11
Getting Started with PhoneGap
WHAT’S IN THIS CHAPTER?
! History of PhoneGap
! Di! erences between HTML5 and PhoneGap
! Getting a development environment set up
! Implementing the Derby App
PhoneGap is an open source set of tools created by Nitobi
Solution
s (now part of Adobe)
that enables you to create mobile applications for multiple devices by utilizing the same code.
PhoneGap is a hybrid mobile application framework that allows the use of HTML, CSS,
and JavaScript to write applications that are based on the open standards of the web. These
applications also have access to the native functionality of the device. PhoneGap has been
downloaded more than 600,000 times, and more than 1,000 apps built with PhoneGap are
available in the respective app stores, which makes PhoneGap a viable solution for creating
cross-platform mobile apps.
HISTORY OF PHONEGAP
PhoneGap was started at the San Francisco iPhone Dev Camp in August 2008. iOS was shaping
up to become a popular mobile platform, but the learning curve for Objective-C was more work
than many developers wanted to take on. PhoneGap originally started as a headless browser
implementation for the iPhone. Because of the popularity of HTML/CSS/JavaScript, it was a
goal that this project use technologies with which many developers where already familiar.
Based on the growing popularity of the framework, in October 2008 Nitobi added support
for Android and BlackBerry. PhoneGap was awarded the People’s Choice award at the Web2.0
Expo Launch Pad in 2009, which was the start of developers recognizing PhoneGap as a
valuable mobile development tool. PhoneGap version 0.7.2 was released in April 2009, and
was the fi rst version for which the Android and iPhone APIs were equivalent.
c11.indd 309c11.indd 309 28/07/12 6:08 PM28/07/12 6:08 PM
310 " CHAPTER 11 GETTING STARTED WITH PHONEGAP
In September 2009 Apple approved the use of the PhoneGap platform to build apps for the iPhone
store. Apple required that all PhoneGap apps be built using at least version 0.8.0 of the PhoneGap
software. In July 2011, PhoneGap released version 1.0.0.
WHY USE PHONEGAP?
PhoneGap enables you to leverage your current HTML, CSS, and JavaScript skill sets to create a mobile
application. This can greatly speed up development time. When you develop for multiple platforms
using PhoneGap, you can reuse the majority of the code you have written for the mobile project, further
reducing development costs. It isn’t necessary to learn Java, C#, and Objective-C to create an applica-
tion with PhoneGap that can target iPhone, Android, BlackBerry, and Windows Phone 7.
If you fi nd native functionality missing from PhoneGap, you can extend the functionality of the
PhoneGap platform using native code. With the PhoneGap add-in structure, you can create an add-in
using the native language of the device and a JavaScript API that will call the native plug-in you
created. Cross-platfo ...
11Proposal Part One - Part 1 Influence of Internet on TourismSantosConleyha
11
Proposal Part One - Part 1: Influence of Internet on Tourism Industry
Research Proposal: Influence of Internet on Tourism Industry
Introduction
The tourism industry has been among the best-valued sectors within the nation to generate massive revenue for the government. Besides, the industry is considered among the earliest since it started several decades ago. For an extended period, the industry uses Integrated Marketing Communications to promote their various products and services to the entire world. The introduction of technology in the industry leads to improvements in the sectors. Most individuals without extensive information on the tourism industry can access the data in their comfort zones. It implies that IT and internet technology play a significant role in ensuring effective strategy due to its existence globally.
Most European countries have tried to promote and implement internet technology in ensuring satisfactory delivery of products and services (Kayumovich, 2020). Since it has a custom within the tourism and hotel industry to provide intangible products and services, including but not limited to services alongside comfort, the internet has been an effective method of delivering its messages to the targeted customers. Also, through internet technology, the industry has achieved more customers in the global market, including the European market. The promotion of branding within the European tourism industry has been effective due to the introduction and implementation of internet technology. Thus, the internet is believed to significantly influence the tourism industry in various sectors, including but limited to infrastructure, travel, alongside the marketing sector. Before introducing the internet alongside the IT, travelling of customers was dangerous and unpleasant since travellers had constraint understanding of locations they were visiting.
As a result, the existing vacationers of time had limited knowledge of the cultures and terrain alongside the climate change and patterns necessary to stimulate the travelling issues. Therefore, tourism sectors, including but not limited to tour companies, travel agencies and other like hotels, had developed strategies necessary to promote booking and reservation processes (David-Negre et al. 2018). However, several decades ago, popular sites were visited by tourists. It implies that the tourism sectors within the local or remote area faced challenges of securing sufficient clients as people were could not define the destination. Also, shortage of information on a particular region leads to reduced travelling by visitors. The research involved the utilization of relevant literature review on the subject matter to provide factual information. Therefore, the report offers adequate information on the influence of the internet on the tourism industry. This research would give me the stage to show my finding and view and also propose how the internet can be leveraged to an extend i ...
11Social Inclusion of Deaf with Hearing CongreSantosConleyha
11
Social Inclusion of Deaf with Hearing Congregants within a Ministerial Setting Comment by Stumme, Clifford James (College Applied Studies & Acad Succ): As you review this sample student paper, please keep in mind that there are some flaws in this paper (as with any piece of writing). However, it is one of the best INDS 400 research proposals received to date, so it is an excellent reference point.
Sample Student Comment by Stumme, Clifford James (College Applied Studies & Acad Succ) [2]: Also, remember that what you are looking at is an example of the overall research proposal, not just the literature review. If you are working on your literature review, refer to the portion marked “literature review” and remember that within that literature review portion, there is a unique introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. The first paragraph is the introduction for the proposal as a whole, which is different from the kind of introduction you should write for the literature review itself. Also remember that while this research proposal has an abstract, you do not need one for the literature review.
Liberty University
INDS 400: Knowledge Synthesis for Professional and Personal Development
January 3, 2020
Abstract Comment by Stumme, Clifford James (College Applied Studies & Acad Succ) [2]: Notice how the abstract gives a brief overview of the elements of the research proposal without arguing or getting ahead of itself by predicting results.
Culture can influence how people interact and the level of inclusion of different cultures in a particular setting.While numerous studies have been conducted examining deaf studies and deaf culture, there is a curious lack of research that has specifically considered the level of inclusion of deaf people in evangelical hearing churches. This research proposal includes an interdisciplinary including a literature review that examines a handful of studies on interactions among deaf and hearing populations to consider challenges of hearing and deaf integration. Examining these diverse perspectives, including Catholic ministry, disability ministry and deaf culture, provides a fresh interdisciplinary perspective to approach the challenges of deaf inclusion in ministerial settings. It was found through this literature review that a gap in scholarly research exists in this area. As further research would be necessary to address this gap, the goal of this research proposal is to conduct a qualitative study for further research by petitioning deaf perspective through online interviews utilizing the social media platform of Facebook. Although a low budget would be necessary, the implications of this research would provide a platform to open community conversation to address challenges and provide ideas on integration of deaf and hearing congregants in evangelical hearing churches. Examining deaf perspectives may provide additional information for fellowship, growth and exposure to the Gospel for deaf congr ...
11Mental Health Among College StudentsTomia WillinSantosConleyha
11
Mental Health Among College Students
Tomia Willingham
Sophia Learning
Eng 215
March 14, 2021
Introduction
Going to college can be demanding for many people. In addition to managing academic insistence, many students have to cope with their families' complex separation tasks. At the same time, some of them continue to deal with a lot of many family duties. Mental health experts and advocates contend that it is an epidemic that colleges need to investigate further. Depression, anxiety disorders are some of the significant mental health issues that affect college students. The effects of suicidal ideas on university students' academic achievement have not been explored, yet mental health conditions are associated with academic achievement (De Luca et al., 2016). A novel coronavirus has worsened the situation of mental health. Even before the onset of this virus, there was concern from mental health policymakers in America because of the rising mental health challenges. They claimed a need for additional aid for struggling university students and the capability for these institutions to provide it. Regrettably, many university students with mental health conditions do not seek and receive the necessary treatment. The primary reasons for not pursuing help include thinking that the challenge will get better with time, stigma from their peers and no time to seek the treatment because of a busy schedule (Corrigan et al. 2016). Without this treatment, college students experiencing medical conditions most of the time get lower grades, drop out of college, immerse themselves into substance abuse, or become unemployed. Because these mental health conditions are invisible, they can only be seen through academic performance or social behavior change. Should universities strike a balance between mental health conditions and academics? This review will conclude that the mental health condition of university students and scholars should be balanced. Comment by Dr. Helen Doss: You need to answer this question and present the answer as the thesis at the end of this paragraph. Comment by Dr. Helen Doss: This is not a review essay—it is an argumentative or persuasive essay. Comment by Dr. Helen Doss: What does this mean—should be balanced? By what? For what? And, by whom? Comment by Dr. Helen Doss: This paragraph is too long. See: https://www.umgc.edu/current-students/learning-resources/writing-center/writing-resources/parts-of-an-essay/paragraph-structure.cfm
Effects of not Balancing Mental Health and Academics
There are consequences of not balancing mental health and academics in higher learning institutions, mainly if they do not receive any treatment. For example, if depression goes untreated, it raises the chances of risky behavior like substance abuse. The condition affects how students sleep, eat, and it also affects how students think. Also, students cannot concentrate in class, and they cannot make rational decisions. By lack of concent ...
11From Introductions to ConclusionsDrafting an EssayIn this chapSantosConleyha
11From Introductions to ConclusionsDrafting an Essay
In this chapter, we describe strategies for crafting introductions that set up your argument. We then describe the characteristics of well-formulated paragraphs that will help you build your argument. Finally, we provide you with some strategies for writing conclusions that reinforce what is new about your argument, what is at stake, and what readers should do with the knowledge you convey
DRAFTING INTRODUCTIONS
The introduction is where you set up your argument. It’s where you identify a widely held assumption, challenge that assumption, and state your thesis. Writers use a number of strategies to set up their arguments. In this section we look at five of them:
· Moving from a general topic to a specific thesis (inverted-triangle introduction)
· Introducing the topic with a story (narrative introduction)
· Beginning with a question (interrogative introduction)
· Capturing readers’ attention with something unexpected (paradoxical introduction)
· Identifying a gap in knowledge (minding-the-gap introduction)
Remember that an introduction need not be limited to a single paragraph. It may take several paragraphs to effectively set up your argument.
Keep in mind that you have to make these strategies your own. That is, we can suggest models, but you must make them work for your own argument. You must imagine your readers and what will engage them. What tone do you want to take? Playful? Serious? Formal? Urgent? The attitude you want to convey will depend on your purpose, your argument, and the needs of your audience.◼ The Inverted-Triangle Introduction
An inverted-triangle introduction, like an upside-down triangle, is broad at the top and pointed at the base. It begins with a general statement of the topic and then narrows its focus, ending with the point of the paragraph (and the triangle), the writer’s thesis. We can see this strategy at work in the following introduction from a student’s essay. The student writer (1) begins with a broad description of the problem she will address, (2) then focuses on a set of widely held but troublesome assumptions, and (3) finally, presents her thesis in response to what she sees as a pervasive problem.
The paragraph reads, “In today’s world, many believe that education’s sole purpose is to communicate information for students to store and draw on as necessary. By storing this information, students hope to perform well on tests. Good test scores assure good grades. Good grades eventually lead to acceptances into good colleges, which ultimately guarantee good jobs. Many teachers and students, convinced that education exists as a tool to secure good jobs, rely on the banking system. In her essay “Teaching to Transgress,” bell hooks defines the banking system as an “approach to learning that is rooted in the notion that all students need to do is consume information fed to them by a professor and be able to memorize and store it” (185). Through the banking s ...
11Groupthink John SmithCampbellsville UnivSantosConleyha
1
1
Groupthink
John Smith
Campbellsville University
BA611 – Organizational Theory
Dr. Jane Corbett
January 17, 2021
Definition
Groupthink is a pattern of thought characterized by self-deception, forced manufacture of consent, and conformity to group values and ethics.
Summary
Valine (2018) discussed how powerful an effect groupthink can have on community and peers. It followed two case studies about JPMorgan Chase and Wells Fargo, which explains how many sources and credentials the author has used. The focus of the article is that circumstances have occurred inside these companies which were able to affect the entire economy as well. Groupthink is usually followed by irrational thinking and decision making which completely ignores alternatives and constantly goes for the primary decision. The large difference between group and groupthink is that the group consists of members of various backgrounds and experiences, while groupthink usually has members of similar ones. Further, there is no way for groupthink to recover from bad decisions mainly because all members have a similar understanding and point of the view towards a certain topic. The illusion of invulnerability is the main characteristic related to groupthink, where teammates ignore the danger, take extreme risks, and act highly optimistic.
Discussion
Groupthink is characterized by incorrect decisions that groups make mainly due to mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment. Many conditions can cause groupthink to occur, and the most frequent ones are collective rationalization, belief in inherent morality, stereotyped views of out-groups, direct pressure on dissenters, and self-censorship.
The collective rationalization explains how different warnings are against the group thinking, so and where those opinions can create a misunderstanding. Belief in inherent morality points out that members ignore the ethical and moral consequences of decisions because they believe the correctness of their cause. The stereotyped views of out-groups are the characters to create a negative feeling about opposition outside the group environment. The direct pressure on dissenters is where team leaders discuss all members that have different opinions and philosophies than the group’s commitments and agreement. Lastly, the self-censorship is where teammates keep their thoughts and opinions without expressing them to others.
The case study about the London Whale explains how JPMC, one of the largest banks in the world, has lost 6.5 billion dollars due to bad and poor investment decisions. Everything occurred in April and May of 2012, where larger trading loss happened in Chase’s Investment Office throughout the London branch. The main transaction that affected Morgan Chase was credit default swaps (CDS) and it was shown that famous trader Bruno Iksil has gathered significant CDS position in the market at that time. Following this case, the internal control has risen o ...
11Sun Coast Remediation Research Objectives, Research QueSantosConleyha
11
Sun Coast Remediation: Research Objectives, Research Questions, and Hypotheses
4
Sun Coast Remediation
Unique R. Simpkins
Southern Columbia University
Course Name Here
Instructor Name
11-2-2021
Research Objectives, Research Questions, and Hypotheses
Based on the information amassed by the former health and safety director, the organization needs to pursue safety-related programs or initiatives to ensure employees' health. It is an appropriate approach to help the firm and the employees achieve goals and inhibit costs arising from injuries and illnesses while on duty. The completion of this task will provide managers with practicable insights on the approach to enhance safety and protect the firm from losses. This task accounts for the objectives, questions, and hypotheses of the research based on the provided statement of the problem.
RO1: Explore the correlation between the size of the Particulate Matter (PM) and the health of the employee.
RQ1: Is there a correlation between the size of the Particulate Matter (PM) and the health of the employee?
Ho1: There is no statistically significant evidence connecting the size of the Particulate Matter (PM) and the health of the employee.
Ha1: There is statistically significant evidence connecting the size of the Particulate Matter (PM) and the health of the employee.
RO2: Establish whether safety training is feasible in decreasing the lost-time hours.
RQ2: Is safety training feasible in decreasing the lost-time hours?
Ho2: There is no statistically significant evidence linking safety training and reduction in lost-time hours.
Ha2: There is statistically significant evidence linking safety training and reduction in lost-time hours.
RO3: Establish the effectiveness of predicting the decibels (dB) levels before the employee placement on determining the on-site risk.
RQ3: Is predicting the decibels (dB) levels before the employee placement on determining the on site risk effective?
Ho3: There is no statistically significant relationship between predicting the decibels (dB) levels before the employee placement and effective determination of the on-site risk.
Ha3: There is a statistically significant relationship between predicting the decibels (dB) levels before the employee placement and effective determination of the on-site risk.
RO4: Establish whether the revised training program is more practicable than the initially adopted initiative.
RQ4: Is the revised training program is more practicable than the previously adopted initiative?
Ho4: There is no statistically significant proof that the new training program is more feasible than the old program.
Ha4: There is statistically significant proof that the new training program is more feasible than the old program.
RO5: Determine the blood lead levels variation before and after exposure at the end of the remediation service.
RQ5: Do the blood lead levels before and after exposure at the end of the remediation service va ...
11Me Talk Pretty One Day # By David Sedaris From his bSantosConleyha
11
Me Talk Pretty One Day # By David Sedaris
From his book Me Talk Pretty One Day
At the age of forty-one, I am returning to school and have to think of myself as
what my French textbook calls Ba true debutant.D After paying my tuition, I was issued
a student ID, which allows me a discounted entry fee at movie theaters, puppet shows,
and Festyland, a far-flung amusement park that advertises with billboards picturing a
cartoon stegosaurus sitting in a canoe and eating what appears to be a ham sandwich.
IFve moved to Paris with hopes of learning the language. My school is an easy
ten-minute walk from my apartment, and on the first day of class I arrived early,
watching as the returning students greeted one another in the school lobby. Vacations
were recounted, and questions were raised concerning mutual friends with names like
Kang and Vlatnya. Regardless of their nationalities, everyone spoke what sounded to
me like excellent French. Some accents were better than others, but the students
exhibited an ease and confidence that I found intimidating. As an added discomfort,
they were all young, attractive, and well-dressed, causing me to feel not unlike Pa Kettle
trapped backstage after a fashion show.
The first day of class was nerve-racking because I knew IFd be expected to
perform. ThatFs the way they do it here # itFs everybody into the language pool, sink or
swim. The teacher marched in, deeply tanned from a recent vacation, and proceeded to
rattle off a series of administrative announcements. IFve spent quite a few summers in
Normandy, and I took a monthlong French class before leaving New York. IFm not
completely in the dark, yet I understood only half of what this woman was saying.
BIf you have not meimslsxp or lgpdmurct by this time, then you should not be in
this room. Has everyone apzkiubjxow? Everyone? Good, we shall begin.D She spread
out her lesson plan and sighed, saying, BAll right, then, who knows the alphabet?D
It was startling because (a) I hadnFt been asked that question in a while and (b) I
realized, while laughing, that I myself did not know the alphabet. TheyFre the same
letters, but in France theyFre pronounced differently. I know the shape of the alphabet
but had no idea what it actually sounded like.
BAhh.D The teacher went to the board and sketched the letter a. BDo we have
anyone in the room whose first name commences with an ahh?D
12
Two Polish Annas raised their hands, and the teachers instructed them to present
themselves by stating their names, nationalities, occupations, and a brief list of things
they liked and disliked in this world. The first Anna hailed from an industrial town
outside of Warsaw and had front teeth the size of tombstones. She worked as a
seamstress, enjoyed quiet times with friends, and hated the mosquito.
