century.”—John Roberts1
T
he multidivisional, multi-unit, or M-form, is widely acknowledged
as the most successful organization form of the twentieth century.2
Firms that employ the M-form organize their activities in separate
business units and delegate control over the resources needed to
create economic value to the managers of these units. This organization form is
widespread, is central to the “theory in use” of managers, and serves as the basis
of most accounting systems. However, the organization of productive activities
in many contemporary firms violates the principle that is central to the M-form:
that business units are self-contained. The quest for synergies that has been high
on the corporate agenda since the late 1980s has resulted in the widespread
adoption of corporate account management, shared service centers, and matrix
organizations. As a result, most business units now depend at least in part on
resources that are controlled by other units. This raises fundamental questions
about the status of the M-form in contemporary firms.
Questioning the status of the M-form is not merely a theoretical fancy,
but is high on the agenda of managers as well. In this article, we report on
research that was commissioned by the Foundation for Management Stud-
ies, a Dutch organization of management executives. These practical men and
women shared a fundamental uneasiness about structuring their organizations.
On the one hand, many of them experienced problems with the M-form: high
employee costs, internal battles over resources, lack of standardization, lack of
cooperation, and loss of market opportunities. On the other hand, they did not
The Emergence and Evolution of the Multidimensional Organization
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY VOL. 51, NO. 4 SUMMER 2009 CMR.BERKELEY.EDU12
see any viable alternatives to the multi-unit organization form. The need to
exploit synergies across business units was widespread, but it was unclear which
organizational designs are most appropriate to achieve this. This led to a research
project to explore the ways in which leading Dutch organizations, including
subsidiaries of foreign multinationals, have adapted the M-form to better exploit
synergies across business units.
As we expected, the results of the study vividly illustrate the fundamen-
tal tension between the need for contemporary firms to exploit synergies and
their need for clear accountability. However, an additional and unexpected
finding was that a number of firms in the study have evolved an organiza-
tional form that signals a new way of res ...
1
1
Insert Title Here
Insert Your Name Here
Insert University Here
Course Name Here
Instructor Name
Date
Literature Review
Include the literature review information here.
Important Note: Students should refer to the information presented in the Unit I study guide and the Unit I syllabus instructions to complete this section of the project. Use the following subheadings to include all required information. Delete instructions and examples highlighted in yellow before submitting this assignment.
Particulate Matter (PM) Article
Safety Training Effectiveness Article
Sound-Level Exposure Article
New Employee Training Article
Lead Exposure Article
Return on Investment Article
References
Include references here using hanging indentations.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). SAGE.
...
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
11Cancer is the uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells
1. 1
1
Cancer is the uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells in the
human body. It is defined by a malfunction in cellular
mechanisms that control cell growth. Cells evade checkpoint
controls and begin growing uncontrollably which resulting in an
increase in abnormal cells, cancer cells. These cancer cells form
a mass tissue known as a tumor. In the United States of
America, cancer has been determined to be among the leading
causes of mortality rates after cardiovascular conditions, where
one in every four deaths is caused by cancer. The most common
types of cancer include prostate cancer, lung cancer, and breast
cancer. Risk factors for cancer include excess smoking,
radiation exposure, genetics, and environmental pollution.
Colon cancer, or colorectal cancer, affects the distal third of the
large intestine, the colon, as well as the rectum, chamber in
which feces is stored for elimination. Colorectal cancer is the
third leading cause of death in cancer-related issues in the
United States in both males and females (Beadnell et al., 2018).
This essay explores the physiology and pathophysiology of
colon cancer.
Polyps are tissue growths that generally look like small, flat
bumps and are generally less than half an inch wide. They are
generally non-cancerous growths that can develop with age on
the inner wall of the colon or rectum. There are several types of
polyps, such as hyperplastic. They are common and have a low
risk of turning cancerous. Hyperplastic polyps found in the
colon will be removed and biopsied. Pseudo polyps also referred
to as inflammatory polyps, usually occur in people suffering
from inflammatory bowel disease and are unlike other polyps.
This type of polyp occurs due to chronic inflammation as seen
in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. However, a polyp cells
2. which can turn out to be malignant. Villous adenoma or
tubulovillous adenoma polyps carry a high risk of turning
cancerous. They are sessile and develop flat on the tissue lining
the organs. They might blend within the organ, making polyps
not easily identifiable and difficult to locate for treatment.
Adenomatous or tubular adenoma polyps have a high chance of
being cancerous. When a polyp is found, it must be biopsied,
and then will regular screenings and polyp removal will follow.
