11Program analysis using different perspectives

11
Program analysis using different perspectives
Student's Name
Institution
Course
Professor
Date
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction…………………………………………………………
…………………………
Program Description/ Analysis of a Classical Liberal
perspective…………………………
Program Description/ Analysis of a Radical
perspective……………………………………
Program Description/ Analysis of a Conservative
perspective……………………………..
Program Description/ Analysis of a Mordern Liberal
perspective...………………………
Comparisons of four
perspectives…………………………………………………………
…
Assessment and modifications of the
perspectives………………………………………….
Conclusion……………………………………………………………
………………………..

Introduction
Program analysis using different perspectives
In a political economy, policies and programs are essential tools
that assist in understanding the ongoing struggle for equality
and social justice. Although both have an underlying difference,
they serve an almost similar purpose. Essentially, understanding
the goal of any program or policy can be achieved by analyzing
the contending perspectives (Harvey, 2020). This involves the
intentional bringing of different perspectives in contrast. They
help examine core economic problems or concepts from an
orthodox perspective, and others criticize it from a heterodox
perspective. The perspectives are essential since both the
heterodox and orthodox positions can be examined and reach a
consensus.
In the United States, there has been a rise in spending on
prescription drugs, which has led to the introduction of a Build
Better Program. One proposal is driving down the cost of
prescription drugs by allowing Medicare to negotiate with
drugmakers over price; starting in 2025-ten drugs (plus insulin)
would be on the table the first year, growing to 20 by 2028 (The
White House, 2021). Although members of Congress have
accepted the proposal, there is a need to analyze it using the
different contending perspectives. This paper explores the
proposal using the Classical Liberal, The radical, the
Conservative Perspective, and the Modern Liberal Perspective.
Individuals have the right to pursue their happiness, and
proponents of the different political economy perspectives
should work hand-in-hand to promote human development
within society.
Analysis by Perspective
The Classical Liberal
The political philosophy and ideology belonging to liberalism
emphasize securing citizens' freedom by limiting government
power. Today, the proponents hold various thoughts and
Perspectives, one being Neo-Austrian economics (Clark, 2016).

Essentially, the program's main aim is to reduce the overall cost
of prescription drugs. From the Perspective of Neo-Austrians,
humans are self-interested. They can act autonomously by
utilizing their capacity to discover an efficient means of
satisfying their desires and basic needs (Harvey, 2020). Also,
the government is created by the people to protect their natural
rights. At the same time, justice requires safeguarding the
people's rights established by the constitution, where a heavy
punishment follows for those who violate other people's rights.
The ideal program has different elements, which the Classical
Liberal proponents would have different views. For instance,
allowing the government to negotiate the drug prices with the
manufacturers, requiring inflation rebates to limit the increase
in drug prices, and capping out-of-pocket spending for the
enrollees would be highly supported. People created the
government to protect themselves from one another. The
elements address the underlying problems and do not require
any modification since it tends to cover all the principles of the
Perspective (Hao, 2017). Thus, negotiating with the drug
manufacturers would be a way of protecting individuals from
one another.
The Radical Perspective
From the principles of radicalism, humans have needs and a
reasoning capacity, despite their behavior and consciousness
being affected by their natural and social environments. Also,
society precedes the individuals, and a good one encourages
personal development and social relations based on mutual
respect (Prasetyo et al., 2020). The government represents
citizens' interests and thus permits citizens to do tasks that they
cannot necessarily accomplish as individuals (Clark, 2016). For
efficiency, social resources have to be used to maximize
society's goals, including justice, prosperity, and human
development.
The institutional economics theory does not entirely fit in this
Perspective. According to institutionalism, there lacks proper
balance between the government and the market, although they