BOh, really,D the teacher said. BHow very interesting. I thought that everyone
loved the mosquito, but here, in front of all the world, you claim to ...
11Proposal Part One - Part 1 Influence of Internet on TourismSantosConleyha
11
Proposal Part One - Part 1: Influence of Internet on Tourism Industry
Research Proposal: Influence of Internet on Tourism Industry
Introduction
The tourism industry has been among the best-valued sectors within the nation to generate massive revenue for the government. Besides, the industry is considered among the earliest since it started several decades ago. For an extended period, the industry uses Integrated Marketing Communications to promote their various products and services to the entire world. The introduction of technology in the industry leads to improvements in the sectors. Most individuals without extensive information on the tourism industry can access the data in their comfort zones. It implies that IT and internet technology play a significant role in ensuring effective strategy due to its existence globally.
Most European countries have tried to promote and implement internet technology in ensuring satisfactory delivery of products and services (Kayumovich, 2020). Since it has a custom within the tourism and hotel industry to provide intangible products and services, including but not limited to services alongside comfort, the internet has been an effective method of delivering its messages to the targeted customers. Also, through internet technology, the industry has achieved more customers in the global market, including the European market. The promotion of branding within the European tourism industry has been effective due to the introduction and implementation of internet technology. Thus, the internet is believed to significantly influence the tourism industry in various sectors, including but limited to infrastructure, travel, alongside the marketing sector. Before introducing the internet alongside the IT, travelling of customers was dangerous and unpleasant since travellers had constraint understanding of locations they were visiting.
As a result, the existing vacationers of time had limited knowledge of the cultures and terrain alongside the climate change and patterns necessary to stimulate the travelling issues. Therefore, tourism sectors, including but not limited to tour companies, travel agencies and other like hotels, had developed strategies necessary to promote booking and reservation processes (David-Negre et al. 2018). However, several decades ago, popular sites were visited by tourists. It implies that the tourism sectors within the local or remote area faced challenges of securing sufficient clients as people were could not define the destination. Also, shortage of information on a particular region leads to reduced travelling by visitors. The research involved the utilization of relevant literature review on the subject matter to provide factual information. Therefore, the report offers adequate information on the influence of the internet on the tourism industry. This research would give me the stage to show my finding and view and also propose how the internet can be leveraged to an extend i ...
11Social Inclusion of Deaf with Hearing CongreSantosConleyha
11
Social Inclusion of Deaf with Hearing Congregants within a Ministerial Setting Comment by Stumme, Clifford James (College Applied Studies & Acad Succ): As you review this sample student paper, please keep in mind that there are some flaws in this paper (as with any piece of writing). However, it is one of the best INDS 400 research proposals received to date, so it is an excellent reference point.
Sample Student Comment by Stumme, Clifford James (College Applied Studies & Acad Succ) [2]: Also, remember that what you are looking at is an example of the overall research proposal, not just the literature review. If you are working on your literature review, refer to the portion marked “literature review” and remember that within that literature review portion, there is a unique introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. The first paragraph is the introduction for the proposal as a whole, which is different from the kind of introduction you should write for the literature review itself. Also remember that while this research proposal has an abstract, you do not need one for the literature review.
Liberty University
INDS 400: Knowledge Synthesis for Professional and Personal Development
January 3, 2020
Abstract Comment by Stumme, Clifford James (College Applied Studies & Acad Succ) [2]: Notice how the abstract gives a brief overview of the elements of the research proposal without arguing or getting ahead of itself by predicting results.
Culture can influence how people interact and the level of inclusion of different cultures in a particular setting.While numerous studies have been conducted examining deaf studies and deaf culture, there is a curious lack of research that has specifically considered the level of inclusion of deaf people in evangelical hearing churches. This research proposal includes an interdisciplinary including a literature review that examines a handful of studies on interactions among deaf and hearing populations to consider challenges of hearing and deaf integration. Examining these diverse perspectives, including Catholic ministry, disability ministry and deaf culture, provides a fresh interdisciplinary perspective to approach the challenges of deaf inclusion in ministerial settings. It was found through this literature review that a gap in scholarly research exists in this area. As further research would be necessary to address this gap, the goal of this research proposal is to conduct a qualitative study for further research by petitioning deaf perspective through online interviews utilizing the social media platform of Facebook. Although a low budget would be necessary, the implications of this research would provide a platform to open community conversation to address challenges and provide ideas on integration of deaf and hearing congregants in evangelical hearing churches. Examining deaf perspectives may provide additional information for fellowship, growth and exposure to the Gospel for deaf congr ...
11Mental Health Among College StudentsTomia WillinSantosConleyha
11
Mental Health Among College Students
Tomia Willingham
Sophia Learning
Eng 215
March 14, 2021
Introduction
Going to college can be demanding for many people. In addition to managing academic insistence, many students have to cope with their families' complex separation tasks. At the same time, some of them continue to deal with a lot of many family duties. Mental health experts and advocates contend that it is an epidemic that colleges need to investigate further. Depression, anxiety disorders are some of the significant mental health issues that affect college students. The effects of suicidal ideas on university students' academic achievement have not been explored, yet mental health conditions are associated with academic achievement (De Luca et al., 2016). A novel coronavirus has worsened the situation of mental health. Even before the onset of this virus, there was concern from mental health policymakers in America because of the rising mental health challenges. They claimed a need for additional aid for struggling university students and the capability for these institutions to provide it. Regrettably, many university students with mental health conditions do not seek and receive the necessary treatment. The primary reasons for not pursuing help include thinking that the challenge will get better with time, stigma from their peers and no time to seek the treatment because of a busy schedule (Corrigan et al. 2016). Without this treatment, college students experiencing medical conditions most of the time get lower grades, drop out of college, immerse themselves into substance abuse, or become unemployed. Because these mental health conditions are invisible, they can only be seen through academic performance or social behavior change. Should universities strike a balance between mental health conditions and academics? This review will conclude that the mental health condition of university students and scholars should be balanced. Comment by Dr. Helen Doss: You need to answer this question and present the answer as the thesis at the end of this paragraph. Comment by Dr. Helen Doss: This is not a review essay—it is an argumentative or persuasive essay. Comment by Dr. Helen Doss: What does this mean—should be balanced? By what? For what? And, by whom? Comment by Dr. Helen Doss: This paragraph is too long. See: https://www.umgc.edu/current-students/learning-resources/writing-center/writing-resources/parts-of-an-essay/paragraph-structure.cfm
Effects of not Balancing Mental Health and Academics
There are consequences of not balancing mental health and academics in higher learning institutions, mainly if they do not receive any treatment. For example, if depression goes untreated, it raises the chances of risky behavior like substance abuse. The condition affects how students sleep, eat, and it also affects how students think. Also, students cannot concentrate in class, and they cannot make rational decisions. By lack of concent ...
11From Introductions to ConclusionsDrafting an EssayIn this chapSantosConleyha
11From Introductions to ConclusionsDrafting an Essay
In this chapter, we describe strategies for crafting introductions that set up your argument. We then describe the characteristics of well-formulated paragraphs that will help you build your argument. Finally, we provide you with some strategies for writing conclusions that reinforce what is new about your argument, what is at stake, and what readers should do with the knowledge you convey
DRAFTING INTRODUCTIONS
The introduction is where you set up your argument. It’s where you identify a widely held assumption, challenge that assumption, and state your thesis. Writers use a number of strategies to set up their arguments. In this section we look at five of them:
· Moving from a general topic to a specific thesis (inverted-triangle introduction)
· Introducing the topic with a story (narrative introduction)
· Beginning with a question (interrogative introduction)
· Capturing readers’ attention with something unexpected (paradoxical introduction)
· Identifying a gap in knowledge (minding-the-gap introduction)
Remember that an introduction need not be limited to a single paragraph. It may take several paragraphs to effectively set up your argument.
Keep in mind that you have to make these strategies your own. That is, we can suggest models, but you must make them work for your own argument. You must imagine your readers and what will engage them. What tone do you want to take? Playful? Serious? Formal? Urgent? The attitude you want to convey will depend on your purpose, your argument, and the needs of your audience.◼ The Inverted-Triangle Introduction
An inverted-triangle introduction, like an upside-down triangle, is broad at the top and pointed at the base. It begins with a general statement of the topic and then narrows its focus, ending with the point of the paragraph (and the triangle), the writer’s thesis. We can see this strategy at work in the following introduction from a student’s essay. The student writer (1) begins with a broad description of the problem she will address, (2) then focuses on a set of widely held but troublesome assumptions, and (3) finally, presents her thesis in response to what she sees as a pervasive problem.
The paragraph reads, “In today’s world, many believe that education’s sole purpose is to communicate information for students to store and draw on as necessary. By storing this information, students hope to perform well on tests. Good test scores assure good grades. Good grades eventually lead to acceptances into good colleges, which ultimately guarantee good jobs. Many teachers and students, convinced that education exists as a tool to secure good jobs, rely on the banking system. In her essay “Teaching to Transgress,” bell hooks defines the banking system as an “approach to learning that is rooted in the notion that all students need to do is consume information fed to them by a professor and be able to memorize and store it” (185). Through the banking s ...
11Groupthink John SmithCampbellsville UnivSantosConleyha
1
1
Groupthink
John Smith
Campbellsville University
BA611 – Organizational Theory
Dr. Jane Corbett
January 17, 2021
Definition
Groupthink is a pattern of thought characterized by self-deception, forced manufacture of consent, and conformity to group values and ethics.
Summary
Valine (2018) discussed how powerful an effect groupthink can have on community and peers. It followed two case studies about JPMorgan Chase and Wells Fargo, which explains how many sources and credentials the author has used. The focus of the article is that circumstances have occurred inside these companies which were able to affect the entire economy as well. Groupthink is usually followed by irrational thinking and decision making which completely ignores alternatives and constantly goes for the primary decision. The large difference between group and groupthink is that the group consists of members of various backgrounds and experiences, while groupthink usually has members of similar ones. Further, there is no way for groupthink to recover from bad decisions mainly because all members have a similar understanding and point of the view towards a certain topic. The illusion of invulnerability is the main characteristic related to groupthink, where teammates ignore the danger, take extreme risks, and act highly optimistic.
Discussion
Groupthink is characterized by incorrect decisions that groups make mainly due to mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment. Many conditions can cause groupthink to occur, and the most frequent ones are collective rationalization, belief in inherent morality, stereotyped views of out-groups, direct pressure on dissenters, and self-censorship.
The collective rationalization explains how different warnings are against the group thinking, so and where those opinions can create a misunderstanding. Belief in inherent morality points out that members ignore the ethical and moral consequences of decisions because they believe the correctness of their cause. The stereotyped views of out-groups are the characters to create a negative feeling about opposition outside the group environment. The direct pressure on dissenters is where team leaders discuss all members that have different opinions and philosophies than the group’s commitments and agreement. Lastly, the self-censorship is where teammates keep their thoughts and opinions without expressing them to others.
The case study about the London Whale explains how JPMC, one of the largest banks in the world, has lost 6.5 billion dollars due to bad and poor investment decisions. Everything occurred in April and May of 2012, where larger trading loss happened in Chase’s Investment Office throughout the London branch. The main transaction that affected Morgan Chase was credit default swaps (CDS) and it was shown that famous trader Bruno Iksil has gathered significant CDS position in the market at that time. Following this case, the internal control has risen o ...
11Sun Coast Remediation Research Objectives, Research QueSantosConleyha
11
Sun Coast Remediation: Research Objectives, Research Questions, and Hypotheses
4
Sun Coast Remediation
Unique R. Simpkins
Southern Columbia University
Course Name Here
Instructor Name
11-2-2021
Research Objectives, Research Questions, and Hypotheses
Based on the information amassed by the former health and safety director, the organization needs to pursue safety-related programs or initiatives to ensure employees' health. It is an appropriate approach to help the firm and the employees achieve goals and inhibit costs arising from injuries and illnesses while on duty. The completion of this task will provide managers with practicable insights on the approach to enhance safety and protect the firm from losses. This task accounts for the objectives, questions, and hypotheses of the research based on the provided statement of the problem.
RO1: Explore the correlation between the size of the Particulate Matter (PM) and the health of the employee.
RQ1: Is there a correlation between the size of the Particulate Matter (PM) and the health of the employee?
Ho1: There is no statistically significant evidence connecting the size of the Particulate Matter (PM) and the health of the employee.
Ha1: There is statistically significant evidence connecting the size of the Particulate Matter (PM) and the health of the employee.
RO2: Establish whether safety training is feasible in decreasing the lost-time hours.
RQ2: Is safety training feasible in decreasing the lost-time hours?
Ho2: There is no statistically significant evidence linking safety training and reduction in lost-time hours.
Ha2: There is statistically significant evidence linking safety training and reduction in lost-time hours.
RO3: Establish the effectiveness of predicting the decibels (dB) levels before the employee placement on determining the on-site risk.
RQ3: Is predicting the decibels (dB) levels before the employee placement on determining the on site risk effective?
Ho3: There is no statistically significant relationship between predicting the decibels (dB) levels before the employee placement and effective determination of the on-site risk.
Ha3: There is a statistically significant relationship between predicting the decibels (dB) levels before the employee placement and effective determination of the on-site risk.
RO4: Establish whether the revised training program is more practicable than the initially adopted initiative.
RQ4: Is the revised training program is more practicable than the previously adopted initiative?
Ho4: There is no statistically significant proof that the new training program is more feasible than the old program.
Ha4: There is statistically significant proof that the new training program is more feasible than the old program.
RO5: Determine the blood lead levels variation before and after exposure at the end of the remediation service.
RQ5: Do the blood lead levels before and after exposure at the end of the remediation service va ...
11Me Talk Pretty One Day # By David Sedaris From his bSantosConleyha
11
Me Talk Pretty One Day # By David Sedaris
From his book Me Talk Pretty One Day
At the age of forty-one, I am returning to school and have to think of myself as
what my French textbook calls Ba true debutant.D After paying my tuition, I was issued
a student ID, which allows me a discounted entry fee at movie theaters, puppet shows,
and Festyland, a far-flung amusement park that advertises with billboards picturing a
cartoon stegosaurus sitting in a canoe and eating what appears to be a ham sandwich.
IFve moved to Paris with hopes of learning the language. My school is an easy
ten-minute walk from my apartment, and on the first day of class I arrived early,
watching as the returning students greeted one another in the school lobby. Vacations
were recounted, and questions were raised concerning mutual friends with names like
Kang and Vlatnya. Regardless of their nationalities, everyone spoke what sounded to
me like excellent French. Some accents were better than others, but the students
exhibited an ease and confidence that I found intimidating. As an added discomfort,
they were all young, attractive, and well-dressed, causing me to feel not unlike Pa Kettle
trapped backstage after a fashion show.
The first day of class was nerve-racking because I knew IFd be expected to
perform. ThatFs the way they do it here # itFs everybody into the language pool, sink or
swim. The teacher marched in, deeply tanned from a recent vacation, and proceeded to
rattle off a series of administrative announcements. IFve spent quite a few summers in
Normandy, and I took a monthlong French class before leaving New York. IFm not
completely in the dark, yet I understood only half of what this woman was saying.
BIf you have not meimslsxp or lgpdmurct by this time, then you should not be in
this room. Has everyone apzkiubjxow? Everyone? Good, we shall begin.D She spread
out her lesson plan and sighed, saying, BAll right, then, who knows the alphabet?D
It was startling because (a) I hadnFt been asked that question in a while and (b) I
realized, while laughing, that I myself did not know the alphabet. TheyFre the same
letters, but in France theyFre pronounced differently. I know the shape of the alphabet
but had no idea what it actually sounded like.
BAhh.D The teacher went to the board and sketched the letter a. BDo we have
anyone in the room whose first name commences with an ahh?D
12
Two Polish Annas raised their hands, and the teachers instructed them to present
themselves by stating their names, nationalities, occupations, and a brief list of things
they liked and disliked in this world. The first Anna hailed from an industrial town
outside of Warsaw and had front teeth the size of tombstones. She worked as a
seamstress, enjoyed quiet times with friends, and hated the mosquito.
BOh, really,D the teacher said. BHow very interesting. I thought that everyone
loved the mosquito, but here, in front of all the world, you claim to ...
11Program analysis using different perspectivesSantosConleyha
11
Program analysis using different perspectives
Student's Name
Institution
Course
Professor
Date
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………
Program Description/ Analysis of a Classical Liberal perspective…………………………
Program Description/ Analysis of a Radical perspective……………………………………
Program Description/ Analysis of a Conservative perspective……………………………..
Program Description/ Analysis of a Mordern Liberal perspective...………………………
Comparisons of four perspectives……………………………………………………………
Assessment and modifications of the perspectives………………………………………….
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………..
Introduction
Program analysis using different perspectives
In a political economy, policies and programs are essential tools that assist in understanding the ongoing struggle for equality and social justice. Although both have an underlying difference, they serve an almost similar purpose. Essentially, understanding the goal of any program or policy can be achieved by analyzing the contending perspectives (Harvey, 2020). This involves the intentional bringing of different perspectives in contrast. They help examine core economic problems or concepts from an orthodox perspective, and others criticize it from a heterodox perspective. The perspectives are essential since both the heterodox and orthodox positions can be examined and reach a consensus.
In the United States, there has been a rise in spending on prescription drugs, which has led to the introduction of a Build Better Program. One proposal is driving down the cost of prescription drugs by allowing Medicare to negotiate with drugmakers over price; starting in 2025-ten drugs (plus insulin) would be on the table the first year, growing to 20 by 2028 (The White House, 2021). Although members of Congress have accepted the proposal, there is a need to analyze it using the different contending perspectives. This paper explores the proposal using the Classical Liberal, The radical, the Conservative Perspective, and the Modern Liberal Perspective. Individuals have the right to pursue their happiness, and proponents of the different political economy perspectives should work hand-in-hand to promote human development within society.
Analysis by Perspective
The Classical Liberal
The political philosophy and ideology belonging to liberalism emphasize securing citizens' freedom by limiting government power. Today, the proponents hold various thoughts and Perspectives, one being Neo-Austrian economics (Clark, 2016). Essentially, the program's main aim is to reduce the overall cost of prescription drugs. From the Perspective of Neo-Austrians, humans are self-interested. They can act autonomously by utilizing their capacity to discover an efficient means of satisfying their desires and basic needs (Harvey, 2020). Also, the government is created by the people to protect their natural rights. At the same time, justice requires safeguarding the people's rights established by the c ...