An adenocarcinoma is a cancer formed in a gland that lines an
organ. This cancer impacts the epithelial cells, which are
spread throughout the human body. Adenocarcinomas of the
colon and rectum make up ninety-five percent of all colon
cancers (Chang, 2020). Colon adenocarcinomas usually begin in
the mucous lining the spread to different layers. Two subtypes
of adenocarcinomas are mucinous adenocarcinoma and signet
ring cells. Mucinous adenocarcinomas contain about sixty
percent mucus which can cause cancer cells to spread faster and
become more hostile than typical adenocarcinomas. Signet ring
cell adenocarcinoma is responsible for less than one percent of
all colon cancer. It is given this name because of how it appears
under a microscope. These cells are aggressive and are more
challenging to treat. The symptoms of colorectal
adenocarcinoma are abdominal pain, blood in stool, constipation
or diarrhea, and weight loss. The standard treatment for
colorectal adenocarcinomas is chemotherapy, surgery, targeted
therapy, and radiation.
Gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors are another type of cancer that
affects the rectum. These cells grow in nerve cells known as
neuroendocrine cells which help in regulating hormonal
production. Carcinoid tumor cells grow slowly and can also
develop in the lungs and other parts of the gastrointestinal tract.
They cause about one percent of all colon cancers and half of
cancer found in the small intestines. Symptoms are different
depending on the growth location of the tumor (Falanga et al.,
2019). A tumor in the appendix usually has no symptoms unless
it starts to obstruct the path from the appendix to the intestines,
3. causing appendicitis symptoms such as fever, vomiting, and
nausea. Carcinoid tumors sometimes make hormones that might
lead to a variety of symptoms that are dependent on produced
hormones. Patients suffering from these tumors can experience
flushing in the face, wheezing, quick heartbeats, and diarrhea.
Tumors in the colon can cause weight loss, tiredness, stomach
cramps, and pain. Gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor treatment
options are similar to those of the aforementioned treatments.
Anorectal melanoma is a rare cancer that starts in the anus or
rectum. This cancer can develop anywhere in the large
intestines or rectum and spread aggressively. Melanomas are
estimated to affect less than two percent of colon cancer. It
rarely occurs; however, it is very aggressive and challenging to
treat. This type of cancer can be easily missed during initial and
follow-up diagnoses because it is rarely seen.
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) accounts for almost one
percent of all cancers in the rectum or colon. FAP is an
inherited disorder distinguished from colon cancer, but some
people can develop the abnormal gene that leads to this
condition. People having this syndrome can create a lot of
polyps in the colon as early as their teenage age. The patient's
colon has to be removed to stop the polyps from becoming
cancerous. People with familial adenomatous polyposis keep
increasing as they age because hundreds or thousands of polyps
can grow in the colon as they age (Freidman et al., 2020).
Patients with it may not have any symptoms at the early stages
of the disease until it is in the advanced settings. The symptoms
of familial adenomatous polyposis are abdominal cramps,
unexpected weight loss, cysts of the skin, and lamps on the
bones of the legs, arms, skull, and jaw. Treatment for this
cancer can be the removal of the colon to curb the spread of the
polyps which can cause cancer.
4. Pathophysiology of Colorectal Cancer
Pathophysiology is the combination of pathology and
physiology. The study of the disordered physiological process
associated with an injury or disease. Pathophysiology aims to
explain the functional differences occurring within a person
because of being sick. Colorectal Cancer or CRC can be
sporadic, hereditary, or inflammatory bowel disease.
Sporadic colorectal cancer develops from the colorectum
without known contribution from germline causes. Different
mutations occur, which lead to CRC. Sporadic CRC is a somatic
cell mutation that is a natural developmental process in the
immune system. A bodily genetic disease might be caused by
the local colonic environment and a person's background
genetic makeup (Ju et al., 2019). Two-thirds of all colon
cancers are this type and are primarily seen in clinical practice.
In sporadic CRC, we have mutations such as microsatellite
instability or mutator pathway dysfunction. Microsatellite
instability or MSI is a hypermutable phenotype resulting from
DNA mismatch repair activity loss. MSI is found in about
fifteen percent of colon cancers. Twelve percent are associated
with sporadic and the other three percent with Lynch syndrome.
This instability is caused by germline mutations in mismatch
repair or MMR genes. MMR system proofreads as DNA is
formed when it identifies an abnormality in sequence repairs to
the DNA are made. MMR gene dysfunction allows DNA to
increase at high speed. These mutations confer a selective
advantage on the cells, leading to the cancer spreading. CpG
Island Methylator Phenotype or CIMP is another mutation that
happens. CpG Island Methylator Phenotype is brought by DNA
methyltransferases that support hypomethylation in promoter-
associated CpG enough regions with tumor suppressor genes
turned off. The switching off the CIMP pathway, abnormal cells
can develop, and malignant cells develop, which leads to the
spread of colon cancer in the body.
Hereditary is another war cancer is spread. It is an inheri ted
disorder with a high chance of contracting some cancers.