still emphasize community and equality as the Perspective does
(Acs et al., 2018). Also, they go against the neoclassical
assumptions of perfect competition and rational consumers-
they disguise the inefficiency and power relations of real -world
capitalism.
The government is a representation of the citizens. Therefore,
the program fits in the Perspective since it proposes the
government negotiate the costs of prescription drugs
(Valentinov, 2021). The program also seeks to control out-of-
pocket spending, proving that individuals come before a
society-it ensures a good society and thus encourages human
development.
The Conservative Perspective
Proponents of the conservative Perspective believe that human
beings are driven by strong passions directed tow ard good or
evil. Thus, some people have more extraordinary powers than
others. Also, they believe that society is an organic structure
with its own quality, which determines the behaviors and
interests of the individuals (Harvey, 2020). The government's
role is to maintain the order of the society and have a role of
nurturing institutions such as hospitals, churches,
neighborhoods to ensure a social context for individuals'
development.
Moreover, authority is legal when it resides with people who
play essential roles in knowledge and are wise of virtue and
truth. Under this Perspective, the social conservatism theory fits
in. For instance, it points towards greater decentralization,
equality, power accountability, and human development priority
over profit (Harnish et al., 2018). Recent studies show a close
link between ideological attitudes such as moral foundations,
social dominance, and religious dominance and various
conservatism such as economic, social, and foreign policy
conservatism. Since society encourages personal development,
parenthood assists in influencing the motivation, morals, and
social conservatism of an individual (Kerry et al., 2018).
Similarly, social conservatism tends to be strong when linked

with intuitive thinking, especially in weird societies. This fit
that the society precedes the individuals.
The proponents of the Perspective would agree with some
elements of the program. Since the main aim of the program is
to ensure a reduction in the cost of the prescription drugs, they
would agree that the government, through Medicare, should
have a conversation with the drug manufacturers to ensure
reduced cost since they serve as a representation of the citizens -
it is their duty to negotiate the price reduction since individual
citizens would not necessarily do on their own (Yilmaz et al.,
2019). Although they would agree that the program serves the
right purpose, there are some elements that they would consider
unfit. For instance, eliminating cot sharing would undermine
human development since it would increase net costs to
Medicare. This would later lead to an increase in government
expenditures to cover out-of-pocket costs. Also, it would lead to
additional costs due to a rise in vaccine uptake. Therefore,
attempts to eliminate cost-sharing would lead to a reduction in
efficiency caused by heavy use of health services, encouraging
cost-effective or cheaper cost of care services (The White
House, 2021). For the program to fit in the principles of the
liberal Perspective, ensuring cost-sharing would be the best
strategy-it would assist in eliminating any discrimination in the
society, thereby enhancing equity and efficiency.
The Modern Liberal Perspective
The proponents of this Perspective believe that the overall
national prosperity requires the government to manage the
macroeconomic to lower the level of unemployment and
inflation and keep growth high (Clark, 2016). Also, the
government's role is to remove all obstacles that may lead to
blockage of individuals' freedom. According to the proponents,
humans have rational choices, although the social environment
shapes their goals. Also, the society is individuals' aggregation,
who have collective and private interests (Harvey, 2020).
People hold subjective and relative values, while authori ty only
exists when power is exercised in the interests of the public

members. Similarly, equality under the law and equality of
opportunity are essential components of ensuring social
equality. However, both equality is constantly jeopardized by
income and wealth inequality.
The behavioral economics theory fits with the Perspective. For
instance, individuals do not carefully calculate the benefits and
costs associated with making a given decision. This may make
some of them have conflicting desires or lack self-control, and
make unconnected choices with long-term goals (Grayot, 2020).
As a result, it proves that human beings hold rational decisions
that are determined by the environmental shape.
The proponents would support the program since it would solve
the problem of inflation. One of the elements of the program is
requiring inflation rebates to limit the increase in drug prices
per year in both private and Medicare insurance, which they
would highly support (Leeson, 2019). Also, negotiating the
prices of the highly-sold drugs would assist in ensuring equality
and improving the standard of living in society. Moreover, the
negotiation to lower prices would be a way of exercising
authority in the public interests.
Comparison of Perspectives
Proponents of the various perspectives hold different beliefs
related to the market economy. From each perspective's analysis
on how they would treat the proposed program, there are
multiple instances where some proponents match. However,
there are instances where there lies a significant difference for
the four categories regarding views on the program. Essentially,
perspectives are roadmaps and cannot be termed specific
directions (Harvey, 2020). In most cases, people in the same
Perspective do not always agree, since the same belief may be
applied in different ways, resulting in different positions or
answers. Similarly, people from different perspectives do not
disagree all the time. It is possible to have different
assumptions that lead to the same policy or answer, despite
having various reasons.
Similarities