11Factors that Affect the Teaching and Learning ProcessSantosConleyha
11
Factors that Affect the Teaching and Learning Process
Lua Shanks
Dr. Thompson
Valley State University
10-6-2021
Factors that Affect the Teaching and Learning Process
Contextual Factors
The efficacious teaching and learning processes are important in generating the desired academic outcomes for students. Such processes entail the transformation and transfer of knowledge from the educators to students. It requires a combination of different elements within the procedure, in which an instructor determines and establishes the learning goals and objectives, and designs teaching resources. Thereafter, teachers implement the learning strategy that they will utilize to impart intellectual content into students. However, learning is a cardinal factor that an educator musty take into account while overseeing the process of knowledge acquisition and retention. Many factors play an important role in shaping the process of teaching and learning. Contextual factors, for instance, are associated with a particular context and characteristic that is distinct to a specific group, community, society, and individual. Such factors may take the form of a child’s educational, community, as well as classroom settings.
Community, District, and School Factors
Armstrong School District is a major public learning institution that occupies a geographical area of approximately 437 square miles. Located in Pennsylvania, it forms one of the 500 public school districts in the state, and hosts teachers and students from diverse racial, ethnic, and ethnic backgrounds. As a consequence, the institution partners with families, community leaders, and teachers to improve students’’ capacity to acquire knowledge ahead of their graduation. The community refers to the urban or rural environment in which both the teachers and learners operate. These may include the teacher and students’ ethnic, racial political or social affiliations that affect learning or knowledge acquisition. Additionally, parents and community members play an integral role in ensuring the quality of education in schools. They for, example, collaborate with teachers and school administrators to develop the most effective ways of improving their students’ learning outcomes. Indeed, community involvement in schooling issues is potentially a rich area for innovation that has immense benefits that far exceeds its limitations. Considering that governments are constrained in offering quality education due to contextual issues such as remoteness, bureaucracy, corruption, and inefficient management, community factors are pivotal in bridging the gap between government initiatives and community needs. This helps to adjust the child’s familial obligations to family interests, thereby shifting towards ways of mobilizing a sense of community by strengthening trust and relationships between community members, parents, governments, as well as teachers and school leaders. Other important community factors that af ...
11
Criminal Justice: Racial discrimination
Student’s Name:
Institutional Affiliation:
Instructor’s Name:
Course Code:
Due Date:
Racial discrimination
Abstract
When there is justice in society, every person feels satisfied with the way legal actions are carried out in the community. Unfortunately, there are several instances of racial discrimination in the United States. Most of the racial discrimination in the United States ate directed towards black people. Although everyone is required to have equal treatment in the United States, achieving zero discrimination has always been difficult.
Understanding racial discrimination in the USA is vital as it makes it easy for one to identify ways to eliminate the criminal injustices resulting from racial discrimination. This will be essential since it will help to eliminate racial discrimination in the criminal justice system.
Introduction
When there is justice in society, every person feels satisfied with the way legal actions are carried out in society. The criminal justice community is when people are not discriminated against based on their skin color. Laws applicable are carried out uniformly such that every person is treated equally. When the laws are applied equally to every individual, it increases the trust in the criminal justice system. However, when there are biases in applying the laws, the criminal justice system becomes compromised. According to Kovera (2019), there are many disparities in the criminal justice system as black people are discriminated against by police officers based on their race. As a result, black people suffer more as compared to white people when they violate similar laws.
There is a lot of disparity in the criminal justice system of the United States. Many people suffer as a result of racial discrimination in the United States. People are discriminated against a lot in the administration of the policies. According to Donnel (2017), there is racial inequality in how criminal justice is carried out in policymaking. The criminal justice system discriminates against people based on their race. For example, police officers harass black people for minor mistakes which white people are left to walk freely even after making similar mistakes. Black people suffer because of the color of their skin.
Hypothesis/Problem Statement/Purpose Statement
Racial discrimination affects the outcomes of the criminal justice system adversely. How does racial discrimination affect the judicial criminal justice system? The study aims to identify ways in which criminal justice racial discrimination is practiced in the United States. It will also provide insights on the racial discrimination cases, which are helpful in the development of policies that can be helpful in the elimination of racial discrimination in society hence promoting equality among the citizens.
Literature Review and Definitions included in the research
According to Hinton, Henderson, and Reed (2018), there is mu ...
11Communication Plan for Manufacturing PlantStudSantosConleyha
11
Communication Plan for Manufacturing Plant
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Instructor
Course
Date
Communication Plan of a Manufacturing Plant
Background
In manufacturing companies, organization employees are at the centre of an organization. Most of them are at the front lines with the ability to change strategy into results. At the culmination of the day, the plant employees have the responsibility of ensuring that the operations are conducted smoothly, a product reaches consumers timely, and quality products are manufacture with the appropriate specifications. However, despite the primary role they play, manufacturing plants are disjointed (Adejimola, 2008). That disengagement is embodied with a hefty price which is paying a negative role in the performance of manufacturing plants just as they are being challenged to increase their efficiency and effectiveness to the company compared to previous years. To realize rapid growth around the globe, the manufacturing industry is attempting to standardize operations and continuously leverage operations. Such kind of effort needs a company to possess highly invested employees (Obiekwe, O& Eke, 2019). For this reason, natural communication naturally is primary on the path to more highly engaged and motivated employees. However, it can sometimes be challenging to plant employees due to natural challenges that accompany workplace. Some may not frequently be on Smartphone’s or emails, or they may be having various shifts to manage, and the environment may be less conducive, which makes it challenging for them to have one-on-one conversations.
Policies for Oral, Written, and Non-Verbal Communications
Interpersonal communication in a manufacturing plant is the way employees or people communication with others. It may involve a group of p-people, another person or the members of the public. In some instances, it may encompass non-verbal, written or non-verbal communication. In the manufacturing industry, when an individual is communicating with others, they need to consider the person they are talking to, the type of information they want to deliver and the most appropriate and relevant form of communication change. In some instances, such issues may be determined by the information an individual wants to communication (Obiekwe, O& Eke, 2019). At all times, it is required that the staff members remain polite, respectful to both the clients and one another. At no time should they sear, raise their voice, speak in a way belittling another.
Cultural awareness is also another essential element when communicating in a cultural plant. All individuals working in the plant need to recognize that individuals emerge from varying backgrounds and cultures, and they also accompany various attitudes, different values and beliefs (Obiekwe, O& Eke, 2019). All staffs in the plant need to exercise non-judgmental communication remain respectful and are tolerant of the differences prevalence ...
11CapitalKarl MarxPART I. COMMODITIES AND MONEYCHAPTER I. SantosConleyha
11
Capital
Karl Marx
PART I. COMMODITIES AND MONEY
CHAPTER I. COMMODITIES
Section 1. The two factors of a commodity: use-value and value (the substance of value and the magnitude of value)
The wealth of those societies in which the capitalist mode of production prevails, presents itself as “an immense accumulation of commodities,”1 its unit being a single commodity. Our investigation must therefore begin with the analysis of a commodity.
A commodity is, in the first place, an object outside us, a thing that by its properties satisfies human wants of some sort or another. The nature of such wants, whether, for instance, they spring from the stomach or from fancy, makes no difference.2 Neither are we here concerned to know how the object satisfies these wants, whether directly as means of subsistence, or indirectly as means of production.
Every useful thing, as iron, paper, &c., may be looked at from the two points of view of quality and quantity. It is an assemblage of many properties, and may therefore be of use in various ways. To discover the various uses of things is the work of history.3 So also is the establishment of socially-recognised standards of measure for the quantities of these useful objects. The diversity of these measures has its origin partly in the diverse nature of the objects to be measured, partly in convention.
The utility of a thing makes it a use-value.4 But this utility is not a thing of air. Being limited by the physical properties of the commodity, it has no existence apart from that commodity. A commodity, such as iron, corn, or a diamond, is therefore, so far as it is a material thing, a use-value, something useful. This property of a commodity is independent of the amount of labour required to appropriate its useful qualities. When treating of use-value, we always assume to be dealing with definite quantities, such as dozens of watches, yards of linen, or tons of iron. The use-values of commodities furnish the material for a special study, that of the commercial knowledge of commodities.5 Use-values become a reality only by use or consumption: they also constitute the substance of all wealth, whatever may be the social form of that wealth. In the form of society we are about to consider, they are, in addition, the material depositories of exchange-value.
Exchange-value, at first sight, presents itself as a quantitative relation, as the proportion in which values in use of one sort are exchanged for those of another sort,6 a relation constantly changing with time and place. Hence exchange-value appears to be something accidental and purely relative, and consequently an intrinsic value, i.e., an exchange-value that is inseparably connected with, inherent in commodities, seems a contradiction in terms.7 Let us consider the matter a little more closely.
A given commodity, e.g., a quarter of wheat is exchanged for x blacking, y silk, or z gold, &c.—in short, for other commodities in the most different proportions. Ins ...
1
1
Criminal Justice System
Shambri Chillis
June 11, 2022
Criminal justice system
The criminal justice system is essential to identify and prevent crimes in the community. Various functions of the criminale system now adhere to the development of technology. Modern technology helps the criminal justice system in different ways. It has made the job easier and has assisted in the prevention of crimes.
Role of criminal justice practitioners in the technology development
The Ccriminal justice practitioners are responsible for identifying and analyzing different crimes in the community. They are responsible for developing and implementing the technology in the criminal justice system because they can use it for different purposes. They can introduce the new trends in the criminal justice system like the officers can collect and gather the data through the technology. Human error can be reduced through it. The dataset can be maintained, and it is also essential for criminal justice practitioners to develop the technology to locate the criminals and track their local places through GPS. The technology cannot be developed untill the criminal officers implement it in the routine. The criminal system now has to use robots and cameras that help them get information about the criminals. The practitioners can also implement the technology by guiding the juniors to use it. The training is needed to make them understand the use of advanced technologies and to ensure that they use them in the right direction. The high-performance computer and internet systems are also essential for developing the technology, and it has been seen that the future will be bright regarding implementing technology (John S. Hollywood, 2018).
Controversial issues criminal justice policymakers face when considering an expansion in the use of DNA in criminal justice
Tthere are various controversial issues that criminal justice policymakers must consider while using DNA in the criminal justice system. The first thing that is criticized during the use of DNA is the fundamental human error, and iIt has been observed that there can be errors in the investigation, and people have to suffer. The issue in technology is also referred to as the error in using DNA because it might be possible that the results do not come correct at the first attempt. It involves several people who are not linked to the crimes but have to go for the fingerprinting tests by courts. However, DNA technology in criminal justice is highly advanced and has multiple benefits compared to disadvantages, but it has always faced significant controversy in the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system has to make sure that if DNA technology is being used, it must be error-free. The controversy has two opinions. There are two schools of thought regarding the use of DNA. One of the classes of experts thinks that DNA can be used to catch the different criminals. It is helpful in the family c ...
11American Government and Politics in a Racially DividSantosConleyha
1
1American Government
and Politics in a Racially
Divided World
chap ter
In 2016, Gov. Jack Markell signed a long-awaited resolution officially apologizing for the state’s role
in slavery. The apology for slavery illustrates the long and sometimes painful history of the United
States’ struggle with race, from the time of Thomas Jefferson, a slave owner, to President Barack
Obama, the first Black president of the United States.
01-McClain-Chap01.indd 1 11/24/16 8:34 PM
08/20/2017 - RS0000000000000000000000562545 (Anthony Ratcliff) - American
Government in Black and White
2 CHAPTER 1: AmericAn Government And Politics in A rAciAlly divided World
intro
D
ecember 6, 2015, marked the 150th anniversary of the abolish-
ment of slavery, when the U.S. Congress ratified the Thirteenth
Amendment to the Constitution. There were numerous events
recognizing the end of slavery, including an official White House event
presided over by President Obama. On February 11, 2016, Delaware
joined eight other states to formally apologize for slavery when Gover-
nor Jack Markell (D) signed the state’s joint resolution. Delaware’s reso-
lution acknowledged its participation in 226 years of
slavery first of both Native Americans and Africans in
the mid-1600s; by the close of the 1700s its entire
slave population was of African descent. The resolu-
tion also included acknowledgments that Delaware
criminalized humanitarian attempts to assist slaves
and that in later times Delaware passed and enforced
Jim Crow laws to deny the rights of African American
citizens for much of the twentieth century.1
On July 29, 2008, the U.S. House of Representa-
tives passed a nonbinding resolution, introduced and
championed by Representative Steven Cohen (D-TN),
which offered a formal apology for the government’s
participation in African American slavery and the
establishment of Jim Crow laws. The resolution said, in part, “African
Americans continue to suffer from the consequences of slavery and Jim
Crow—long after both systems were formally abolished—through
enormous damage and loss, both tangible and intangible, including the
loss of human dignity and liberty, the frustration of careers and profes-
sional lives, and the long-term loss of income and opportunity.”2
On June 18, 2009, the U.S. Senate unanimously passed a similar reso-
lution apologizing to African Americans for slavery and Jim Crow. The
Senate resolution said explicitly that the apology could not be used in
support of reparations (or compensation for past wrongs).3
The story of apologies for slavery is a complex one that highlights some of the
underlying dilemmas that face the U.S. political system—how to reconcile its stated
principles of how individuals should be treated with how the government actually
treats and has treated individuals. The apologies are intended to acknowledge the
nation’s complicity in a destructive and immoral institution, at ...
11Cancer is the uncontrollable growth of abnormal cellsSantosConleyha
1
1
Cancer is the uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells in the human body. It is defined by a malfunction in cellular mechanisms that control cell growth. Cells evade checkpoint controls and begin growing uncontrollably which resulting in an increase in abnormal cells, cancer cells. These cancer cells form a mass tissue known as a tumor. In the United States of America, cancer has been determined to be among the leading causes of mortality rates after cardiovascular conditions, where one in every four deaths is caused by cancer. The most common types of cancer include prostate cancer, lung cancer, and breast cancer. Risk factors for cancer include excess smoking, radiation exposure, genetics, and environmental pollution. Colon cancer, or colorectal cancer, affects the distal third of the large intestine, the colon, as well as the rectum, chamber in which feces is stored for elimination. Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of death in cancer-related issues in the United States in both males and females (Beadnell et al., 2018). This essay explores the physiology and pathophysiology of colon cancer.
Polyps are tissue growths that generally look like small, flat bumps and are generally less than half an inch wide. They are generally non-cancerous growths that can develop with age on the inner wall of the colon or rectum. There are several types of polyps, such as hyperplastic. They are common and have a low risk of turning cancerous. Hyperplastic polyps found in the colon will be removed and biopsied. Pseudo polyps also referred to as inflammatory polyps, usually occur in people suffering from inflammatory bowel disease and are unlike other polyps. This type of polyp occurs due to chronic inflammation as seen in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. However, a polyp cells which can turn out to be malignant. Villous adenoma or tubulovillous adenoma polyps carry a high risk of turning cancerous. They are sessile and develop flat on the tissue lining the organs. They might blend within the organ, making polyps not easily identifiable and difficult to locate for treatment. Adenomatous or tubular adenoma polyps have a high chance of being cancerous. When a polyp is found, it must be biopsied, and then will regular screenings and polyp removal will follow.
An adenocarcinoma is a cancer formed in a gland that lines an organ. This cancer impacts the epithelial cells, which are spread throughout the human body. Adenocarcinomas of the colon and rectum make up ninety-five percent of all colon cancers (Chang, 2020). Colon adenocarcinomas usually begin in the mucous lining the spread to different layers. Two subtypes of adenocarcinomas are mucinous adenocarcinoma and signet ring cells. Mucinous adenocarcinomas contain about sixty percent mucus which can cause cancer cells to spread faster and become more hostile than typical adenocarcinomas. Signet ring cell adenocarcinoma is responsible for less than one percent of all colon cancer. It is g ...
11SENSE MAKING Runze DuChee PiongBUS 700 LSantosConleyha
1
1
SENSE MAKING
Runze Du
Chee Piong
BUS 700 Leadership and Creative
Solution
s Implementation
Feb 14th 2021
SENSE MAKING
Sensemaking refers to an action or a process of making sense where meaning is given to something. Sensemaking is a process through which individuals give meaning to their collective experiences. Sensemaking is also a process of structuring the unknown by inserting stimuli into some framework kinds to enable individuals to understand or comprehend, attribute, to extrapolate and predict the meaning of something. Sensemaking is an activity that allows people to turn the ongoing complexity in the entire world into a situation that can be understood. Sensemaking Therefore, Sensemaking requires articulating the unknown because, in many cases, trying to put meaning to something strange is the only means by which one can understand it. For instance, the occurrence or the origin of COVID-19 in the entire world has been a phenomenon that has disturbed the heads of many trying to understand what it is, where it came from, who caused it, how it can be prevented and how it can be cured. In attempting to understand COVID 19, people came up with the explanations of what it is, what caused it, and that is where the scientists realized that this is a disease that is caused by a virus known as Coronavirus, since the condition merged in the year 2019, the virus was given the name coronavirus 19, and the disease it caused known as COVID 19. This is how sensemaking enables individuals to give meaning to something that can be understood easily by individuals.
The organization that I am familiar with that has experienced a current change in its operations is Starbucks. Starbucks is an American company that is known for its production and sell of coffee products. It was started in 1971 as a coffee selling company where it was majorly involved in roasting, marketing and selling coffee globally. It has more than 300 stores all over the world selling coffee. This organization has sold coffee within its stores since its initiation. However, because of the corona's onset, the management of this organization decided to change its operation to accommodate the changes in the environment depending on the restrictions imposed on businesses by the ministries of health all over the world. Starbucks company reacted to the industry changes brought about by COVID 19, where businesses were required to close their doors to enhance the measures of curbing the spread of coronavirus disease. Thus, the company embraced technology where it introduced Starbucks-pick up only stores that replaced the over 300 stores globally. The new stores required that no one could sit in as they take their coffee. Instead, everyone would be allowed only to take their orders from the store and to avoid congesting people in one place. Starbucks introduced Starbucks pick-up stores that use technology to supply coffee to customers. The business submitted a mobile app ...
119E ECUTIVE BAR AININ CEOS NE OTIATIN THEIR PAWITH EMSantosConleyha
119
E ECUTIVE BAR AININ : CEOS NE OTIATIN THEIR PA
WITH EMPLO EES OR CORPORATE E ICIENC
By Nathan Witkin
I INTRODUCTION
Rising executive pay is a significant problem that points to a structural
flaw in American corporations. This article presents a solution to that flaw
through which Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) negotiate their pay in
company resources with lower-paid employees. Exploring this solution also
unearths an explanation for capitalism s apparent drive toward inequality and
examines the historical development of corporations and trade unions in the
United States.