5. Changes or mutations bring about hereditary cancer symptoms
in specific genes passed from parents to children. In this case,
similar cancers might be seen in the same family members who
are close such as a father, son, and brother having the same
cancer and developing it from early stages. Hereditary cancer
includes Lynch Syndrome or LS. LS is an inherited disorder that
increases the chance of contracting particular colon cancer.
Patients with Lynch syndrome have a high probability of having
stomach, brain, and skin cancer. There is an attempt to repair
defective cells in the body. They form mismatch repair genes as
these genes continue to accumulate errors. As the abnormal
cells increase, this can lead to abnormal growth of cells and
possibly cancer. Familial Adenomatous Polyposis or FAP is also
caused by Adenomatous Polyposis Coli or APC gene mutation.
APC gene issues instructions for developing APC protein. These
mutations cause the production of abnormally short non-
function APC proteins. The fast APC protein cannot prevent the
cellular overgrowth that causes the formation of polyps in the
large intestines which can become cancerous. People who have
inherited FAP have a lot of polyps in their colons, and all those
with this genetic disorder will have colorectal cancer. The
patients must undergo early examination because the number of
polyps in their colons might increase, and they have a high
chance of getting cancer.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease or IBD is a common term given to
describe disorders that involve chronic inflammation of the
digestive tract. Types of IDs include ulcerative colitis,
inflammation, and sores or ulcers along the superficial lining of
the large intestines. Crohn's disease is identified by
inflammation of the lining in the digestive tract, including the
deeper layers of the digestive tract (Szekanecz et al., 2019).
Chronic inflation is caused by cytokines and chemokines. These
are secreted proteins with development and activation functions
that control and decide the nature of immune response and
control immune cell trafficking at the cellular arrangement of
immune organs. Patients suffering from IDB have a high chance
6. of contracting colon cancer if they have contracted an IBD l iver
complication known as primary sclerosing cholangitis. Before
sclerosing cholangitis inflammation that causes scars within the
bile ducts, the spots make the ducts hard and narrow, causing
severe liver damage.
Providing Care to Patients in a Holistic Manner
The provision of care in a holistic manner means providing
care to patients who are majored in a mutual understanding of
their physical, psychological, emotional, and spiritual
dimensions. Nursers are in charge of health promotion. Nurses
working with colorectal cancer or CRC patients can promote
health by mobilizing patients to take screening for colon cancer.
Nurses should have a bond with patients, which will help them
communicate about screening and its importance. The patients
who connect with the nurses can also be taught ways to prevent
them from getting CRC and symptoms of the disease. A nurse
should be compassionate to patients, understand their problems,
and be present. CRC can be contracted because of a patient's
background. You have to ask them about their background, what
they eat, and their overall lifestyle (Verkhratsky & Nedergaard,
2018). CRCs can also be inherited through genes asking patients
if any conditions exist in their families to help find if that is the
problem. There are rapid changes in health care, allowing
nurses to identify patients likely to have CRC. Advancements
have shown that CRC appears when a person is aging. It will
help nurses talk to patients encouraging them to take screening
to check if they have CRC. A holistic manner can work well if a
nurse creates a good rapport with the patients and communicates
effectively.
Cancer is spreading and becoming a significant health
issue in society. Awareness has to be raised on cancer and how
it affects people, the patients, and those close to them. There
are many causes of cancer, such as pollution or exposition to
radiation. These issues have to be looked into to help in
reducing the spread of cancer. Colon cancer can be inherited
genetically to avoid further spread, screening has to be done,
7. and those having it undergo treatment with their children. To
ensure that someone can grow without being worried about
contracting cancer. Screening of people over forty years old
should be started as some of these colon cancers start turning
into cancerous tumors. It will help control the number of people
affected with cancer and help them to get treatment before their
condition becomes worse. Nurses should also be able to
communicate with patients with colon cancers and form a good
rapport with them to help each other out. Nursers should also
figure out a colon cancer patient's background, diet, and
activities to help diagnose the patient. Nurses play a vital role
in helping patients who have colon cancer.
References
Alahmad, M. (2020). Strengths and Weaknesses of Cognitive
Theory. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute
(BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(3), 1584-
1593.
Beadnell, T., Scheid, A., Vivian, C., & Welch, D. (2018). Roles
of the mitochondrial genetics in cancer metastasis: not to be
ignored any longer. Cancer And Metastasis Reviews, 37(4),
615-632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-018-9772-7
Chang, J. (2020). Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel
Diseases. New England Journal Of Medicine, 383(27), 2652-
2664. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra2002697
Falanga, A., Schieppati, F., & Russo, L. (2019).