All perspectives support the need to have a good society that
supports human development. For instance, they all propose the
government's need to negotiate with the responsible bodies to
ensure the lowered cost of prescription drugs. With regard to
the program, the various perspectives have similarities in terms
of the rate of increase of prices and the solution toward solving
the problem. For instance, they all seem to support the proposal
since it seeks to limit the increase in drug prices per year in
private and Medicare insurance by inflation rebating.
Differences
Although all proponents seem to support the proposal,
modification creates some differences. This follows the idea
that not all want a modification, while others perceive equality
differently. Also, the various perspectives do not agree on the
need to limit the cost-sharing for the insurance and Medicare
enrollees-some proponents agree that cost-sharing would be the
best. In contrast, others perceive it as a way of widespread
health care inequalities and, therefore, the need to eliminate it.
Analysis of Possibility for Consensus
Consensus refers to a creative and dynamic way of reaching an
agreement between or among various groups. Instead of voting,
a sense of peace would be the best method to finding solutions
that every proponent would support and live with. Undoubtedly,
reaching a consensus would mean reaching a decision that does
not go against the will of some individuals or the minority
group involved (Harvey, 2020). From the Perspective of passing
the proposal, reaching a consensus would be the best to avoid
blocking and preventing it from going ahead. Thus, the overall
group of four members has to work hard at finding solutions
that address the concern of everyone without overruling or
ignoring the opinions of the minority group.
From the analysis, it is possible to have a consensus between
the proponents of the various perspectives. Most of them agree
on the idea of the government playing its role of making orders
in charge of citizens. Therefore, all members would reach a
consensus and propose on government, through Medicare, to

have a conversation with the drug manufacturers and lower the
overall cost of prescription drugs. In efforts to make the
proposal perfect and fit in all categories, it would be advisable
to modify the element, "the policy seeks to limit insulin cost-
sharing for private and Medicare users, eliminating cost-sharing
for an adult vaccine." By encouraging cost-sharing, it would
perpetuate health inequalities.
Conclusion
There is a need for all proponents to reach a consensus and
work together towards voting for proposals and programs that
support human development. Contending perspectives in the
political economy plays an essential role by assisting a more
straightforward analysis of a policy or a program before voting
for it. The program under review is the need of the government
to negotiate with the prescription drugs manufacturers to lower
the costs. From the various perspectives, the classical liberal
proponents would agree with the proposal and emphasize the
need to secure citizens' freedom by reducing the cost and
limiting the government power. Also, it would be a way of
protecting individuals from one another. From the Perspective
of radicalism, the government is a representation of citizens'
interests and should therefore accomplish tasks that individuals
cannot do on their own. They would support the policy since it
fights for citizens' demands from this perspective. Similarly, the
conservative perspective proponents would agree with the
proposal's elements since they support the government's The
Modern Liberal Perspective proponents would partly support the
proposal, but their perspectives would disagree with it. For
instance, they oppose cost-sharing since it is challenging to
attain equality when people have unequal incomes and wealth.
Essentially, members of the various perspectives would easily
reach a consensus since they all support the role of the
government as acting as citizens' representatives and making
orders that favor every person, including the minority group.
However, some elements of the program would need
modification, such as cost-sharing. The existing inequality