The problem is that managers and corporate directors will raise pay at the
top so long as that pay-setting process does not consider the pay of average-
and low-wage workers. The solution is that CEOs and other top executives
negotiate their pay in company resources with employees in a process that
determines the pay and bonuses of both sides. Microeconomic theory indicates
that confronting the tradeoffs of raising executive compensation with other
potential corporate expenditures—by negotiating this compensation with
workers from different parts of the company—will make executive
compensation more efficient.1 Also, historical analysis indicates a pattern in
which executive compensation became aligned with public interest only during
the period in which workers had significant power to negotiate their wages and
Master of Public Policy Candidate at eorgetown University s McCourt School of Public
Policy J.D., The Ohio State Moritz College of Law. The Author is an independent researcher,
originator of a variety of social innovations (co-resolution, interest group mediation, consensus
arbitration, dependent advocacy, the popular tax audit, the hostile correction, a partnership
between citizen review boards and community policing, and a two-state/one-land solution to the
Israeli-Palestinian conflict), and author of several ambitious theories (the shift in sovereignty
from land to people under international treaties, the use of impact bonds as a solution to climate
change, and resistance to the accelerating expansion of the universe as the cause of gravitation).
He is also a former solo-practitioner in criminal and family law.
1 N. RE OR MAN IW, PRINCIPLES O MICROECONOMICS ( th ed. 2012) (describing the first
principle of microeconomics as centered on trade-offs). Many basic microeconomic models
involve trade-offs between potential allocations of resources to achieve efficiency. See DAVID
BESAN O RONALD R. BRAEUTI AM, MICROECONOMICS 20 07 (5th ed. 201 ).
120 KAN. J.L. & P B. POL’Y Vol. I :1
benefits. This is not to say that the solution to executive compensation is a
return to unions, which developed as a separate organizational structure with
their own flaws and inefficiencies. Rather, a corporation that synthesizes the
inputs of all its employees will be able to maximize efficiency and
productivity, producing profits for shareholders and growth for the overall
econ ...
11CALIFORNIA MANAGEMENT REVIEW VOL. 51, NO. 4 SUMMER 2009 CMR.BERKELEY.EDU
The Emergence and
Evolution of the
Multidimensional
Organization
J. Strikwerda
J.W. Stoelhorst
“In terms of its impact, not just on economic activity, but also on human life as a
whole, the multidivisional organizational design must rank as one of the major
innovations of the last century.”—John Roberts1
T
he multidivisional, multi-unit, or M-form, is widely acknowledged
as the most successful organization form of the twentieth century.2
Firms that employ the M-form organize their activities in separate
business units and delegate control over the resources needed to
create economic value to the managers of these units. This organization form is
widespread, is central to the “theory in use” of managers, and serves as the basis
of most accounting systems. However, the organization of productive activities
in many contemporary firms violates the principle that is central to the M-form:
that business units are self-contained. The quest for synergies that has been high
on the corporate agenda since the late 1980s has resulted in the widespread
adoption of corporate account management, shared service centers, and matrix
organizations. As a result, most business units now depend at least in part on
resources that are controlled by other units. This raises fundamental questions
about the status of the M-form in contemporary firms.
Questioning the status of the M-form is not merely a theoretical fancy,
but is high on the agenda of managers as well. In this article, we report on
research that was commissioned by the Foundation for Management Stud-
ies, a Dutch organization of management executives. These practical men and
women shared a fundamental uneasiness about structuring their organizations.
On the one hand, many of them experienced problems with the M-form: high
employee costs, internal battles over resources, lack of standardization, lack of
cooperation, and loss of market opportunities. On the other hand, they did not
The Emergence and Evolution of the Multidimensional Organization
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY VOL. 51, NO. 4 SUMMER 2009 CMR.BERKELEY.EDU12
see any viable alternatives to the multi-unit organization form. The need to
exploit synergies across business units was widespread, but it was unclear which
organizational designs are most appropriate to achieve this. This led to a research
project to explore the ways in which leading Dutch organizations, including
subsidiaries of foreign multinationals, have adapted the M-form to better exploit
synergies across business units.
As we expected, the results of the study vividly illustrate the fundamen-
tal tension between the need for contemporary firms to exploit synergies and
their need for clear accountability. However, an additional and unexpected
finding was that a number of firms in the study have evolved an organiza-
tional form that signals a new way of res ...
1
1
Insert Title Here
Insert Your Name Here
Insert University Here
Course Name Here
Instructor Name
Date
Literature Review
Include the literature review information here.
Important Note: Students should refer to the information presented in the Unit I study guide and the Unit I syllabus instructions to complete this section of the project. Use the following subheadings to include all required information. Delete instructions and examples highlighted in yellow before submitting this assignment.
Particulate Matter (PM) Article
Safety Training Effectiveness Article
Sound-Level Exposure Article
New Employee Training Article
Lead Exposure Article
Return on Investment Article
References
Include references here using hanging indentations.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). SAGE.
...
11822, 1017 AM Estimating and Managing CostshttpsleoSantosConleyha
1/18/22, 10:17 AM Estimating and Managing Costs
https://leocontent.umgc.edu/content/scor/uncurated/mba/2218-mba670/learning-resourcelist/estimating-and-managing-costs.html?ou=622272 1/27
Estimating and Managing Costs
An important part of a project manager’s job is managing money. All types of
organizations must manage their money well in order to fulfill their mission, including not-
for-profit and government organizations. The tools and methods used to manage money
on a project vary depending on the phase and complexity of the project. This chapter
describes the methods used to estimate the cost of a project, create a budget, and
manage the cost of activities while the project is being executed.
Estimating Costs
Estimating Costs to Compare and Select Projects
During the conceptual phase when project selection occurs, economic factors are an
important consideration when choosing between competing projects. To compare the
simple paybacks or internal rates of return between projects, an estimate of the cost of
each project is made. The estimates must be accurate enough so that the comparisons are
meaningful, but the amount of time and resources used to make the estimates should be
appropriate to the size and complexity of the project. The methods used to estimate the
cost of the project during the selection phase are generally faster and consume fewer
resources than those used to create detailed estimates in later phases. They rely more on
the expert judgment of experienced managers who can make accurate estimates with less
detailed information. Estimates in the earliest stages of project selection are usually made
using estimates based from previous projects that can be adjusted—scaled—to match the
size and complexity of the current project or by applying standardized formulas.
Analogous Estimate
An estimate that is based on other project estimates is an analogous estimate. If a similar
project costs a certain amount, then it is reasonable to assume that the current project
will cost about the same. Few projects are exactly the same size and complexity, so the
estimate must be adjusted upward or downward to account for the difference. The
Learning Resource
1/18/22, 10:17 AM Estimating and Managing Costs
https://leocontent.umgc.edu/content/scor/uncurated/mba/2218-mba670/learning-resourcelist/estimating-and-managing-costs.html?ou=622272 2/27
selection of projects that are similar and the amount of adjustment needed is up to the
judgment of the person who makes the estimate. Normally, this judgment is based on
many years of experience estimating projects, including incorrect estimates that were
learning experiences for the expert.
Analogous Estimate for John’s Move
For example, John asked a friend for advice about the cost of moving. His friend
replied, “I moved from an apartment a little smaller than yours last year and the
distance was about the same. I did it with a fourteen-foot truck. It cost about ...
11822, 1157 PM Building a Business Case for Cloud ComputingSantosConleyha
1/18/22, 11:57 PM Building a Business Case for Cloud Computing
Learning Topic
Building a Business Case for Cloud
Computing
Your business case needs to be brief and communicate the basics of cloud computing in a
manner that is easy for a layperson to understand. Analogies are a good way to convey
this information to nontechnical audiences, such as your executive leadership team.
Example:
Complex Concept Analogy
Cloud computing is billed
based on actual usage on a
recurring basis, and does not
require an upfront investment
in computer hardware,
networks, staff, or facilities.
Cloud computing is similar to purchasing
electricity from the utility company. When you
use electricity, you get a bill from the utility. The
utility customer doesn't have to invest in
purchasing or maintaining power generation
equipment, staff, or facilities.
Economies of Scale
One of the benefits of cloud computing is the ability to take advantage of economies of
scale. Cloud service providers provide a large-scale platform to a number of different
clients, which reduces the unit cost that each client pays.
In a traditional on-premise IT model, each organization has to invest in data center
facilities, telecommunications links, network infrastructure, servers, storage, staffing,
applications, and databases. Under a cloud computing model, an organization can simply
rent these items from an organization that invests in these items on a much larger scale.
Return on Investment (ROI)
1/18/22, 11:57 PM Building a Business Case for Cloud Computing
Calculating the return on investment (ROI) (the amount of return on an investment
relative to its cost) is critical for an organization's decision-making process. Organizations
are more likely to invest in an initiative if you can provide management with evidence that
the investment will pay off financially. For example, if you find that moving the
organization's infrastructure to the cloud will result in a 431 percent annual cost savings,
then you should highlight this savings in your presentation.
UMGC graphic
In this case, ROI would be calculated with:
gain from investment (GFI) = $10,073 - $1,596
cost of investment (COI) = $1,596
ROI = (gain from investment - cost of investment) / cost of investment
h6
1/18/22, 11:57 PM Building a Business Case for Cloud Computing
($8,477 - $1,596) / ($1,596) = 431%
ROI = 431%
On-Premise Model vs. Cloud Model for Data Storage
On-Premise Model Cloud Computing
Hardware/software hosted
on-premise by the
organization
Hardware/software is hosted off-premise by an
external organization (public cloud model).
Provisioning is based on
estimated peak demand,
which can lead to
insufficient resources during
peak periods and a surplus
of resources during normal
periods
Provisioning is dynamic based on actual demand.
Internal IT staff support the
entire technology stack --
data centers, networks,
compute, storage,
applications, and databases
Staf ...
11821, 245 PM Nurses Touch Video Interaction Family in a SSantosConleyha
11/8/21, 2:45 PM Nurse's Touch Video Interaction Family in a Stressful Situation
https://scorm.atitesting.com/courses/FCAEA235-130E-47FC-A14E-88DF7D4186A1/1/launchpage.html 1/1
%SimulationName% Video Transcript
DR. KOVAC: How are you feeling, Mrs. Travis? MRS. TRAVIS: I guess as expected. DR. KOVAC: Mr. Travis,
your wife did very well during the surgery. It took a little longer than we expected. MR. TRAVIS: I was worried.
DR. KOVAC: We found a small tumor in her stomach. Because of the size, the surgery was more complicated
than we anticipated. We were successful in removing the entire tumor. However, I'm concerned about the
appearance of this tumor, and we noted some areas on her liver and her pancreas that were abnormal. We
obtained many biopsies, and we should have the results soon. I would like to admit her to the hospital and
observe her overnight. MR. TRAVIS: This can't be happening.
11/8/21, 2:41 PM Nurse's Touch Video Interaction Family in a Stressful Situation
https://scorm.atitesting.com/courses/FCAEA235-130E-47FC-A14E-88DF7D4186A1/1/launchpage.html 1/1
%SimulationName% Video Transcript
ESCORT: May I help you, Mr. Travis? MR. TRAVIS: I’m so worried. I know I come up here every five minutes
or so. ESCORT: Can I get you a bottle of water or something? MR. TRAVIS: No, thanks. I'm fine. Has anyone
called for me yet? ESCORT: Uh, no, there have been no calls yet, but it has been a while. I can check again on
your wife if you would like. MR. TRAVIS: Yes, that would be great. Thank you. ESCORT: I was just going to
call back. Do you have an update for Mr. Travis about how his wife is doing? He hasn’t been able to sit still the
entire time that she’s been in surgery. If you don’t have something to tell him, I’m going to just tell him that
everything is going to be just fine. MR. TRAVIS: Heather, do you know something about my wife? Why is it
taking so long?
11/8/21, 2:39 PM Nurse's Touch Video Interaction Family in a Stressful Situation
https://scorm.atitesting.com/courses/FCAEA235-130E-47FC-A14E-88DF7D4186A1/1/launchpage.html 1/1
%SimulationName% Video Transcript
HEATHER: Mrs. Travis, you pushed your call light. Is there something we can do for you? MRS. TRAVIS: My
husband went to the waiting room to get more coffee. I've never seen him so nervous. Do you know how soon
they'll come and get me for surgery? HEATHER: We can check on that. Right, Rose? ROSE: Yes, we can check
on that. MRS. TRAVIS: Thank you. My husband’s so nervous, he’s making me nervous. I’m having a hard time
relaxing. I don’t know what to do to help him calm down so that I can relax.
11/8/21, 2:37 PM Nurse's Touch Video Interaction Family in a Stressful Situation
https://scorm.atitesting.com/courses/FCAEA235-130E-47FC-A14E-88DF7D4186A1/1/launchpage.html 1/1
%SimulationName% Video Transcript
HEATHER: Mr. Travis, is there anything I can do for you? I see you looking out into the hallway often. Were
you looking for someone? MR. TRAVIS: Yeah, I'm just watc ...
11821, 1030 AM Straight PhotographyhttpscoastdistricSantosConleyha
11/8/21, 10:30 AM Straight Photography
https://coastdistrict.instructure.com/courses/86967/assignments/1594094?module_item_id=5260973 1/3
Straight Photography
Due Sunday by 11:59pm Points 30
Submitting a text entry box, a media recording, or a file upload
Start Assignment
Straight photography emerged in the early twentieth century and was a way of thinking about
photography as independent and unique from other artistic media like painting. It attempted to capture a
scene as objectively as possible therefore it didn't rely on methods of photographic manipulation. One of
the first photographers to experiment with straight photography was Alfred Stieglitz in the late nineteenth
and early twentieth centuries. He would often employ straight photography to depict everyday scenes of
modern life as seen in his photograph The Terminal.
Alfred Stieglitz, The Terminal. 1893, printed 1911. Photogravure. Source: flickr (https://www.flickr.com/phot
os/[email protected]/3775792984/in/photolist-6KDVH3) License: CC BY-NC 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/
2.0/)
Watch the 10 minute video segment below from the documentary film called Alfred Stieglitz: The
Eloquent Eye (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2j2N1Bdh830) to learn more about Alfred Stieglitz
https://www.flickr.com/photos/[email protected]/3775792984/in/photolist-6KDVH3
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2j2N1Bdh830
11/8/21, 10:30 AM Straight Photography
https://coastdistrict.instructure.com/courses/86967/assignments/1594094?module_item_id=5260973 2/3
Straight Photography (1)
and his photographs.
Instructions:
1. Visit the Metropolitan Museum of Art's website
(https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/270032) and read the short description about The
Terminal by Alfred Stieglitz.
2. Take your own Stieglitz inspired photograph using the method of straight photography. Keep to his
theme of illustrating the everyday scenes of modern life--but updated to illustrate life today.
3. In a paragraph (5-6 sentences) describe how your photograph uses the method of straight
photography. Also, describe how the subject matter represents life today.
Alfred StieglitzAlfred Stieglitz
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/270032
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8nc6hHSyxv8
Introduction to Art Chapter 29: Between World Wars 394
Chapter 29: Between World Wars
Dada
When you look at Marcel Duchamp’s Fountain, a factory-produced urinal he submitted as a
sculpture to the 1917 exhibition of the Society of Independent Artists in New York, you might
wonder just why this work of art has such a prominent place in art history books.
Marcel Duchamp, Fountain (original), photographed by Alfred Stieglitz in 1917 after its rejection by the Society of
Independent Artists
You would not be alone in asking this question. In fact, from the moment Duchamp purchased
the urinal, flipped it on its side, signed it with a ...
11Program analysis using different perspectivesSantosConleyha
11
Program analysis using different perspectives
Student's Name
Institution
Course
Professor
Date
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………
Program Description/ Analysis of a Classical Liberal perspective…………………………
Program Description/ Analysis of a Radical perspective……………………………………
Program Description/ Analysis of a Conservative perspective……………………………..
Program Description/ Analysis of a Mordern Liberal perspective...………………………
Comparisons of four perspectives……………………………………………………………
Assessment and modifications of the perspectives………………………………………….
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………..
Introduction
Program analysis using different perspectives
In a political economy, policies and programs are essential tools that assist in understanding the ongoing struggle for equality and social justice. Although both have an underlying difference, they serve an almost similar purpose. Essentially, understanding the goal of any program or policy can be achieved by analyzing the contending perspectives (Harvey, 2020). This involves the intentional bringing of different perspectives in contrast. They help examine core economic problems or concepts from an orthodox perspective, and others criticize it from a heterodox perspective. The perspectives are essential since both the heterodox and orthodox positions can be examined and reach a consensus.
In the United States, there has been a rise in spending on prescription drugs, which has led to the introduction of a Build Better Program. One proposal is driving down the cost of prescription drugs by allowing Medicare to negotiate with drugmakers over price; starting in 2025-ten drugs (plus insulin) would be on the table the first year, growing to 20 by 2028 (The White House, 2021). Although members of Congress have accepted the proposal, there is a need to analyze it using the different contending perspectives. This paper explores the proposal using the Classical Liberal, The radical, the Conservative Perspective, and the Modern Liberal Perspective. Individuals have the right to pursue their happiness, and proponents of the different political economy perspectives should work hand-in-hand to promote human development within society.
Analysis by Perspective
The Classical Liberal
The political philosophy and ideology belonging to liberalism emphasize securing citizens' freedom by limiting government power. Today, the proponents hold various thoughts and Perspectives, one being Neo-Austrian economics (Clark, 2016). Essentially, the program's main aim is to reduce the overall cost of prescription drugs. From the Perspective of Neo-Austrians, humans are self-interested. They can act autonomously by utilizing their capacity to discover an efficient means of satisfying their desires and basic needs (Harvey, 2020). Also, the government is created by the people to protect their natural rights. At the same time, justice requires safeguarding the people's rights established by the c ...
11Factors that Affect the Teaching and Learning ProcessSantosConleyha
11
Factors that Affect the Teaching and Learning Process
Lua Shanks
Dr. Thompson
Valley State University
10-6-2021
Factors that Affect the Teaching and Learning Process
Contextual Factors
The efficacious teaching and learning processes are important in generating the desired academic outcomes for students. Such processes entail the transformation and transfer of knowledge from the educators to students. It requires a combination of different elements within the procedure, in which an instructor determines and establishes the learning goals and objectives, and designs teaching resources. Thereafter, teachers implement the learning strategy that they will utilize to impart intellectual content into students. However, learning is a cardinal factor that an educator musty take into account while overseeing the process of knowledge acquisition and retention. Many factors play an important role in shaping the process of teaching and learning. Contextual factors, for instance, are associated with a particular context and characteristic that is distinct to a specific group, community, society, and individual. Such factors may take the form of a child’s educational, community, as well as classroom settings.