Pathophysiology 1. Mechanisms of Thrombosis in Cancer
Patients. Thrombosis And Hemostasis In Cancer, 11-36.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20315-3_2
Freidman, N., Chen, I., Wu, Q., Briot, C., Holst, J., & Font, J.
et al. (2020). Amino Acid Transporters and Exchangers from the
SLC1A Family: Structure, Mechanism, and Roles in Physiology
and Cancer. Neurochemical Research, 45(6), 1268-1286.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-019-02934-x
Ju, H., Zhao, Q., Wang, F., Lan, P., Wang, Z., & Zuo, Z. et al.
(2019). A circRNA signature predicts postoperative recurrence
8. in stage II/III colon cancer. EMBO Molecular Medicine, 11(10).
https://doi.org/10.15252/emmm.201810168
Kaplan, D. E. (2018). Piagetian Theory in Online Teacher
Education. Creative Education, 9(6), 831-837.
Moheghi, M., Ghorbanzadeh, M., & Abedi, J. (2020). The
Investigation and Criticism Moral Development Ideas of
Kohlberg, Piaget, and Gilligan. International Journal of
Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 7(2), 362-374.
Szekanecz, Z., Raterman, H., Pethő, Z., & Lems, W. (2019).
Common mechanisms and holistic care in atherosclerosis and
osteoporosis. Arthritis Research &Amp; Therapy, 21(1).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-018-1805-7
Verkhratsky, A., & Nedergaard, M. (2018). Physiology of
Astroglia. Physiological Reviews, 98(1), 239-389.
https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00042.2016
PHI-413V: Ethical and Spiritual
Decision Making in Health Care
God, Humanity, and Human Dignity
1
Meet
The Family
Myself (Steve) with my wife Patty and our children Brent and
Carah and her husband Jason
2
9. The Rest of the Family
Duffy Sheldon Bailey
3
How should we think about human beings?
So what makes the rest of my family different or more valuable
than Duffy, Sheldon, and Bailey?
Why do human beings have special worth or value we call
human dignity?
What is it about you that makes you, “you” and stays the same
through change in your life?
4
On what basis are we truly equal?
Why do we believe there are such things as human rights?
5
Moral status - Which sorts of beings or entities are valuable and
have rights to be treated in certain ways?
What kind of a thing is a human person?
In other words, on what basis are we considered valuable or
worthy of dignity and respect?
What (if anything) makes a human being valuable and worthy of
dignity and respect?
10. 6
What It Means to Be a Human Being
(This is not fundamentally a scientific question, but rather a
philosophical question.)
Moral Status
(Question to consider: Does my worldview provide an adequate
explanation for my beliefs about human dignity?)
What does it mean to be a human being?
Anthropological axiology (the basis upon which human beings
are assigned value in relation to other kinds of beings) contra
relativism, cannot be simply dependent upon culture or personal
preference but rooted in the nature of what it means to be a
human being. Contra scientism, the value and dignity of human
beings stands over and above that of other species and cannot be
simply reduced to a person's abilities or function, or the
person's physical constituents. (PHI-413V Lecture 2, GCU)
While it has a been a perennial challenge for secularism to find
a basis upon which to assign human beings intrinsic worth and
dignity, the concept of human "dignity" and intrinsic value
(including its implied ethical principles such as respect for
persons, etc.) is inherent in Biblical teaching and Christian
tradition. An appreciation and grasp of this question is
fundamental for understanding the contemporary religious
context and the goals and virtues of medicine. (PHI-413V
Lecture 2, GCU)
11. The question of “personhood” (i.e., the fundamental nature,
value, and identity of what it means to be a person) is not
fundamentally a scientific question, but rather a philosophical
question. One's answer to this question (which will in some
sense be part of a worldview) will determine the person's
definition of other related and common concepts in health care.
Primarily, the concepts of “dignity” and “care” are closely
connected. Briefly, upon what basis humans should be valued
over and above other types of beings or species? Can one's
worldview explain the intrinsic value of human beings?
Secondly, the very concept of “care” implicit in health care
assumes that its primary object of concern is persons (not,
scientific knowledge, or money, notoriety, etc.).
Moral Status
Briefly, the concept of moral status concerns which sorts of
beings or entities have rights (in the sense that a moral agent
has obligations toward this being or entity). Human rights, for
example, are considered to be a prime example of descriptions
of obligations a moral agent has to any human being.
Furthermore, human beings are taken to have these obligations
due to them simply in virtue of being human beings. Another
way to describe the concept of a beings moral status is to talk
about its value or worth. Thus, to talk about a beings moral
status is to talk about a beings value, as well as why it has that
value. (PHI-413V Lecture 2, GCU)
Key Point
While there seems to be an innate sense of what it means to be a
human being that most people have, one needs to stop and
actually think about what this means. It might be assumed that
healing and caring are good things because human beings are
valuable and ought to be respected, but the question is whether
one's worldview provides an adequate explanation for these
beliefs? Are they in some sense relative? Pay attention to how
the Christian narrative answers these questions and begin to ask
12. yourself how you would answer them.