cannot favor this element and would require a modification that
supports the passing of the proposal while ensuring equality to
all members.
References
Acs, Z. J., Estrin, S., Mickiewicz, T., & Szerb, L. (2018).
Entrepreneurship, institutional economics, and economic
growth: an ecosystem perspective. Small Business
Economics, 51(2), 501-514.
Build back better. (2021, May 4). The White House.
https://www.whitehouse.gov/build-back-better/
Clark, B. (2016). Political Economy: A Comparative Approach:
A Comparative Approach. ABC-
CLIO.https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/reader/books/97814408
43266/pageid/47
Farmer, K., & Conway, L. (2021). Neo-Austrian Views of the
Global Financial Crisis and Its Pre-Corona Aftermath. Modern
Economy, 12(04), 712.
Grayot, J. D. (2020). Dual-process theories in behavioral
economics and neuroeconomics: a critical review. Review of
Philosophy and Psychology, 11(1), 105-136.
Hao, M. (2017). The methodology of Neo-Austrian economics
and its effect on behavioral finance.
Harnish, R. J., Bridges, K. R., & Gump, J. T. (2018). Predicting
economic, social, and foreign policy conservatism: The role of
right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation,
moral foundations orientation, and religious
fundamentalism. Current Psychology, 37(3), 668-679.
Harvey, J. T. (2020). Contending perspectives in economics: A
guide to contemporary schools of thought. Edward Elgar
Publishing.
https://books.google.co.ke/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Fr72DwAAQB
AJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=contending+perspectives+&ots=cnCm

e938RV&sig=8kqo36snrnDjQxBAMnqOikLp8Rg&redir_esc=y#
v=onepage&q=contending%20perspectives&f=false
Kerry, N., & Murray, D. R. (2018). Conservative parenting:
Investigating the relationships between parenthood, moral
judgment, and social conservatism. Personality and Individual
Differences, 134, 88-96.
Leeson, P. T. (2019). Do we need behavioral economics to
explain law?. European journal of law and economics, 48(1),
29-42.
Meacci, F., & Ferlito, C. (2018). The classical roots of the
Austrian theory of capital and entrepreneurship. The Review of
Austrian Economics, 31(3), 315-339.
Oliver, A. (2019). Towards a new political economy of
behavioral public policy. Public Administration Review, 79(6),
917-924.
Prasetyo, P. E., & Kistanti, N. R. (2020). Human capital,
institutional economics, and entrepreneurship as a driver for
quality & sustainable economic growth: entrepreneurship and
Sustainability Issues, 7(4), 2575.
Valentinov, V. (2021). Sustainability in classical institutional
economics: A systems theory view. Sustainable Production and
Consumption, 28, 1500-1507.
Yilmaz, O., & Alper, S. (2019). The link between intuitive
thinking and social conservatism is more robust in WEIRD
societies.
Module 07 Assignment – Sensory Perception Disorder
Care Map
Purpose of the Assignment
1. Identify the importance of client compliance with a treatment
regimen to prevent a permanent disability.
2. Describe the purpose of the treatment regimen in preventing
complications of the disease process.
Course Competency
· Strategies for safe, effective multidimensional nursing

practice when providing care for clients experiencing sensory
and perception disorders.
Instructions
Ms. Julia Williams, a 68-year old African American woman, has
just been diagnosed with primary open-angle glaucoma. Her
ophthalmologist has explained the pathophysiology of the
disease to her and is trying to select the best treatment option
for her. You are the nurse working with the ophthalmologist,
and Ms. Jones has asked you about the eye drops the doctor has
recommended. Mrs. Jones's physician has recommended
Combigan, one drop in the right eye every 12 hours. Your
client has never administered eye drops and she does not know
anything about the medication her ophthalmologist has
prescribed. She is interested in how the medication works, the
side effects, how it is administered, and why it is so important
in the treatment of her glaucoma.
Develop a nursing care plan using template directly after these
instructions to address Ms. Williams concerns.
For this assignment, include the following: assessment and data
collection (including disease process, common
labwork/diagnostics, subjective, objective, and health history
data), three NANDA-I approved nursing diagnosis, one SMART
goal for each nursing diagnosis, and two nursing interventions
with rationale for each SMART goal for a client with a
musculoskeletal disorder.
Use at least two scholarly sources to support your care map. Be
sure to cite your sources in-text and on a reference page using
APA format.
Check out the following link for information about writing
SMART goals and to see examples:
http://rasmussen.libanswers.com/faq/212524
You can find useful reference materials for this assignment in
the School of Nursing guide:
https://guides.rasmussen.edu/nursing/referenceebooks
Have questions about APA? Visit the online APA guide:
https://guides.rasmussen.edu/apa