Community, District, and School Factors
Armstrong School District is a major public learning institution that occupies a geographical area of approximately 437 square miles. Located in Pennsylvania, it forms one of the 500 public school districts in the state, and hosts teachers and students from diverse racial, ethnic, and ethnic backgrounds. As a consequence, the institution partners with families, community leaders, and teachers to improve students’’ capacity to acquire knowledge ahead of their graduation. The community refers to the urban or rural environment in which both the teachers and learners operate. These may include the teacher and students’ ethnic, racial political or social affiliations that affect learning or knowledge acquisition. Additionally, parents and community members play an integral role in ensuring the quality of education in schools. They for, example, collaborate with teachers and school administrators to develop the most effective ways of improving their students’ learning outcomes. Indeed, community involvement in schooling issues is potentially a rich area for innovation that has immense benefits that far exceeds its limitations. Considering that governments are constrained in offering quality education due to contextual issues such as remoteness, bureaucracy, corruption, and inefficient management, community factors are pivotal in bridging the gap between government initiatives and community needs. This helps to adjust the child’s familial obligations to family interests, thereby shifting towards ways of mobilizing a sense of community by strengthening trust and relationships between community members, parents, governments, as well as teachers and school leaders. Other important community factors that af ...
11
Criminal Justice: Racial discrimination
Student’s Name:
Institutional Affiliation:
Instructor’s Name:
Course Code:
Due Date:
Racial discrimination
Abstract
When there is justice in society, every person feels satisfied with the way legal actions are carried out in the community. Unfortunately, there are several instances of racial discrimination in the United States. Most of the racial discrimination in the United States ate directed towards black people. Although everyone is required to have equal treatment in the United States, achieving zero discrimination has always been difficult.
Understanding racial discrimination in the USA is vital as it makes it easy for one to identify ways to eliminate the criminal injustices resulting from racial discrimination. This will be essential since it will help to eliminate racial discrimination in the criminal justice system.
Introduction
When there is justice in society, every person feels satisfied with the way legal actions are carried out in society. The criminal justice community is when people are not discriminated against based on their skin color. Laws applicable are carried out uniformly such that every person is treated equally. When the laws are applied equally to every individual, it increases the trust in the criminal justice system. However, when there are biases in applying the laws, the criminal justice system becomes compromised. According to Kovera (2019), there are many disparities in the criminal justice system as black people are discriminated against by police officers based on their race. As a result, black people suffer more as compared to white people when they violate similar laws.
There is a lot of disparity in the criminal justice system of the United States. Many people suffer as a result of racial discrimination in the United States. People are discriminated against a lot in the administration of the policies. According to Donnel (2017), there is racial inequality in how criminal justice is carried out in policymaking. The criminal justice system discriminates against people based on their race. For example, police officers harass black people for minor mistakes which white people are left to walk freely even after making similar mistakes. Black people suffer because of the color of their skin.
Hypothesis/Problem Statement/Purpose Statement
Racial discrimination affects the outcomes of the criminal justice system adversely. How does racial discrimination affect the judicial criminal justice system? The study aims to identify ways in which criminal justice racial discrimination is practiced in the United States. It will also provide insights on the racial discrimination cases, which are helpful in the development of policies that can be helpful in the elimination of racial discrimination in society hence promoting equality among the citizens.
Literature Review and Definitions included in the research
According to Hinton, Henderson, and Reed (2018), there is mu ...
11Communication Plan for Manufacturing PlantStudSantosConleyha
11
Communication Plan for Manufacturing Plant
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Instructor
Course
Date
Communication Plan of a Manufacturing Plant
Background
In manufacturing companies, organization employees are at the centre of an organization. Most of them are at the front lines with the ability to change strategy into results. At the culmination of the day, the plant employees have the responsibility of ensuring that the operations are conducted smoothly, a product reaches consumers timely, and quality products are manufacture with the appropriate specifications. However, despite the primary role they play, manufacturing plants are disjointed (Adejimola, 2008). That disengagement is embodied with a hefty price which is paying a negative role in the performance of manufacturing plants just as they are being challenged to increase their efficiency and effectiveness to the company compared to previous years. To realize rapid growth around the globe, the manufacturing industry is attempting to standardize operations and continuously leverage operations. Such kind of effort needs a company to possess highly invested employees (Obiekwe, O& Eke, 2019). For this reason, natural communication naturally is primary on the path to more highly engaged and motivated employees. However, it can sometimes be challenging to plant employees due to natural challenges that accompany workplace. Some may not frequently be on Smartphone’s or emails, or they may be having various shifts to manage, and the environment may be less conducive, which makes it challenging for them to have one-on-one conversations.
Policies for Oral, Written, and Non-Verbal Communications
Interpersonal communication in a manufacturing plant is the way employees or people communication with others. It may involve a group of p-people, another person or the members of the public. In some instances, it may encompass non-verbal, written or non-verbal communication. In the manufacturing industry, when an individual is communicating with others, they need to consider the person they are talking to, the type of information they want to deliver and the most appropriate and relevant form of communication change. In some instances, such issues may be determined by the information an individual wants to communication (Obiekwe, O& Eke, 2019). At all times, it is required that the staff members remain polite, respectful to both the clients and one another. At no time should they sear, raise their voice, speak in a way belittling another.
Cultural awareness is also another essential element when communicating in a cultural plant. All individuals working in the plant need to recognize that individuals emerge from varying backgrounds and cultures, and they also accompany various attitudes, different values and beliefs (Obiekwe, O& Eke, 2019). All staffs in the plant need to exercise non-judgmental communication remain respectful and are tolerant of the differences prevalence ...
11CapitalKarl MarxPART I. COMMODITIES AND MONEYCHAPTER I. SantosConleyha
11
Capital
Karl Marx
PART I. COMMODITIES AND MONEY
CHAPTER I. COMMODITIES
Section 1. The two factors of a commodity: use-value and value (the substance of value and the magnitude of value)
The wealth of those societies in which the capitalist mode of production prevails, presents itself as “an immense accumulation of commodities,”1 its unit being a single commodity. Our investigation must therefore begin with the analysis of a commodity.
A commodity is, in the first place, an object outside us, a thing that by its properties satisfies human wants of some sort or another. The nature of such wants, whether, for instance, they spring from the stomach or from fancy, makes no difference.2 Neither are we here concerned to know how the object satisfies these wants, whether directly as means of subsistence, or indirectly as means of production.
Every useful thing, as iron, paper, &c., may be looked at from the two points of view of quality and quantity. It is an assemblage of many properties, and may therefore be of use in various ways. To discover the various uses of things is the work of history.3 So also is the establishment of socially-recognised standards of measure for the quantities of these useful objects. The diversity of these measures has its origin partly in the diverse nature of the objects to be measured, partly in convention.
The utility of a thing makes it a use-value.4 But this utility is not a thing of air. Being limited by the physical properties of the commodity, it has no existence apart from that commodity. A commodity, such as iron, corn, or a diamond, is therefore, so far as it is a material thing, a use-value, something useful. This property of a commodity is independent of the amount of labour required to appropriate its useful qualities. When treating of use-value, we always assume to be dealing with definite quantities, such as dozens of watches, yards of linen, or tons of iron. The use-values of commodities furnish the material for a special study, that of the commercial knowledge of commodities.5 Use-values become a reality only by use or consumption: they also constitute the substance of all wealth, whatever may be the social form of that wealth. In the form of society we are about to consider, they are, in addition, the material depositories of exchange-value.
Exchange-value, at first sight, presents itself as a quantitative relation, as the proportion in which values in use of one sort are exchanged for those of another sort,6 a relation constantly changing with time and place. Hence exchange-value appears to be something accidental and purely relative, and consequently an intrinsic value, i.e., an exchange-value that is inseparably connected with, inherent in commodities, seems a contradiction in terms.7 Let us consider the matter a little more closely.
A given commodity, e.g., a quarter of wheat is exchanged for x blacking, y silk, or z gold, &c.—in short, for other commodities in the most different proportions. Ins ...
1
1
Criminal Justice System
Shambri Chillis
June 11, 2022
Criminal justice system
The criminal justice system is essential to identify and prevent crimes in the community. Various functions of the criminale system now adhere to the development of technology. Modern technology helps the criminal justice system in different ways. It has made the job easier and has assisted in the prevention of crimes.
Role of criminal justice practitioners in the technology development
The Ccriminal justice practitioners are responsible for identifying and analyzing different crimes in the community. They are responsible for developing and implementing the technology in the criminal justice system because they can use it for different purposes. They can introduce the new trends in the criminal justice system like the officers can collect and gather the data through the technology. Human error can be reduced through it. The dataset can be maintained, and it is also essential for criminal justice practitioners to develop the technology to locate the criminals and track their local places through GPS. The technology cannot be developed untill the criminal officers implement it in the routine. The criminal system now has to use robots and cameras that help them get information about the criminals. The practitioners can also implement the technology by guiding the juniors to use it. The training is needed to make them understand the use of advanced technologies and to ensure that they use them in the right direction. The high-performance computer and internet systems are also essential for developing the technology, and it has been seen that the future will be bright regarding implementing technology (John S. Hollywood, 2018).
Controversial issues criminal justice policymakers face when considering an expansion in the use of DNA in criminal justice
Tthere are various controversial issues that criminal justice policymakers must consider while using DNA in the criminal justice system. The first thing that is criticized during the use of DNA is the fundamental human error, and iIt has been observed that there can be errors in the investigation, and people have to suffer. The issue in technology is also referred to as the error in using DNA because it might be possible that the results do not come correct at the first attempt. It involves several people who are not linked to the crimes but have to go for the fingerprinting tests by courts. However, DNA technology in criminal justice is highly advanced and has multiple benefits compared to disadvantages, but it has always faced significant controversy in the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system has to make sure that if DNA technology is being used, it must be error-free. The controversy has two opinions. There are two schools of thought regarding the use of DNA. One of the classes of experts thinks that DNA can be used to catch the different criminals. It is helpful in the family c ...
11American Government and Politics in a Racially DividSantosConleyha
1
1American Government
and Politics in a Racially
Divided World
chap ter
In 2016, Gov. Jack Markell signed a long-awaited resolution officially apologizing for the state’s role
in slavery. The apology for slavery illustrates the long and sometimes painful history of the United
States’ struggle with race, from the time of Thomas Jefferson, a slave owner, to President Barack
Obama, the first Black president of the United States.
01-McClain-Chap01.indd 1 11/24/16 8:34 PM
08/20/2017 - RS0000000000000000000000562545 (Anthony Ratcliff) - American
Government in Black and White
2 CHAPTER 1: AmericAn Government And Politics in A rAciAlly divided World
intro
D
ecember 6, 2015, marked the 150th anniversary of the abolish-
ment of slavery, when the U.S. Congress ratified the Thirteenth
Amendment to the Constitution. There were numerous events
recognizing the end of slavery, including an official White House event
presided over by President Obama. On February 11, 2016, Delaware
joined eight other states to formally apologize for slavery when Gover-
nor Jack Markell (D) signed the state’s joint resolution. Delaware’s reso-
lution acknowledged its participation in 226 years of
slavery first of both Native Americans and Africans in
the mid-1600s; by the close of the 1700s its entire
slave population was of African descent. The resolu-
tion also included acknowledgments that Delaware
criminalized humanitarian attempts to assist slaves
and that in later times Delaware passed and enforced
Jim Crow laws to deny the rights of African American
citizens for much of the twentieth century.1
On July 29, 2008, the U.S. House of Representa-
tives passed a nonbinding resolution, introduced and
championed by Representative Steven Cohen (D-TN),
which offered a formal apology for the government’s
participation in African American slavery and the
establishment of Jim Crow laws. The resolution said, in part, “African
Americans continue to suffer from the consequences of slavery and Jim
Crow—long after both systems were formally abolished—through
enormous damage and loss, both tangible and intangible, including the
loss of human dignity and liberty, the frustration of careers and profes-
sional lives, and the long-term loss of income and opportunity.”2
On June 18, 2009, the U.S. Senate unanimously passed a similar reso-
lution apologizing to African Americans for slavery and Jim Crow. The
Senate resolution said explicitly that the apology could not be used in
support of reparations (or compensation for past wrongs).3
The story of apologies for slavery is a complex one that highlights some of the
underlying dilemmas that face the U.S. political system—how to reconcile its stated
principles of how individuals should be treated with how the government actually
treats and has treated individuals. The apologies are intended to acknowledge the
nation’s complicity in a destructive and immoral institution, at ...
11Cancer is the uncontrollable growth of abnormal cellsSantosConleyha
1
1
Cancer is the uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells in the human body. It is defined by a malfunction in cellular mechanisms that control cell growth. Cells evade checkpoint controls and begin growing uncontrollably which resulting in an increase in abnormal cells, cancer cells. These cancer cells form a mass tissue known as a tumor. In the United States of America, cancer has been determined to be among the leading causes of mortality rates after cardiovascular conditions, where one in every four deaths is caused by cancer. The most common types of cancer include prostate cancer, lung cancer, and breast cancer. Risk factors for cancer include excess smoking, radiation exposure, genetics, and environmental pollution. Colon cancer, or colorectal cancer, affects the distal third of the large intestine, the colon, as well as the rectum, chamber in which feces is stored for elimination. Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of death in cancer-related issues in the United States in both males and females (Beadnell et al., 2018). This essay explores the physiology and pathophysiology of colon cancer.
Polyps are tissue growths that generally look like small, flat bumps and are generally less than half an inch wide. They are generally non-cancerous growths that can develop with age on the inner wall of the colon or rectum. There are several types of polyps, such as hyperplastic. They are common and have a low risk of turning cancerous. Hyperplastic polyps found in the colon will be removed and biopsied. Pseudo polyps also referred to as inflammatory polyps, usually occur in people suffering from inflammatory bowel disease and are unlike other polyps. This type of polyp occurs due to chronic inflammation as seen in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. However, a polyp cells which can turn out to be malignant. Villous adenoma or tubulovillous adenoma polyps carry a high risk of turning cancerous. They are sessile and develop flat on the tissue lining the organs. They might blend within the organ, making polyps not easily identifiable and difficult to locate for treatment. Adenomatous or tubular adenoma polyps have a high chance of being cancerous. When a polyp is found, it must be biopsied, and then will regular screenings and polyp removal will follow.
An adenocarcinoma is a cancer formed in a gland that lines an organ. This cancer impacts the epithelial cells, which are spread throughout the human body. Adenocarcinomas of the colon and rectum make up ninety-five percent of all colon cancers (Chang, 2020). Colon adenocarcinomas usually begin in the mucous lining the spread to different layers. Two subtypes of adenocarcinomas are mucinous adenocarcinoma and signet ring cells. Mucinous adenocarcinomas contain about sixty percent mucus which can cause cancer cells to spread faster and become more hostile than typical adenocarcinomas. Signet ring cell adenocarcinoma is responsible for less than one percent of all colon cancer. It is g ...
11SENSE MAKING Runze DuChee PiongBUS 700 LSantosConleyha
1
1
SENSE MAKING
Runze Du
Chee Piong
BUS 700 Leadership and Creative
Solution
s Implementation
Feb 14th 2021
SENSE MAKING
Sensemaking refers to an action or a process of making sense where meaning is given to something. Sensemaking is a process through which individuals give meaning to their collective experiences. Sensemaking is also a process of structuring the unknown by inserting stimuli into some framework kinds to enable individuals to understand or comprehend, attribute, to extrapolate and predict the meaning of something. Sensemaking is an activity that allows people to turn the ongoing complexity in the entire world into a situation that can be understood. Sensemaking Therefore, Sensemaking requires articulating the unknown because, in many cases, trying to put meaning to something strange is the only means by which one can understand it. For instance, the occurrence or the origin of COVID-19 in the entire world has been a phenomenon that has disturbed the heads of many trying to understand what it is, where it came from, who caused it, how it can be prevented and how it can be cured. In attempting to understand COVID 19, people came up with the explanations of what it is, what caused it, and that is where the scientists realized that this is a disease that is caused by a virus known as Coronavirus, since the condition merged in the year 2019, the virus was given the name coronavirus 19, and the disease it caused known as COVID 19. This is how sensemaking enables individuals to give meaning to something that can be understood easily by individuals.
The organization that I am familiar with that has experienced a current change in its operations is Starbucks. Starbucks is an American company that is known for its production and sell of coffee products. It was started in 1971 as a coffee selling company where it was majorly involved in roasting, marketing and selling coffee globally. It has more than 300 stores all over the world selling coffee. This organization has sold coffee within its stores since its initiation. However, because of the corona's onset, the management of this organization decided to change its operation to accommodate the changes in the environment depending on the restrictions imposed on businesses by the ministries of health all over the world. Starbucks company reacted to the industry changes brought about by COVID 19, where businesses were required to close their doors to enhance the measures of curbing the spread of coronavirus disease. Thus, the company embraced technology where it introduced Starbucks-pick up only stores that replaced the over 300 stores globally. The new stores required that no one could sit in as they take their coffee. Instead, everyone would be allowed only to take their orders from the store and to avoid congesting people in one place. Starbucks introduced Starbucks pick-up stores that use technology to supply coffee to customers. The business submitted a mobile app ...
119E ECUTIVE BAR AININ CEOS NE OTIATIN THEIR PAWITH EMSantosConleyha
119
E ECUTIVE BAR AININ : CEOS NE OTIATIN THEIR PA
WITH EMPLO EES OR CORPORATE E ICIENC
By Nathan Witkin
I INTRODUCTION
Rising executive pay is a significant problem that points to a structural
flaw in American corporations. This article presents a solution to that flaw
through which Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) negotiate their pay in
company resources with lower-paid employees. Exploring this solution also
unearths an explanation for capitalism s apparent drive toward inequality and
examines the historical development of corporations and trade unions in the
United States.