7
Moral Status
Five views or theories commonly used by bioethicists:
Human Properties
Cognitive Properties
Moral Agency
Sentience
Relationships
From PHI-413V Topic 2 Overview
Human Properties
The theory based on human properties holds that it is only and
distinctively human properties that confer moral status upon a
human being. It follows that all and only human beings, or
Homo sapiens, have full moral status. Some of the
characteristics that would endow a human being with moral
status would include being conceived from human parents, or
having a human genetic code. In this view, one only needs to be
a human being to count as having full moral status.
Cognitive Properties
The theory based on cognitive properties holds that it is not any
sort of biological criteria or species membership (such as the
theory based on human properties) that endows a human being
with moral status. Rather, it is cognitive properties that confer
moral status upon a human being. In this context "cognition
refers to processes or awareness such as perception, memory,
understanding, and thinking...[and] does not assume that only
humans have such properties, although the starting model for
these properties is again the competent human adult"
(Beauchamp & Childress, 2013, p. 69). Notice carefully this is
13. claiming that if a human being does not have these properties, it
follows that such a human being does not have moral status or
value.
Moral Agency
The theory based on moral agency holds that "moral status
derives from the capacity to act as a moral agent"; in this view a
human being is considered a moral agent if they "are capable of
making judgments about the rightness or wrongness of actions
and has motives that can be judged morally" (Beauchamp &
Childress, 2013, p. 72).
Sentience
The theory based on sentience holds that
having sentience confers moral status on a being. Sentience in
this context is "consciousness in the form of feeling, especially
the capacity to feel pain and pleasure, as distinguished from
consciousness as perception or thought." (Beauchamp &
Childress, 2013, p. 73). According to this theory the capacity of
sentience is sufficient for moral status (i.e., the ability to feel
pain and pleasure confer moral status to a human being).
Relationships
The theory based on relationships holds that relationships
between human beings account for a human being's moral
status. In other words, a human being has moral status only if
he or she has a relationship with others who value him or her.
Usually these are relationships that establish roles and
obligations such as a patient-physician relationship or a parent-
child relationship. Of course, there are many types of
relationships (family, genetic, legal, work, etc.), even ones in
which one party in the relationship does not desire or value the
other party. In such a case, a person who holds this theory may
be forced to concede that a being's moral status may change,
depending on the other party.
14. Key Point
Each of these theories will take shape in the context of a
particular worldview and may be applied differently based on an
individual’s worldview. There may also be considerations for a
particular worldview that would not allow one to hold one or
more of these theories.
So a person with Christian worldview might apply the human
properties theory based on the understanding that humans are
made in the image of God and have value or worth because life
is sacred, where a person from another worldview may apply the
human properties theory based on having a distinct human
genetic code.
8
Christian imago dei vs. Scientism vs. Postmodern Relativism
9
Imago Dei
Then God said, “Let us make man in our image, after our
likeness. And let them have dominion over the fish of the sea
and over the birds of the heavens and over the livestock and
over all the earth and over every creeping thing that creeps on
the earth.” So God created man in his own image, in the image
of God he created him; male and female he created them.
(Genesis 1:26-27 ESV)
The Imago Dei – “image of God”
Class Discussion: What is the Christian concept of the imago
15. dei? How might it be relevant to healthcare, and why is it
important?
According to Called to Care by Shelly and Miller, p. 77 -
We are created and distinct from the Creator
We somehow reflect the nature of this God – reason, morality,
language, relationships, creativity, etc
God gives us a position of responsibility and authority over
creation
According to Dignity and Destiny: Humanity in the Image of
God by John Kilner
Jesus is the image, not us: 2 Corinthians 4:4; Colossians 1:15,
and he was the prototype for humanity before Adam and Eve:
Romans 8:29
We are created in his image: Genesis 1:26-27, and continued to
be made according to God’s image after the fall: Genesis 9:6
Sin cannot erase the image: Genesis 5:1; 9:6
Humanity as royalty: Psalm 8:4-6
We have a destiny through the Gospel. We are restored and
renewed progressively to conform to the image of Christ, God’s
image. We are moving towards him: Colossians 3:9-10; 2
Corinthians 3:18; Romans 8:29
10
Imago Dei
All human beings equally have inherent value and dignity:
“there is no indication that the image is present in one person to
a greater degree than in another. Superior natural endowments,
such as high intelligence, are not evidence of the presence or
degree of the image. [Furthermore], the image is not correlated
with any variable...[but is] something in the very nature of
humans, in the way in which they were made. It refers to
something a human being is rather than something a human
16. being has or does.”