Assessment
and
Data Collection
Three NANDA-I Approved
*Risk: Nursing diagnosis____Related to_____
*Actual: Nursing diagnosis____Related to____ as evidenced by
ONE SENTENCE Nursing Diagnosis
One Smart Goal for EACH Nursing Diagnosis
*Specific and measurable with a timeline. Find from the nursing
diagnosis book (under client or expected outcomes section) and
individualize to your patient-ONE SENTENCE
Two Nursing Interventions with Rationale for EACH Nursing
Diagnosis
*From nursing diagnosis book under interventions section.
Choose 2 and individualize to patient. Cite these interventions.
Disease Process:
Common Labwork/Diagnostics:
Assessment Data (consider subjective, objective, and heath

history):
Nursing Diagnosis:
Nursing Diagnosis:
Nursing Diagnosis
SMART Goal:

SMART Goal:
SMART Goal:
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
Module 07 Assignment – Sensory Perception Disorder Care

Map Rubric
Total Assessment Points - 65
Levels of Achievement
Criteria
Emerging
Competence
Proficiency
Mastery
Assessment / Data Collection
(10 Pts)
Lacks basic factors of the disease process, common labs,
diagnostic tests, and subjective, objective, and health history
data.
Failure to submit Assessment/Data Collection will result in zero
points for this criterion.
Briefly identifies the factors including the disease process,
common labs, diagnostic tests, and subjective, objective, and
health history data.
Clearly identifies the factors including the disease process,
common labs, and diagnostic tests, and subjective, objective,
and health history data.
Thoroughly identifies all factors including the disease process,
common labs, diagnostic tests, and subjective, objective, and
health history data with a deep understanding.
Points - 7
Points - 8
Points - 9
Points - 10
Nursing Diagnosis (should fit the data)
(10 Pts)
Nursing diagnoses are insufficient and/or do not fit the data.
Failure to submit Nursing Diagnosis will result in zero points
for this criterion.
Writes ONE NANDA-I approved nursing diagnosis in the
correct format (including related to/as evidenced by) with a

strong connection to identified data.
Writes TWO NANDA-I approved nursing diagnoses in the
Writes THREE NANDA-I approved nursing diagnoses in the
Points – 7
Points – 8
Points - 9
Points - 10
SMART Goal (should reflect the diagnosis and follow
guidelines)
(15 Pts)
The goals meet few SMART goal guidelines and/or are not
related to the nursing diagnoses.
Failure to submit SMART goals will result in zero points for
this criterion.
Writes ONE goal for ONE nursing diagnosis and the goal meets
all the SMART goal guidelines and are related to the nursing
diagnosis.
Writes ONE goal for TWO nursing diagnoses and the goals meet
all the SMART goal guidelines and are related to the nursing
diagnoses.
Writes ONE goal for THREE nursing diagnoses and the goals
meet all the SMART goal guidelines and are related to the
nursing diagnoses.
Points – 11
Points - 12
Points - 13
Points – 15
Interventions and Rationale
(20 Pts)
Lacks appropriate interventions and rationale to assist the client

in resolving the issues leading to the problem.
Failure to submit Interventions and Rationale will result in zero
points for this criterion.
Writes 3 interventions with rationale to assist the client in
resolving the issues leading to the problem with appropriate
references.
Writes 5 interventions with rationale to assist the client in
resolving the issues leading to the problem with appropriate
references.
Writes more than 5 interventions with rationale to assist the
client in resolving the issues leading to the problem with
appropriate references.
Points – 15
Points - 16
Points – 18
Points –20
APA Citation
(5 Pts)
APA in-text citations and references are missing.
Attempted to use APA in-text citations and references.
APA in-text citations and references are used with few errors.
APA in-text citations and references are used correctly.
Points- 2
Points- 3
Points- 4
Points- 5
Spelling and Grammar
(5 Pts)
Numerous spelling and grammar errors, which detract from the
audience's ability to comprehend material.
Some spelling and grammar errors, which detract from the
audience's ability to comprehend material.
Few spelling and grammar errors.

Minimal to no spelling and grammar errors.
Points- 2
Points- 3
Points- 4
Points- 5

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