The problem is that managers and corporate directors will raise pay at the
top so long as that pay-setting process does not consider the pay of average-
and low-wage workers. The solution is that CEOs and other top executives
negotiate their pay in company resources with employees in a process that
determines the pay and bonuses of both sides. Microeconomic theory indicates
that confronting the tradeoffs of raising executive compensation with other
potential corporate expenditures—by negotiating this compensation with
workers from different parts of the company—will make executive
compensation more efficient.1 Also, historical analysis indicates a pattern in
which executive compensation became aligned with public interest only during
the period in which workers had significant power to negotiate their wages and
Master of Public Policy Candidate at eorgetown University s McCourt School of Public
Policy J.D., The Ohio State Moritz College of Law. The Author is an independent researcher,
originator of a variety of social innovations (co-resolution, interest group mediation, consensus
arbitration, dependent advocacy, the popular tax audit, the hostile correction, a partnership
between citizen review boards and community policing, and a two-state/one-land solution to the
Israeli-Palestinian conflict), and author of several ambitious theories (the shift in sovereignty
from land to people under international treaties, the use of impact bonds as a solution to climate
change, and resistance to the accelerating expansion of the universe as the cause of gravitation).
He is also a former solo-practitioner in criminal and family law.
1 N. RE OR MAN IW, PRINCIPLES O MICROECONOMICS ( th ed. 2012) (describing the first
principle of microeconomics as centered on trade-offs). Many basic microeconomic models
involve trade-offs between potential allocations of resources to achieve efficiency. See DAVID
BESAN O RONALD R. BRAEUTI AM, MICROECONOMICS 20 07 (5th ed. 201 ).
120 KAN. J.L. & P B. POL’Y Vol. I :1
benefits. This is not to say that the solution to executive compensation is a
return to unions, which developed as a separate organizational structure with
their own flaws and inefficiencies. Rather, a corporation that synthesizes the
inputs of all its employees will be able to maximize efficiency and
productivity, producing profits for shareholders and growth for the overall
econ ...
11CALIFORNIA MANAGEMENT REVIEW VOL. 51, NO. 4 SUMMER 2009 CMR.BERKELEY.EDU
The Emergence and
Evolution of the
Multidimensional
Organization
J. Strikwerda
J.W. Stoelhorst
“In terms of its impact, not just on economic activity, but also on human life as a
whole, the multidivisional organizational design must rank as one of the major
innovations of the last century.”—John Roberts1
T
he multidivisional, multi-unit, or M-form, is widely acknowledged
as the most successful organization form of the twentieth century.2
Firms that employ the M-form organize their activities in separate
business units and delegate control over the resources needed to
create economic value to the managers of these units. This organization form is
widespread, is central to the “theory in use” of managers, and serves as the basis
of most accounting systems. However, the organization of productive activities
in many contemporary firms violates the principle that is central to the M-form:
that business units are self-contained. The quest for synergies that has been high
on the corporate agenda since the late 1980s has resulted in the widespread
adoption of corporate account management, shared service centers, and matrix
organizations. As a result, most business units now depend at least in part on
resources that are controlled by other units. This raises fundamental questions
about the status of the M-form in contemporary firms.
Questioning the status of the M-form is not merely a theoretical fancy,
but is high on the agenda of managers as well. In this article, we report on
research that was commissioned by the Foundation for Management Stud-
ies, a Dutch organization of management executives. These practical men and
women shared a fundamental uneasiness about structuring their organizations.
On the one hand, many of them experienced problems with the M-form: high
employee costs, internal battles over resources, lack of standardization, lack of
cooperation, and loss of market opportunities. On the other hand, they did not
The Emergence and Evolution of the Multidimensional Organization
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY VOL. 51, NO. 4 SUMMER 2009 CMR.BERKELEY.EDU12
see any viable alternatives to the multi-unit organization form. The need to
exploit synergies across business units was widespread, but it was unclear which
organizational designs are most appropriate to achieve this. This led to a research
project to explore the ways in which leading Dutch organizations, including
subsidiaries of foreign multinationals, have adapted the M-form to better exploit
synergies across business units.
As we expected, the results of the study vividly illustrate the fundamen-
tal tension between the need for contemporary firms to exploit synergies and
their need for clear accountability. However, an additional and unexpected
finding was that a number of firms in the study have evolved an organiza-
tional form that signals a new way of res ...
1
1
Insert Title Here
Insert Your Name Here
Insert University Here
Course Name Here
Instructor Name
Date
Literature Review
Include the literature review information here.
Important Note: Students should refer to the information presented in the Unit I study guide and the Unit I syllabus instructions to complete this section of the project. Use the following subheadings to include all required information. Delete instructions and examples highlighted in yellow before submitting this assignment.
Particulate Matter (PM) Article
Safety Training Effectiveness Article
Sound-Level Exposure Article
New Employee Training Article
Lead Exposure Article
Return on Investment Article
References
Include references here using hanging indentations.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). SAGE.
...
11822, 1017 AM Estimating and Managing CostshttpsleoSantosConleyha
1/18/22, 10:17 AM Estimating and Managing Costs
https://leocontent.umgc.edu/content/scor/uncurated/mba/2218-mba670/learning-resourcelist/estimating-and-managing-costs.html?ou=622272 1/27
Estimating and Managing Costs
An important part of a project manager’s job is managing money. All types of
organizations must manage their money well in order to fulfill their mission, including not-
for-profit and government organizations. The tools and methods used to manage money
on a project vary depending on the phase and complexity of the project. This chapter
describes the methods used to estimate the cost of a project, create a budget, and
manage the cost of activities while the project is being executed.
Estimating Costs
Estimating Costs to Compare and Select Projects
During the conceptual phase when project selection occurs, economic factors are an
important consideration when choosing between competing projects. To compare the
simple paybacks or internal rates of return between projects, an estimate of the cost of
each project is made. The estimates must be accurate enough so that the comparisons are
meaningful, but the amount of time and resources used to make the estimates should be
appropriate to the size and complexity of the project. The methods used to estimate the
cost of the project during the selection phase are generally faster and consume fewer
resources than those used to create detailed estimates in later phases. They rely more on
the expert judgment of experienced managers who can make accurate estimates with less
detailed information. Estimates in the earliest stages of project selection are usually made
using estimates based from previous projects that can be adjusted—scaled—to match the
size and complexity of the current project or by applying standardized formulas.
Analogous Estimate
An estimate that is based on other project estimates is an analogous estimate. If a similar
project costs a certain amount, then it is reasonable to assume that the current project
will cost about the same. Few projects are exactly the same size and complexity, so the
estimate must be adjusted upward or downward to account for the difference. The
Learning Resource
1/18/22, 10:17 AM Estimating and Managing Costs
https://leocontent.umgc.edu/content/scor/uncurated/mba/2218-mba670/learning-resourcelist/estimating-and-managing-costs.html?ou=622272 2/27
selection of projects that are similar and the amount of adjustment needed is up to the
judgment of the person who makes the estimate. Normally, this judgment is based on
many years of experience estimating projects, including incorrect estimates that were
learning experiences for the expert.
Analogous Estimate for John’s Move
For example, John asked a friend for advice about the cost of moving. His friend
replied, “I moved from an apartment a little smaller than yours last year and the
distance was about the same. I did it with a fourteen-foot truck. It cost about ...
11822, 1157 PM Building a Business Case for Cloud ComputingSantosConleyha
1/18/22, 11:57 PM Building a Business Case for Cloud Computing
Learning Topic
Building a Business Case for Cloud
Computing
Your business case needs to be brief and communicate the basics of cloud computing in a
manner that is easy for a layperson to understand. Analogies are a good way to convey
this information to nontechnical audiences, such as your executive leadership team.
Example:
Complex Concept Analogy
Cloud computing is billed
based on actual usage on a
recurring basis, and does not
require an upfront investment
in computer hardware,
networks, staff, or facilities.
Cloud computing is similar to purchasing
electricity from the utility company. When you
use electricity, you get a bill from the utility. The
utility customer doesn't have to invest in
purchasing or maintaining power generation
equipment, staff, or facilities.
Economies of Scale
One of the benefits of cloud computing is the ability to take advantage of economies of
scale. Cloud service providers provide a large-scale platform to a number of different
clients, which reduces the unit cost that each client pays.
In a traditional on-premise IT model, each organization has to invest in data center
facilities, telecommunications links, network infrastructure, servers, storage, staffing,
applications, and databases. Under a cloud computing model, an organization can simply
rent these items from an organization that invests in these items on a much larger scale.
Return on Investment (ROI)
1/18/22, 11:57 PM Building a Business Case for Cloud Computing
Calculating the return on investment (ROI) (the amount of return on an investment
relative to its cost) is critical for an organization's decision-making process. Organizations
are more likely to invest in an initiative if you can provide management with evidence that
the investment will pay off financially. For example, if you find that moving the
organization's infrastructure to the cloud will result in a 431 percent annual cost savings,
then you should highlight this savings in your presentation.
UMGC graphic
In this case, ROI would be calculated with:
gain from investment (GFI) = $10,073 - $1,596
cost of investment (COI) = $1,596
ROI = (gain from investment - cost of investment) / cost of investment
h6
1/18/22, 11:57 PM Building a Business Case for Cloud Computing
($8,477 - $1,596) / ($1,596) = 431%
ROI = 431%
On-Premise Model vs. Cloud Model for Data Storage
On-Premise Model Cloud Computing
Hardware/software hosted
on-premise by the
organization
Hardware/software is hosted off-premise by an
external organization (public cloud model).
Provisioning is based on
estimated peak demand,
which can lead to
insufficient resources during
peak periods and a surplus
of resources during normal
periods
Provisioning is dynamic based on actual demand.
Internal IT staff support the
entire technology stack --
data centers, networks,
compute, storage,
applications, and databases
Staf ...
11821, 245 PM Nurses Touch Video Interaction Family in a SSantosConleyha
11/8/21, 2:45 PM Nurse's Touch Video Interaction Family in a Stressful Situation
https://scorm.atitesting.com/courses/FCAEA235-130E-47FC-A14E-88DF7D4186A1/1/launchpage.html 1/1
%SimulationName% Video Transcript
DR. KOVAC: How are you feeling, Mrs. Travis? MRS. TRAVIS: I guess as expected. DR. KOVAC: Mr. Travis,
your wife did very well during the surgery. It took a little longer than we expected. MR. TRAVIS: I was worried.
DR. KOVAC: We found a small tumor in her stomach. Because of the size, the surgery was more complicated
than we anticipated. We were successful in removing the entire tumor. However, I'm concerned about the
appearance of this tumor, and we noted some areas on her liver and her pancreas that were abnormal. We
obtained many biopsies, and we should have the results soon. I would like to admit her to the hospital and
observe her overnight. MR. TRAVIS: This can't be happening.
11/8/21, 2:41 PM Nurse's Touch Video Interaction Family in a Stressful Situation
https://scorm.atitesting.com/courses/FCAEA235-130E-47FC-A14E-88DF7D4186A1/1/launchpage.html 1/1
%SimulationName% Video Transcript
ESCORT: May I help you, Mr. Travis? MR. TRAVIS: I’m so worried. I know I come up here every five minutes
or so. ESCORT: Can I get you a bottle of water or something? MR. TRAVIS: No, thanks. I'm fine. Has anyone
called for me yet? ESCORT: Uh, no, there have been no calls yet, but it has been a while. I can check again on
your wife if you would like. MR. TRAVIS: Yes, that would be great. Thank you. ESCORT: I was just going to
call back. Do you have an update for Mr. Travis about how his wife is doing? He hasn’t been able to sit still the
entire time that she’s been in surgery. If you don’t have something to tell him, I’m going to just tell him that
everything is going to be just fine. MR. TRAVIS: Heather, do you know something about my wife? Why is it
taking so long?
11/8/21, 2:39 PM Nurse's Touch Video Interaction Family in a Stressful Situation
https://scorm.atitesting.com/courses/FCAEA235-130E-47FC-A14E-88DF7D4186A1/1/launchpage.html 1/1
%SimulationName% Video Transcript
HEATHER: Mrs. Travis, you pushed your call light. Is there something we can do for you? MRS. TRAVIS: My
husband went to the waiting room to get more coffee. I've never seen him so nervous. Do you know how soon
they'll come and get me for surgery? HEATHER: We can check on that. Right, Rose? ROSE: Yes, we can check
on that. MRS. TRAVIS: Thank you. My husband’s so nervous, he’s making me nervous. I’m having a hard time
relaxing. I don’t know what to do to help him calm down so that I can relax.
11/8/21, 2:37 PM Nurse's Touch Video Interaction Family in a Stressful Situation
https://scorm.atitesting.com/courses/FCAEA235-130E-47FC-A14E-88DF7D4186A1/1/launchpage.html 1/1
%SimulationName% Video Transcript
HEATHER: Mr. Travis, is there anything I can do for you? I see you looking out into the hallway often. Were
you looking for someone? MR. TRAVIS: Yeah, I'm just watc ...
11821, 1030 AM Straight PhotographyhttpscoastdistricSantosConleyha
11/8/21, 10:30 AM Straight Photography
https://coastdistrict.instructure.com/courses/86967/assignments/1594094?module_item_id=5260973 1/3
Straight Photography
Due Sunday by 11:59pm Points 30
Submitting a text entry box, a media recording, or a file upload
Start Assignment
Straight photography emerged in the early twentieth century and was a way of thinking about
photography as independent and unique from other artistic media like painting. It attempted to capture a
scene as objectively as possible therefore it didn't rely on methods of photographic manipulation. One of
the first photographers to experiment with straight photography was Alfred Stieglitz in the late nineteenth
and early twentieth centuries. He would often employ straight photography to depict everyday scenes of
modern life as seen in his photograph The Terminal.
Alfred Stieglitz, The Terminal. 1893, printed 1911. Photogravure. Source: flickr (https://www.flickr.com/phot
os/[email protected]/3775792984/in/photolist-6KDVH3) License: CC BY-NC 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/
2.0/)
Watch the 10 minute video segment below from the documentary film called Alfred Stieglitz: The
Eloquent Eye (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2j2N1Bdh830) to learn more about Alfred Stieglitz
https://www.flickr.com/photos/[email protected]/3775792984/in/photolist-6KDVH3
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2j2N1Bdh830
11/8/21, 10:30 AM Straight Photography
https://coastdistrict.instructure.com/courses/86967/assignments/1594094?module_item_id=5260973 2/3
Straight Photography (1)
and his photographs.
Instructions:
1. Visit the Metropolitan Museum of Art's website
(https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/270032) and read the short description about The
Terminal by Alfred Stieglitz.
2. Take your own Stieglitz inspired photograph using the method of straight photography. Keep to his
theme of illustrating the everyday scenes of modern life--but updated to illustrate life today.
3. In a paragraph (5-6 sentences) describe how your photograph uses the method of straight
photography. Also, describe how the subject matter represents life today.
Alfred StieglitzAlfred Stieglitz
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/270032
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8nc6hHSyxv8
Introduction to Art Chapter 29: Between World Wars 394
Chapter 29: Between World Wars
Dada
When you look at Marcel Duchamp’s Fountain, a factory-produced urinal he submitted as a
sculpture to the 1917 exhibition of the Society of Independent Artists in New York, you might
wonder just why this work of art has such a prominent place in art history books.
Marcel Duchamp, Fountain (original), photographed by Alfred Stieglitz in 1917 after its rejection by the Society of
Independent Artists
You would not be alone in asking this question. In fact, from the moment Duchamp purchased
the urinal, flipped it on its side, signed it with a ...
1179journal.publications.chestnet.org Th e Pathophys
11Getting Started with PhoneGapWHAT’S IN THIS CHAPTER
1. 11
Getting Started with PhoneGap
WHAT’S IN THIS CHAPTER?
! History of PhoneGap
! Di! erences between HTML5 and PhoneGap
! Getting a development environment set up
! Implementing the Derby App
PhoneGap is an open source set of tools created by Nitobi
Solution
s (now part of Adobe)
that enables you to create mobile applications for multiple
devices by utilizing the same code.
PhoneGap is a hybrid mobile application framework that allows
the use of HTML, CSS,
and JavaScript to write applications that are based on the open
standards of the web. These
applications also have access to the native functionality of the
device. PhoneGap has been
2. downloaded more than 600,000 times, and more than 1,000 apps
built with PhoneGap are
available in the respective app stores, which makes PhoneGap a
viable solution for creating
cross-platform mobile apps.
HISTORY OF PHONEGAP
PhoneGap was started at the San Francisco iPhone Dev Camp in
August 2008. iOS was shaping
up to become a popular mobile platform, but the learning curve
for Objective-C was more work
than many developers wanted to take on. PhoneGap originally
started as a headless browser
implementation for the iPhone. Because of the popularity of
HTML/CSS/JavaScript, it was a
goal that this project use technologies with which many
developers where already familiar.
Based on the growing popularity of the framework, in October
2008 Nitobi added support
for Android and BlackBerry. PhoneGap was awarded the
People’s Choice award at the Web2.0
Expo Launch Pad in 2009, which was the start of developers
recognizing PhoneGap as a
valuable mobile development tool. PhoneGap version 0.7.2 was
3. released in April 2009, and
was the fi rst version for which the Android and iPhone APIs
were equivalent.
c11.indd 309c11.indd 309 28/07/12 6:08 PM28/07/12 6:08
PM
310 " CHAPTER 11 GETTING STARTED WITH PHONEGAP
In September 2009 Apple approved the use of the PhoneGap
platform to build apps for the iPhone
store. Apple required that all PhoneGap apps be built using at
least version 0.8.0 of the PhoneGap
software. In July 2011, PhoneGap released version 1.0.0.
WHY USE PHONEGAP?
PhoneGap enables you to leverage your current HTML, CSS,
and JavaScript skill sets to create a mobile
application. This can greatly speed up development time. When
you develop for multiple platforms
using PhoneGap, you can reuse the majority of the code you
have written for the mobile project, further
reducing development costs. It isn’t necessary to learn Java, C#,
4. and Objective-C to create an applica-
tion with PhoneGap that can target iPhone, Android,
BlackBerry, and Windows Phone 7.
If you fi nd native functionality missing from PhoneGap, you
can extend the functionality of the
PhoneGap platform using native code. With the PhoneGap add-
in structure, you can create an add-in
using the native language of the device and a JavaScript API
that will call the native plug-in you
created. Cross-platform development enables developers to
maximize the amount of resources they
are able to share. As the iOS and Android user base grows, this
concept becomes more important.
WHO IS USING PHONEGAP?
Adopting a nonnative framework can be scary for a variety of
reasons, such as stability and feature
parity. Oftentimes, seeing other large projects created with the
same framework will help alleviate
some worries you may have. PhoneGap has recently
released an updated showcase of applications built on
its technology. Notable applications include an iOS
application called METAR Reader, a cross-platform
tool from Logitech for controlling its Squeezebox player
5. on Android, iPad, or iPhone, and the offi cial Android
Wikipedia app.