(Erickson, 1998, pp. 557-558)
See Practicing Dignity, chp 2
11
Scientism
Materialism
The doctrine that everything that exists is material. To a
materialist there is really only one substance in the universe,
and such things as intelligence, feeling, conscience,* volitions,
and dispositions are but modified properties of matter. Instead
of intelligence creating matter, matter evolved into intelli gence.
Thus materialism is the antithesis of idealism* and antagonistic
to all theism.
Cairns, A. (2002). In Dictionary of Theological Terms (p. 274).
Belfast; Greenville, SC: Ambassador Emerald International.
12
Scientism
Materialism
The view that only material objects exist. Materialism is
sometimes used as a synonym for physicalism, but some
thinkers distinguish the two by allowing that physicalism holds
that only matter and energy exist. Some materialists define their
view in terms of science and claim that ultimate reality consists
of whatever particles or entities are discovered by physicists.
See also eliminative materialism; nonreductive materialism.
Evans, C. S. (2002). In Pocket dictionary of apologetics &
philosophy of religion (pp. 73–74). Downers Grove, IL:
17. InterVarsity Press.
13
Naturalism
Naturalism
Philosophical or metaphysical naturalism refers to the view that
nature is the “whole show.” There is no supernatural realm
and/or intervention in the world (see Materialism; Miracles,
Arguments Against). In the strict sense, all forms of nontheisms
are naturalistic, including atheism, pantheism, deism, and
agnosticism.
Geisler, N. L. (1999). Naturalism. In Baker encyclopedia of
Christian apologetics (p. 521). Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books.
14
Postmodern Relativism
The postmodern argument with viewing persons as the image of
God (imago Dei) takes a different tack. Drawing from an
eclectic array of ancient and newly constructed religions and
philosophies, as we have seen, many are beginning to view the
earth as a living organism. Kleffel explains, “Humans are one
functioning part of the totality and act in harmony within the
organism.” In other words, human life is no more valuable than
a rock or a raccoon. The philosophy reveals itself i n the T-shirt
slogan borne by Margie, a junior student: “Save the rats,
experiment on people.”
Shelly and Miller (2006). Called to Care (p. 76). InterVarsity
Press.
18. 15
Personhood
What does it mean according to:
Christian imago dei
Scientism (Naturalism/Materialism)
Postmodern Relativism
The main point here is to understand that each worldview has
it’s own set of assumptions about the fundamental nature of
what it means to be human.
16
Case Study: Fetal Abnormality
Central Question: Upon what basis (moral status theory) does or
doesn’t the fetus have moral status according to each adult?
Case Study Clarification
In identifying the theories used by the four individuals in the
case study you are applying the theory used BY the adult to
determine whether or not the fetus has moral status (value or
worth). So the theories are applied towards the fetus NOT
applied towards the adults.
19. For example:
If I were to say, “It makes me feel bad to think I could be
causing my unborn child to suffer pain from an abortion, so I
have to keep my child”, I would be using the theory of
Sentience because of my belief that it would be wrong to harm
my child who can feel pain (therefore having moral status), not
because I myself would feel the emotional pain about going
through with the abortion.
Again, if I were to reason that my unborn child wouldn’t be able
to live a normal life, creating unnecessary hardship and
suffering for both the child and myself due to a condition that
would leave the child mentally impaired for life, I would be
applying the Cognitive theory based on the child’s assumed lack
of cognitive ability, not because I am using my own cognitive
ability to reason what I think is best with the medical
information I have.
Be careful to use clear reasoning and defend your
interpretations logically based on the theory being applied in
the study.
Case studies are not always clear and there may be more than
one interpretation or how a theory is applied. Do not assume too
much about each characters’ psychological states or motivations
or read too much into the case.
Pay attention to the last paragraph.
17
Case Study: Four Objectives
What is the Christian view of the nature of human persons, and
which theory of moral status is it compatible with? How is this
related to the intrinsic human value and dignity?
Which theory or theories are being used by Jessica, Marco,
20. Maria, and Dr. Wilson to determine the moral status of the
fetus? What from the case study specifically leads you to
believe that they hold the theory you selected?
How does the theory determine or influence each of their
recommendations for action?
What theory do you agree with? Why? How would that theory
determine or influence the recommendation for action?
18
Optional – Joni and Friends
For additional information, the Joni and Friends website is
recommended:
https://www.joniandfriends.org/
Optional – Topic 2: Optional Resources
For additional information, see the "Topic 2: Optional Study
Resources" that are recommended.