METAR Reader
METAR Reader (http://www.METARReader .com)
is a website for searching for and translating the
Meteorological Terminal Aviation Routine Weather
Report (METAR) weather data from airports and
meteorological sites. The iOS app takes the branded
interface of the METARReader.com website and ties
into all the functionality the device can offer. Don’t
know your local airport’s FAA identifi er? Use your
phone’s GPS to fi nd nearby airfi elds. You can then
request their METAR information and convert it to
human-readable format using this tool. The METAR
Reader is currently available in the Apple iOS App
Store. Figure 11-1 shows the clean UI that was created
in PhoneGap for the METAR app. FIGURE 11!1: METAR
Reader PhoneGap app
c11.indd 310c11.indd 310 28/07/12 6:08 PM28/07/12 6:08
PM
6. Logitech Squeezebox Controller
Logitech Squeezebox is a network music player. The entire line
of
products can be controlled remotely from this multiplatform
app. With
a consistent look and feel between iOS and Andriod, this
application
leverages the quick deployment power of PhoneGap. The
interfaces are
nearly identical while still affording for the differences in
screen resolu-
tion and platform idiosyncrasies. Figure 11-2 shows the
interface for the
Squeezebox controller.
Wikipedia
It really says something when a site like Wikipedia uses
PhoneGap for
its platform of choice for a mobile application. Because the
appeal of
Wikipedia has always been its use of hypertext, breaking that
feel is no
different than changing a brand. Simplicity expressed through
text while
still being a self-contained application is shown in Figure 11-3.
7. The next section discusses the differences between how
PhoneGap works with the HTML5 standard and how HTML5
behaves on the web.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PHONEGAP
AND HTML5
Because PhoneGap uses HTML5 as its base, it has access to
any HTML5 features that are available in the web framework
for the device that is running the application. One of the differ -
ences between PhoneGap and HTML5 is in the additional device
interactions that are available in PhoneGap. These features
can involve anything that talks to the bare metal of the device
(sensors specifi cally), or more of a logical solution such as
Push
Notifi cations or In App Purchases. Another difference between
PhoneGap and HTML5 is that PhoneGap implements the fea-
tures the same way across the different devices, so that
accessing
the GPS function is handled with the same JavaScript for all
PhoneGap devices. It doesn’t matter if you are using the iPhone,
Android, BlackBerry, or Windows Phone 7 GPS functions; the
calls to get the data from the GPS are the same. The other
difference between a PhoneGap app and HTML5 is that an
8. application built with PhoneGap is compiled to a native app
on the device, and can be used on the device without the
Internet.
FIGURE 11!2: Logitech
Squeezebox PhoneGap app
FIGURE 11!3: Wikipedia
PhoneGap app
Di! erences between PhoneGap and HTML5 " 311
c11.indd 311c11.indd 311 28/07/12 6:08 PM28/07/12 6:08
PM
312 " CHAPTER 11 GETTING STARTED WITH PHONEGAP
GETTING THE TOOLS YOU NEED
Even though PhoneGap applications are created using HTML,
CSS, and JavaScript, you still need to
have the native environments and SDKs installed for the
platforms for which you want to develop. If
you want your PhoneGap app to run on iOS, you need to have a
9. Mac and have the xCode environ-
ment set up as well.
PhoneGap provides great “Get Started” pages for each platform.
The documentation provided
within the interface will be everything you need to get up and
running with PhoneGap. The
interface shown in Figure 11-4 makes it easy to fi nd resources
as you need them. To get started with
PhoneGap, download the PhoneGap SDK at
http://phonegap.com/download.
FIGURE 11!4: The PhoneGap start page for iOS
Installing PhoneGap for iOS
To develop PhoneGap apps for the iOS platform, you must
install xCode and the iOS SDK. Chapter 7
discusses installing xCode and the iOS in depth.
c11.indd 312c11.indd 312 28/07/12 6:08 PM28/07/12 6:08
PM
Getting the Tools You Need " 313
10. Installing the PhoneGap Template
With PhoneGap downloaded and unarchived, navigate to the
iOS directory of the extracted directo-
ries and run the PhoneGap .pkg installer shown in Figure 11-5.
FIGURE 11!5: The PhoneGap iOS package
Creating Your First iOS PhoneGap Project
With the PhoneGap template installed, launch xCode and select
Application from the iOS section,
then select PhoneGap-based Application as shown in Figure 11-
6.
FIGURE 11!6: Creating a PhoneGap application
c11.indd 313c11.indd 313 28/07/12 6:08 PM28/07/12 6:08
PM
314 " CHAPTER 11 GETTING STARTED WITH PHONEGAP
Fill out the project template as shown in Figure 11-7:
11. ! Product Name: Name of your application.
! Company Identifi er: This needs to be unique. Once you have
distributed your application,
you cannot change this because it will break your ability to
upgrade the application.
FIGURE 11!7: Selecting names for your PhoneGap project
Next, run the project. Click the run button in the top-right
corner of xCode. This generates the www
resources directory, but sometimes the www directory is not
created automatically. If your application
has thrown an error, open your project folder in Finder and drag
the www folder to your target
application project.
Make sure to select Create Folder References for any added
directories. Once you have done this,
run your application again and it will display the test page for
the application.
Installing PhoneGap for Android
To develop PhoneGap apps for the Android platform, you must
install Eclipse and the Android
12. SDK. Chapter 6 discusses installing Eclipse and Android in
depth.
Creating Your First Android PhoneGap Project
In Chapter 6 you learned how to create an Android application.
PhoneGap is an extension of an
Android app. To do this with Eclipse open, choose Create
Android Application from the New
Project wizard as shown in Figure 11-8.
c11.indd 314c11.indd 314 28/07/12 6:08 PM28/07/12 6:08
PM
Getting the Tools You Need " 315
Once you create the application you must
copy some resources from the PhoneGap
package into your application. In the root
directory of the project, create two
new directories named libs and assets/www.
After you create the directories, copy the
following fi les:
13. ! Copy phonegap.js from your
PhoneGap zip fi le that was down-
loaded earlier to assets/www.
! Copy phonegap.jar from your
earlier PhoneGap download to
/libs.
! Copy the xml folder from your
earlier PhoneGap download to /res.
The directory structure should look similar
to Figure 11-9.
FIGURE 11!8: Creating a new Android project
FIGURE 11!9: Default application after adding resources
c11.indd 315c11.indd 315 28/07/12 6:08 PM28/07/12 6:08
PM
316 " CHAPTER 11 GETTING STARTED WITH PHONEGAP
14. To get the PhoneGap framework to build correctly, you now
need to make some code changes:
! Instead of extending your class from the Android Activity
class, change your class to
extend from the Phone Gap DroidGap.
! Replace the setContentView() line with
super.loadUrl(“file:///android_asset/www/
index.html”);.
! Add import com.phonegap.*;.
This may still result in an error. You will need to add the
phonegap.jar fi le into your build
path. Right-click phonegap.jar in your libs directory and select
Build Path. Then remove
import android.app.Activity;.
The Android PhoneGap app should look similar to Figure 11-10.
FIGURE 11!10: Application after PhoneGap code changes
Right-click AndroidManifest.xml, select Open With # Text
15. Editor, and add the following Android
permissions:
<uses-permission
android:name=”android.permission.CAMERA” />
<uses-permission
android:name=”android.permission.VIBRATE” />
c11.indd 316c11.indd 316 28/07/12 6:08 PM28/07/12 6:08
PM
Getting the Tools You Need " 317
<uses-permission
android:name=”android.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCAT
ION” />
<uses-permission
android:name=”android.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATIO
N” />
<uses-permission
android:name=”android.permission.ACCESS_LOCATION_ EXT
RA_COMMANDS” />
<uses-permission
17. You are adding all of these permissions so that your application
is afforded everything that
PhoneGap supports in Android. Generally you would add only
the permissions you need at the time
you are creating the app, but PhoneGap wants to limit confi
guration to project start as opposed to
as you go.
The last step in this process is to add an index.html fi le in your
assets/www folder with the
following content:
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<title>PhoneGap</title>
<script type=”text/javascript” charset=”utf-8”
src=”phonegap-1.4.1.js”>
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hello World</h1>
</body>
</html>
18. Installing PhoneGap for Windows Phone 7
To develop PhoneGap apps for Windows Phone 7, you must
install Visual Studio and the
Windows Phone SDK. Chapter 8 discusses installing Visual
Studio and the Windows Phone
SDK in depth.
With the Windows Phone SDK installed, navigate to the
Windows Phone directory and copy the
PhoneGapStarter.zip fi le to your templates folder located at
C:UsersusernameDocuments
Visual Studio 2010TemplatesProjectTemplatesSilverlight for
Windows Phone as
shown in Figure 11-11.
Open Visual Studio and create a new PhoneGapStarter project
as shown in Figure 11-12.
c11.indd 317c11.indd 317 28/07/12 6:08 PM28/07/12 6:08
PM
318 " CHAPTER 11 GETTING STARTED WITH PHONEGAP
19. FIGURE 11!11: Visual Studio template directory
FIGURE 11!12: PhoneGapStarter project
c11.indd 318c11.indd 318 28/07/12 6:08 PM28/07/12 6:08
PM
Getting the Tools You Need " 319
Build the application by pressing F5 and the project should run
in the emulator as shown in
Figure 11-13.
FIGURE 11!13: PhoneGap in Windows 7 emulator
PhoneGap Tools and IDE
Because PhoneGap apps are created using HTML, CSS, and
JavaScript, developers are not restricted
to the recommended mobile platform IDEs. Every developer and
designer has their own set of tools
they like to use when creating HTML, CSS, and JavaScript that
will work well in the development
cycle of PhoneGap apps.
20. TextMate and Notepad++
The most basic tools that you can use to create a PhoneGap app
are text editors. TextMate is a text
editor for the Mac, and Notepad++ is a text editor for a
Windows computer. Because PhoneGap
applications use HTML and JavaScript, a text editor is a tool
that can be used across platforms. If
you are creating an application for iPhone and Android you can
create your code in TextMate.
c11.indd 319c11.indd 319 28/07/12 6:08 PM28/07/12 6:08
PM
320 " CHAPTER 11 GETTING STARTED WITH PHONEGAP
If you are creating your application for BlackBerry, Windows
Phone 7, or Android on Windows you
can use Notepad++. Using the same editor for multiple
platforms gives you consistency while
editing. Both TextMate and Notepad++ offer syntax
highlighting and code folding.
21. You can’t build and compile using a text editor, but you can
perform a great deal of the testing in a
web browser or a tool such as Ripple.
Ripple
Working in an IDE that is not familiar can be very frustrating
and a huge waste of time. In many
situations it is not acceptable to ask a designer to use xCode or
Eclipse, nor would you want to.
Working with tools you are comfortable with is one of the great
benefi ts of working with PhoneGap.
Ripple might be one such tool. You can get the Ripple emulator
from http://ripple.tinyhippos
.com/download. From the download page, you click Install and
then click the Add to Chrome
button. Once you have Ripple installed, it will place an icon in
your Chrome browser’s menu bar,
which will run the emulator when it is clicked.
Ripple is a mobile emulator that enables developers/designers to
run HTML created for PhoneGap
apps without having the platform SDKs installed. Figure 11-14
shows a PhoneGap app running
in Ripple.
22. FIGURE 11!14: Ripple mobile environment
c11.indd 320c11.indd 320 28/07/12 6:08 PM28/07/12 6:08
PM
Getting the Tools You Need " 321
Firebug
Firebug is a plug-in for the Firefox browser. You can
get Firebug from https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/
firefox/addon/firebug/. Because it is a Firefox extension,
you just have to click on the Add to Firefox button. Firebug is
useful for debugging HTML, JavaScript, and CSS. If you are
writing a PhoneGap app, and none of your JavaScript is fi ring,
it could be an indication that the JavaScript syntax is incorrect.
If you load the .html page in
Firefox, you can see the error in the Firebug console as shown
in Figure 11-15.
Another thing that Firebug is good for is inspecting HTML
elements. It enables you to see which
CSS styles are being applied to that element. The element
inspector also enables you to test changes
23. to the HTML and see the effect those changes will have.
Firebug also has a layout inspector that
shows what the CSS layout looks like and what the margins are,
as well as the borders and padding.
Dreamweaver 5.5
The power of PhoneGap is that someone who knows HTML/CSS
can get a mobile app running very
quickly. Adobe caught on to this early on, and understood that
the people who were using its tools,
such as Adobe Fireworks, to create the designs for web
applications were often the same people
who were implementing the designs with HTML/CSS in
Dreamweaver. Adobe knew there would be
value in a tool that the Dreamweaver user demographic could
use to create mobile applications
easily. Dreamweaver is not just a WYSIWYG (what you see is
what you get) editor as many believe it
to be. Dreamweaver is a powerful tool that contains a great deal
of features that enable HTML/CSS
implementers to deliver great products.
Just before Adobe acquired Nitobi, it bundled PhoneGap tools
to assist with mobile development
within Dreamweaver 5.5. Because the target audience was users
24. who may not even know what an
SDK is, Adobe made it simple to get the emulators and SDKs
for iOS (Mac only) and Android on the
machine.
Setting up the Mobile Environment in Dreamweaver 5.5
You can fi nd the paths to the SDKs in the Mobile Application
feature found under the Site Menu
settings. If you have a copy of Dreamweaver 5.5, and you have
been working through this book
chapter by chapter, you should have the SDKs downloaded and
working, so just setting the paths to
where the SDKs have been installed will do the trick.
If you are working with a machine that does
not have the SDKs installed, the Easy Install
button next to the Android path does exactly
what the name implies: it downloads every-
thing needed to run an Android application
in the emulator. If you do not have the iOS
SDK installed, there is a link with detailed
instructions on how to do so in the Mobile
Application setting. Figure 11-16 shows the
SDKs confi gured and ready for use within
Dreamweaver 5.5.
25. FIGURE 11!15: Firebug console show-
ing syntax error
FIGURE 11!16: Dreamweaver 5.5 mobile framework
confi guration
c11.indd 321c11.indd 321 28/07/12 6:08 PM28/07/12 6:08
PM
322 " CHAPTER 11 GETTING STARTED WITH PHONEGAP
Creating a PhoneGap Project in Dreamweaver 5.5
After you have set the paths to the mobile frameworks, it’s just
a matter of creating a new PhoneGap
project within Dreamweaver 5.5. Choose Page from Sample #
Mobile Starters # jQuery Mobile
(PhoneGap) as shown in Figure 11-17 to create a new project.
FIGURE 11!17: New PhoneGap project
FIGURE 11!18: Running the project
26. After you select the project, Dreamweaver
includes the JavaScript Library fi les for
PhoneGap as well as jQuery and jQuery
Mobile. At this point you can start adding
logic to create the mobile PhoneGap
application. When you are ready to see
your application run in the emulator, simply
select the framework under the Build and
Emulate menu group under the Site Menu
options as shown in Figure 11-18.
Before your mobile application can be deployed to a devi ce or
the market, you need to set some
other settings such as the provisioning fi le for iOS. Specifi c
application framework settings such
as the Application Icon, Startup Screen Image, and Target OS
are located under the Site Menu #
Application option, as shown in Figure 11-19.
c11.indd 322c11.indd 322 28/07/12 6:08 PM28/07/12 6:08
PM
PhoneGap Project " 323
27. Dreamweaver is not the cheapest solution,
but if you are used to the environment, or
are looking for a rich HTML/CSS IDE,
Dreamweaver is a powerful tool for creating
PhoneGap applications.
With the understanding of the different
development and testing environments that
can be used to create PhoneGap mobile apps,
you can dive PhoneGap code.
PHONEGAP PROJECT
With all of the setup out of the way, you
can focus on working with the tools and
examining code for mobile apps created with
PhoneGap. This section assumes you have
a fundamental understanding of HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and
jQuery and have worked with these
technologies on other platforms.
Anatomy of a PhoneGap Application
PhoneGap applications have three components:
! Native code: This code isn’t modifi ed
28. (with some small exceptions, like the
initial setup of an Android appli-
cation and setting up permissions
for Android). Depending on which
platform you are working with, your
directory structure will match that
of the platform. Figure 11-20 shows
the directory structure in iOS and
Android.
! JavaScript: Residing within the www
folder of the PhoneGap project, the
PhoneGap JavaScript gives your code
access to the native functions of the
device.
! HTML/CSS: These fi les provide the
UI layer of the application. The HTML, CSS, and JavaScript fi
les live inside a www folder
within the PhoneGap project.
FIGURE 11!19: Application settings
FIGURE 11!20: PhoneGap anatomy
29. c11.indd 323c11.indd 323 28/07/12 6:08 PM28/07/12 6:08
PM
324 " CHAPTER 11 GETTING STARTED WITH PHONEGAP
Creating User Interfaces
The user interface for a PhoneGap application relies on inputs
and links. Every screen in PhoneGap
is another HTML page. With every screen being a different
HTML page, you can use anchor tags
with an href to navigate between the screens. From the index
page, which is the main screen for the
PhoneGap application, you can create links to get to the
different sections of your app. When you are
creating an application to display data that you can drill into,
you can list the parent data in an
unordered list of links to a child page with a query string
parameter to know which individual
parent’s data to show. When you are on the child page, you can
use the query string to drive the data
of the child.
The other interaction point for a user is in the input fi elds.
30. These fi elds allow the user to pass data to
the application. This data can then be stored on the device, if it
is user-specifi c data that isn’t needed
by the server. Another use for the data is that it can be sent up
to a web service.
Many developers promote PhoneGap as a “write once, deploy to
multiple platforms” environment
without modifying any code. This can be true, but each platform
should have a unique UI. Although
possible, deploying an app to an Android device with an iOS UI
would not provide the best UI
experience. It’s best to abstract business logic as much as
possible from the UI, and plan for having
separate UIs for the different platforms you plan to support.
Debugging
You can use a combination of Ripple and Firefox with Firebug
platform simulators to debug
applications in PhoneGap. The fi rst thing to check when you
are debugging a PhoneGap app is to
make sure that your onDeviceReady JavaScript event is fi ring.
The onDeviceReady event is the
JavaScript function that is called when PhoneGap is working
correctly with the device.
31. You can test to ensure the function is being called by adding an
alert function in the
onDeviceReady function alert(‘onDeviceReady has fired’);.
If onDeviceReady is not fi ring, open the page you are working
with in Firefox so that you can
inspect it in Firebug as shown in Figure 11-21.
FIGURE 11!21: Firebug syntax error
The example illustrates a line has not been correctly terminated.