PHI-413V-RS-T2OptionalResources.docx
The Image of God, Bioethics, and Persons with Profound
Intellectual Disabilities
Read the attached article, "The Image of God, Bioethics, and
Persons With Profound Intellectual Disabilities," by Devan
Stahl and
... Read More
JCID 6.1-6.2 - Article - D. Stahl_J.Kilner - Image of God
Bioethics and PWIDs.pdf
Practicing Dignity: An Introduction to Christian Values and
Decision-Making in Health Care
Read Chapters 2 from Practicing Dignity.
https://www.gcumedia.com/digital-resources/grand-canyon-
21. university/2020/practicing-dignity_an-introduction-to-christian-
values-and-decision-making-in-health-care_1e.php
Philosophy - Ethics: Moral Status
View the video "Philosophy - Ethics: Moral Status," by Jeff
Sebo, from Wireless Philosophy.
https://youtu.be/smuhAjyRbw0
Case Study on Moral Status - Rubric
Collapse All Case Study On Moral Status - RubricCollapse All
Christian View of the Nature of Human Persons and Compatible
Theory of Moral Status
60 points
Criteria Description
Christian View of the Nature of Human Persons and Compatible
Theory of Moral Status
5. Excellent
60 points
Explanation of the Christian view of the nature of human
persons and the theory of moral status that it is compatible with
is clear, thorough, and explained with a deep understanding of
the relationship to intrinsic human value and dignity.
Explanation is supported by topic study materials.
4. Good
51 points
Explanation of the Christian view of the nature of human
persons and the theory of moral status that it is compatible w ith
is clear, thorough, and and explains the relationship to intrinsic
human value and dignity. Explanation is supported by topic
study materials.
3. Satisfactory
45 points
Explanation of the Christian view of the nature of human
persons and the theory of moral status that it is compatible with
is clear and explains the basic relationship to intrinsic human
22. value and dignity. Explanation is supported by topic study
materials.
2. Less Than Satisfactory
39 points
Explanation of the Christian view of the nature of human
persons and the theory of moral status that it is compatible with
is unclear. Explanation is not clearly supported by topic study
materials.
1. Unsatisfactory
0 points
Explanation of the Christian view of the nature of human
persons and the theory of moral status that it is compatible with
is insufficient. Explanation is not supported by topic study
materials.
Determination of Moral Status
40 points
Criteria Description
Determination of Moral Status
5. Excellent
40 points
The theory or theories that are used by each person to determine
the moral status of the fetus is explained clearly and draws
insightful relevant conclusions. Rationale for choices made is
clearly supported by topic study materials and case study
examples.
4. Good
34 points
The theory or theories that are used by each person to determine
the moral status of the fetus is explained clearly and draws
relevant conclusions. Rationale for choices made is clearly
supported by topic study materials and case study examples.
3. Satisfactory
30 points
The theory or theories that are used by each person to determine
the moral status of the fetus is explained and draws relevant
conclusions. Rationale for choices made is supported by topic
23. study materials and case study examples.
2. Less Than Satisfactory
26 points
The theory or theories that are used by each person to determine
the moral status of the fetus is not clearly explained. Rationale
for choices made is unclearly supported by topic study materials
or case study examples.
1. Unsatisfactory
0 points
The theory or theories that are used by each person to determine
the moral status of the fetus is not adequately explained.
Rationale for choices made is not supported by topic study
materials or case study examples.
Recommendation for Action
40 points
Criteria Description
Recommendation for Action
5. Excellent
40 points
Explanation of how the theory determines or influences each of
their recommendations for action is clear, insightful, and
demonstrates a deep understanding of the theory and its impact
on recommendation for action. Explanation is supported by
topic study materials.
4. Good
34 points
Explanation of how the theory determines or influences each of
their recommendations for action is clear and demonstrates an
understanding of the theory. Explanation is supported by topic
study materials.
3. Satisfactory
30 points
Explanation of how the theory determines or influences each of
their recommendations for action is clear. Explanation is
supported by topic study materials.
2. Less Than Satisfactory
24. 26 points
Explanation of how the theory determines or influences each of
their recommendations for action is unclear. Explanation
unclearly supported by topic study materials.
1. Unsatisfactory
0 points
Explanation of how the theory determines or influences each of
their recommendations for action is insufficient. Explanation is
not supported by topic study materials.
Personal Response to Case Study
40 points
Criteria Description
Personal Response to Case Study
5. Excellent
40 points
Evaluation of which theory is preferable within personal
practice along with how that theory would influence personal
recommendations for action is clear, relevant, and insightful.
4. Good
34 points
Evaluation of which theory is preferable within personal
practice along with how that theory would influence personal
recommendations for action is clear and relevant.
3. Satisfactory
30 points
Evaluation of which theory is preferable within personal
practice along with how that theory would influence personal
recommendations for action is clear.
2. Less Than Satisfactory
26 points
Evaluation of which theory is preferable along with how that
theory would influence personal recommendations for action is
lacking a personal connection.
1. Unsatisfactory
0 points
Evaluation of which theory is personally preferable along with
25. how that theory would influence personal recommendations for
action is inadequate.
Organization, Effectiveness, and Format
10 points
Criteria Description
Organization, Effectiveness, and Format
5. Excellent
10 points
Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic
English.
4. Good
8.5 points
Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may
be present. The writer uses a variety of effective sentence
structures and figures of speech.
3. Satisfactory
7.5 points
Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but they are not
overly distracting to the reader. Correct and varied sentence
structure and audience-appropriate language are employed.
2. Less Than Satisfactory
6.5 points
Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader.
Inconsistencies in language choice (register) or word choice are
present. Sentence structure is correct but not varied.
1. Unsatisfactory
0 points
Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede
communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice or
sentence construction is used.
Documentation of Sources
10 points
Criteria Description
Documentation of Sources (citations, footnotes, references,
bibliography, etc., as appropriate to assignment and style)
5. Excellent
26. 10 points
Sources are completely and correctly documented, as
appropriate to assignment and style, and format is free of error.
4. Good
8.5 points
Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style,
and format is mostly correct.
3. Satisfactory
7.5 points
Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style,
although some formatting errors may be present.
2. Less Than Satisfactory
6.5 points
Documentation of sources is inconsistent or incorrect, as
appropriate to assignment and style, with numerous formatting
errors.
1. Unsatisfactory
0 points
Sources are not documented.
Case Study: Fetal Abnormality
Jessica is a 30-year-old immigrant from Mexico City. She and
her husband Marco have been in the United States for the last
three years and have finally earned enough money to move out
of their Aunt Maria’s home and into an apartment of their own.
They are both hard workers. Jessica works 50 hours a week at a
local restaurant and Marco has been contracting side jobs in
construction. Six months before their move to an apartment,
Jessica finds out she is pregnant.
27. Four months later, Jessica and Marco arrive at the county
hospital, a large, public, nonteaching hospital. A preliminary
ultrasound indicates a possible abnormality with the fetus.
Further scans are conducted, and it is determined that the fetus
has a rare condition in which it has not developed any arms and
will not likely develop them. There is also a 25% chance that
the fetus may have Down syndrome.
Dr. Wilson, the primary attending physician, is seeing Jessica
for the first time, since she and Marco did not receive earlier
prenatal care over concerns about finances. Marco insists that
Dr. Wilson refrain from telling Jessica the scan results, assuring
him that he will tell his wife himself when she is emotionally
ready for the news. While Marco and Dr. Wilson are talking in
another room, Aunt Maria walks into the room with a distressed
look on her face. She can tell that something is wrong and
inquires of Dr. Wilson. After hearing of the diagnosis, she
walks out of the room wailing loudly and praying aloud.
Marco and Dr. Wilson continue their discussion, and Dr. Wilson
insists that he has an obligation to Jessica as his patient and that
she has a right to know the diagnosis of the fetus. He
furthermore is intent on discussing all relevant factors and
options regarding the next step, including abortion. Marco
insists on taking some time to think of how to break the news to
Jessica, but Dr. Wilson, frustrated with the direction of the
conversation, informs the husband that such a choice is not his
to make. Dr. Wilson proceeds back across the hall, where he
walks in on Aunt Maria awkwardly praying with Jessica and
phoning the priest. At that point, Dr. Wilson gently but briefly
informs Jessica of the diagnosis and lays out the option for
abortion as a responsible medical alternative, given the quality
of life such a child would have. Jessica looks at him and
struggles to hold back her tears.
Jessica is torn between her hopes of a better socioeconomic
position and increased independence, along with her conviction
that all life is sacred. Marco will support Jessica in whatever
decision she makes but is finding it difficult not to view the
29. expectations for successful completion.
You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A
link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in
Class Resources if you need assistance.
Attachments
Neoplasm/ Neoplastic Process Paper
Introduction
“Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United
States, exceeded only by heart disease. One in every four deaths
is due to cancer” (CDC, 2016) As nurses, it is essential t be
familiar with the most common types of cancer and the patient
presentations.
Assessment Outcomes
1. Analyzes how the physiology and pathophysiology impacts
the patient presentation- explain this in detail in terms of
pathophysiology.
2. Explores how this presentation will influence your practice in
providing care to the patient in a holistic manner. in a rapidly
changing health care environment.
3. Articulately describes the concepts, in the patient context.
4. Communicates effectively using graduate writing concepts.
Directions: Written Paper
For the purpose of this assessment, you will develop a 7-10
page paper, exclusive of the abstract and reference pages.
All papers are to be written using current APA citation and
reference format.
Audience for this analysis: The primary audience for this
presentation is that of your colleagues in the Master of Science
in Nursing program.