If you fi x that issue, you can check
to make sure that no more syntax errors exist and try to run the
program again. If onDeviceReady
is still not fi ring, you need to make sure that you are including
the PhoneGap JavaScript. Once that
c11.indd 324c11.indd 324 28/07/12 6:08 PM28/07/12 6:08
PM
PhoneGap Project " 325
32. is included you can try to run it again. If you are getting inside
onDeviceReady, but the function isn’t running, you can wrap
the call
in a try/catch block to ensure that the code isn’t throwing an
error.
Then when you run the code, you will see that you haven’t
declared
printToConsole as shown in Figure 11-22.
try{
printToConsole(‘This line wasn’t Terminated’);
}
catch(err) {
alert(err);
}
Now you can create the printToConsole function and run the
project
again to see the code in action:
function printToConsole(stringToPrint){
console.log(stringToPrint);
}
Figure 11-23 shows PhoneGap writing a log message to the
33. console
screen of xCode.
FIGURE 11!22: Alert showing
caught JavaScript error
FIGURE 11!23: Console from successful run
With the log showing, you have seen the basic steps for
debugging a PhoneGap application.
Start with checking the syntax of your page, then check to make
sure you have included all
applicable libraries, wrap your code in try/catch blocks, and
use alerts and the console log to ensure
that the code is producing the appropriate results.
Useful JavaScript Libraries
When we all started out as developers, “do not re-create the
wheel” was driven into our heads. That
is a message that most developers take to heart, and they have
amassed a great deal of useful tools
over the years. As a web developer, these tools could be simple
JavaScript libraries that allow only
numbers to be entered into a text box or could be complex UI
libraries that combine HTML/CSS
34. and JavaScript to create a slick interface to enter data.
PhoneGap embraces libraries, and the developer community has
created a great deal of tools to help
mobile PhoneGap developers.
c11.indd 325c11.indd 325 28/07/12 6:08 PM28/07/12 6:08
PM
326 " CHAPTER 11 GETTING STARTED WITH PHONEGAP
jQuery
jQuery is a JavaScript library that is used to make DOM
selection, manipulation, event handling,
and AJAX interactions easier for web development. Because
PhoneGap is HTML5-based, the
jQuery library is very useful. With jQuery you can select an
individual element on the page so that
you can manipulate it. jQuery is used in PhoneGap to bind
events to buttons.
iScroll
One of the libraries used in most PhoneGap applications is the
35. iScroll library. The iScroll library is
useful for both iPhone and Android projects. This library
enables you to set a scrolling area on part
of the mobile screen, and have only that portion of the screen
scroll. Without iScroll, PhoneGap
apps scroll over the entire screen, and any headers or footers
will scroll out of sight. When the
header and footer scroll out of sight, it’s a good sign that app
was not created natively.
PhoneGap iPhone apps without iScroll have a rubber band effect
(where the app bounced up and
down like a stretched-out rubber band), which can be noticed
any time the phone is scrolled. To set
up iScroll you set a wrapper div and a scroller div. The scroller
div is necessary because only the fi rst
element inside the wrapper div is actually scrolled. The iScroll
library also enables you to add pinch
to zoom (UI gestures where the thumb and index fi gure are
“pinched” together on a screen to cause
a zoom effect) support. This lets you set an area that can be
zoomed, as well as setting a max zoom,
a min zoom, a starting zoom, and an area that is prezoomed.
Another feature of the iScroll library
is a pull to refresh (UI gesture where the top of the app is pulled
36. down, and the content on the page
is refreshed). This enables you to set up calls that happen when
the screen is pulled down, which can
be a useful way to access more information in a list of
information.
The HTML for a scroller is not very complicated. You need a
wrapper div which will hold the
scrolling area. Because iScroll scrolls only the fi rst element
inside the wrapper, you also need a div
inside the wrapper that will be scrolled. The inner div is where
the long list of elements will be held,
which are inside the unordered list:
<body onload=”onLoad()”>
<div id=”wrapper”>
<div id=”scroller”>
<ul></ul>
</div>
</div>
</body>
The JavaScript for the scroller requires two things. The fi rst is
that you need to stop the native
scrolling events. You do this by adding an event listener to the
37. touchmove event and calling
preventDefault();. The second piece is to create the scrollView
by calling iScroll and passing
it the ID of the wrapper element:
<script type=”text/javascript” charset=”utf-8”>
var scrollView;
function onLoad() {
document.addEventListener(‘touchmove’, function (e) {
e.preventDefault(); }, false);
document.addEventListener(“deviceready”, onDeviceReady,
false);
}
c11.indd 326c11.indd 326 28/07/12 6:08 PM28/07/12 6:08
PM
PhoneGap Project " 327
function onDeviceReady() {
setHeight();
38. //Here we are adding a list of items which will require
scrolling.
var list = jQuery(“#scroller”).find(‘ul’);
for (var i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
singleItem = “<li title=”+ i +” >Item” + i + “</li>”;
list.append(singleItem);
}
scrollView = new iScroll(‘wrapper’,
{desktopCompatibility:true});
}
</script>
Use CSS to set the height of the wrapper. You can also use
jQuery if you are using Android, where
the devices do not have standard sizes.
var fullHeight = window.innerHeight;
var mainHeight = fullHeight - 60;
jQuery(‘#wrapper’).css({height: mainHeight + ‘px’ });
/*---------Scroll area code----------*/
#wrapper {
39. height:270px; /* Of course you need to specify the object
height */
position:relative;
z-index:1; /* it seems that recent webkit is less picky
and works anyway. */
width:100%;
overflow:hidden;
}
jQuery Mobile
jQuery mobile is library that you can use to provide a user
interface that
works seamlessly across all popular mobile platforms. jQuery
mobile
provides tools to make it easy to format controls and layout of a
mobile
page. Figure 11-24 is an example of a jQuery mobile page.
This page would look identical rendered on an Android device,
so the
drawback of using this library is that its controls look similar to
iOS
controls.
Pages are laid out very semantically in jQuery mobile. jQuery
40. mobile
takes advantage of the HTML5 data-role attribute to identify
sections
of the page, such as header, content, and footer:
<div data-role=”page”>
<div data-role=”header”>
<h1>Page Title</h1>
</div><!-- /header -->
<div data-role=”content”>
FIGURE 11!24: jQuery
Mobile UI
c11.indd 327c11.indd 327 28/07/12 6:08 PM28/07/12 6:08
PM
328 " CHAPTER 11 GETTING STARTED WITH PHONEGAP
<p>Page content goes here.</p>
</div><!-- /content -->
41. <div data-role=”footer”>
<h4>Page Footer</h4>
</div><!-- /footer -->
</div><!-- /page -->
With the data roles set, and the jQuery mobile JS fi le included,
the app renders a header and footer
with a scrollable content area without any more interaction
required from the developer.
Sencha Touch
Sencha Touch is an MVC framework for creating HTML5
applications. It can be used
with PhoneGap for iOS, Android, and BlackBerry apps. When
Sencha Touch is combined with
PhoneGap, it can be used to create native looking applications.
To use Sencha Touch you need to get
the free download from http://www.sencha.com/products/touch/.
After that you can include
the Sencha Touch SDK in a lib folder inside of the www folder
of a PhoneGap project.
Convention for Sencha Touch projects is to have models, views,
controllers, and lib folders
42. inside the www folder of a PhoneGap project. The app folder
contains the app.js fi le, which
contains the launch events for Sencha Touch. Sencha projects
need to wait for both the Sencha
launch event and PhoneGap’s device ready event before fi ring.
You can check this by setting the
launched property within the Sencha launch event. Then inside
the mainLaunch function, you
can check to make sure the framework is loaded by checking
this property as shown in the fol-
lowing code.
Ext.regApplication({
name: ‘app’,
launch: function() {
this.launched = true;
this.mainLaunch();
},
mainLaunch: function() {
if (!device || !this.launched) {console.log(‘main Not
Ready’); return;
}
console.log(‘mainLaunch’);
}
43. });
You may have noticed this calls mainLaunch twice — once on
ondeviceready and once on launch,
with the mainLaunch function continuing on to the second call.
You can then use this with the MVC pattern to create the data
layers, and use them to display
the data back to the user. From the list example in the
documentation you can see the differences
between the Android and the iPhone versions of the Sencha
Touch application. Figure 11-25 shows
an example UI created with Sencha Touch rendered in both iOS
and Android. Again, notice that the
UI is very similar to an iOS interface.
c11.indd 328c11.indd 328 28/07/12 6:08 PM28/07/12 6:08
PM
PhoneGap Project " 329
XUI
XUI is an open source JavaScript library built
44. specifi cally for mobile devices. It contains a subset
of the functionality of jQuery, but with a much
smaller footprint. Brian Leroux, who works for
Nitobi on the PhoneGap project, started the XUI
project in 2008. XUI provides selectors that use
CSS3 style selectors. For example, to get an
element in XUI you can use the following
code to select the liTest item, and turn the
text red:
x$(“#liTest”).css({‘color’:’red’});
XUI also gives you access to events. One of the
events that you can access is the button click
event, which takes a callback. You can select a
button and assign a buttonPressed function to
the click’s callback. The buttonPressed function executes when
the button is pressed:
<body>
<button id=”buttonTest” >Press For Alert</button>
</body>
function onDeviceReady(){
x$(“#buttonTest”).click(buttonPressed);
45. }
function buttonPressed(){
alert(‘Button Pressed’);
}
XUI can also use transformations to make modifi cations to the
CSS properties of elements on the
DOM. It takes the new CSS style and applies the transformation
based on the duration that is
specifi ed. It also has an optional callback that is called once
the transformation is completed.
x$(‘#liTest’).tween({ color:’blue’, duration:1500 }, function() {
alert(‘done!’);
});
XUI also has an XmlHttpRequest (XHR) function to return
objects from a call to a JSON service.
These calls take a request string, a callback function for
success, the headers to be passed, and a
callback for errors:
x$().xhr(requestString, {
callback: successFunction,
46. headers: [{name:”Accept”,
value: “application/json”}],
error: function(){alert(‘Error ‘);
FIGURE 11!25: iPhone Sencha list
c11.indd 329c11.indd 329 28/07/12 6:08 PM28/07/12 6:08
PM
330 " CHAPTER 11 GETTING STARTED WITH PHONEGAP
}
});
To make the call to an outside service for
iPhone, you need to add the service to the
external hosts in the PhoneGap.plist fi le.
The easiest way to enable the external service
for debugging is to add the * wildcard to the
external hosts, as shown in Figure 11-26.
The data from the request string is placed on
the responseText variable in the success callback. This can then
47. be parsed with JavaScript’s eval
function, which turns the XML into an array of items that can
be used to get the items from the
JSON response:
function successFunction(){
var dataItems = eval(“(“+this.responseText +”)”).d;
for (var i = 0; i < dataItems.length; i++) {
console.log(dataItems[i].Name);
}
}
LawnChair
LawnChair is a JavaScript library that was built to allow
persistent storage of data in a lightweight
application. The primary target for LawnChair is mobile
HTML5 applications, due to LawnChair’s
lightweight nature. To use LawnChair you need to set up a data
store:
var store = new Lawnchair({name:’testing’}, function(store)
{});
Once you have the store, you can create an object with a key,
48. and then place that object in the store:
var me = {key:’adam’, lastName:’Ryder’};
store.save(me);
Now that the object is stored, you can retrieve it from the store
using the key:
store.get(‘adam’, function(item) {
alert(item.lastName);
});
This would get the object and alert the lastName item from the
object. LawnChair is small; only 8 K in
size. This lends itself well to being packaged in PhoneGap,
because it won’t take much space on the device.
BUILDING THE DERBY APP IN PHONEGAP
The idea of the Derby App is to build the same app over all of
the mobile platforms covered in this
book. The PhoneGap version is very similar to the other
versions that you have built thus far or will
build in future chapters.
FIGURE 11!26: External hosts with Item 0 Set to *
49. c11.indd 330c11.indd 330 28/07/12 6:08 PM28/07/12 6:08
PM
Building the Derby App in PhoneGap " 331
The requirements are to provide two pages: one that lists all the
teams/leagues and one that lists
all the players. When a league/team is selected, the application
shows the roster for the team.
When a player is selected, it shows which team the player
belongs to and her number.
The fi rst thing that you want to do in the Derby App is to
create a placeholder which will hold the
list of all the derby teams. You set this up on the index.html
page:
<div id=”wrapper”>
<div id=”scroller”>
<ul>
</ul>
</div>
50. </div>
You have set up the wrapper with an unordered list inside of the
scroller. You need to add the
listener for PhoneGap’s device ready event, and make a callback
to the onDeviceReady function
inside the onLoad function.
You also need to add a listener to the touchmove event to
prevent the default touchmove behavior.
Then you can use the iScroll library to control the movement of
the screen:
function onLoad() {
document.addEventListener(‘touchmove’, function (e) {
e.preventDefault(); }, false);
document.addEventListener(“deviceready”, onDeviceReady,
false);
}
With the ondevice events wired up you can now request data
from the derby name service. To
accomplish this, create a fi le named OData.js to handle all
requests to the oData Derby Names
web service. This OData.js fi le will need to be included in your
51. index.html header. The OData.js
fi le has a getData function that takes a request string and a
successFunction callback. The actual
request is made using XUI’s XHR function, which calls the
success function and passes the results
from the request string to the function.
function OData() {
this.getData = function (requestString, successFunction) {
x$().xhr(requestString, { callback: successFunction,
headers: [{name:”Accept”,
value: “application/json”}],
error: function(){alert(‘Error ‘); }});
};
Next, set up a DerbyService function that contains all of the
service calls and builds the request
strings and sends them to the OData function. The calls in the
DerbyService contain functions to
get the leagues and take a callback.
function DerbyService() {
this.HostName =
‘http://derbynames.gravityworksdesign.com’;
52. this.BaseServiceUrl = this.HostName +
‘/DerbyNamesService.svc/’;
this.odataService = new oData();
this.searchAllLeagues = function (successFunction) {
var serviceString = this.BaseServiceUrl +
“Leagues?$top=50”;
c11.indd 331c11.indd 331 28/07/12 6:08 PM28/07/12 6:08
PM
332 " CHAPTER 11 GETTING STARTED WITH PHONEGAP
odataService = new oData();
odataService.getData(serviceString, successFunctio n);
};
}
The onDeviceReady function calls setHeight, which is a
function in your helper.js fi le and the
searchAll function, which is a local function with a callback to
an anonymous function that sets
up the scrollView for your iScroll implementation:
53. setHeight();
searchAll(
function(){
setTimeout(function () {
scrollView = new iScroll(‘wrapper’,
{desktopCompatibility:true});
}, 500);
});
The searchAll function creates an instance of the DerbyService,
and then calls the
searchAllLeagues function of the derby service with an
anonymous callback function.
The anonymous callback will call another helper function to
display the league data on the screen.
The displayAllLeagueDataOnScreen function takes a parameter
for the response from the OData
service, the search string (currently empty string), and the ID of
the div that will hold the results.
function searchAll(callback){
var service = new DerbyService();
service.searchAllLeagues(function(){
displayAllLeagueDataOnScreen(this.responseText,
54. “”, “scroller”);
}
});
callback();
}
The displayAllLeagueDataOnScreen function uses jQuery to fi
nd the list name, and removes any
list items that are currently in the list. It then calls the
appendAllLeagueDataOnScreen function,
passing it the data, search term, and the list name:
function displayAllLeagueDataOnScreen(data, searchTerm,
listName){
jQuery(“#” + listName).find(‘li’).remove();
appendAllLeagueDataOnScreen(data, searchTerm,
listName);
}
The appendAllLeagueDataOnScreen function calls the
JavaScript eval function on the data to get
an array of dataItems to work with. You also create a temporary
singleItem to hold the league
list item. You use jQuery again to fi nd the unordered list inside
55. of the listName that was passed in.
For every dataItem, you create a link that will go to the leagues
page, league.html, which shows
all of the players for that league.
After the item is created you append those items to the list. If
the data item’s length is the same as the
number of records you asked for, you also add a link to get
more items when you scroll to the bottom
of the list.
c11.indd 332c11.indd 332 28/07/12 6:08 PM28/07/12 6:08
PM
Building the Derby App in PhoneGap " 333
function appendAllLeagueDataOnScreen(data, searchTerm,
listName){
var dataItems = eval(“(“+ data +”)”).d;
var singleItem = “”;
var list = jQuery(“#” + listName).find(‘ul’);
for (var i = 0; i < dataItems.length; i++) {
57. list.append(singleItem);
}
}
Figure 11-27 shows the index page rendering a list of roller
derby teams.
Now that you have the leagues set up as a list of links to a
league.html
page, you can use CSS to change the links to look more like the
native
OS list items. You can set the list-style to none and the list-type
to
none, which will remove the bullets. When you set text-
decorations
to none for the anchor tabs, the links will no longer be
underlined.
ul {
list-style:none;
padding:0;
margin:0;
width:100%;
text-align:left;
}
58. li {
margin:5px 0;
padding:3px 7px 7px 7px;
border-bottom:1px solid #ddd;
list-style-type:none;
font-size:15px;
font-weight:bold;
margin-right:5px;
}
FIGURE 11!27: List of derby
teams rendered on an
iPhone
c11.indd 333c11.indd 333 28/07/12 6:08 PM28/07/12 6:08
PM
334 " CHAPTER 11 GETTING STARTED WITH PHONEGAP
a:link, a:visited {
text-decoration:none;
color:#000;
59. font-weight:bold;
}
Figure 11-28 shows what the Derby app looks like after this
small amount
of CSS has been added.
With the scrolling working and the list looking like a list, you
can add a
header to the league page. The header consists of two links with
classes,
which will become image links through CSS. This header will
also be
used on the individualList.html page, just with different classes,
so
that the links look different.
<div class=”header”>
<a id=”btnLeague” href=’index.html’
class=”btnTwoLeft”>Leagues</a>
<a id=”btnIndividuals” href=’individualList.html’
class=”btnTwoRightSelected” >Players</a>
</div>
Here is the CSS for the buttons; the images are stored inside the
61. color:#fff!important;
font:Georgia, “Times New Roman”, Times, serif;
padding:7px 0 0 0;
margin:2px 0;
}
With the header added, the league screen is now starting to look
like a
mobile app. Figure 11-29 shows the header added to the league
screen.
FIGURE 11!28: Formatted
league list displayed on
an iPhone
FIGURE 11!29: Derby
App with header added
c11.indd 334c11.indd 334 28/07/12 6:08 PM28/07/12 6:08
PM
Other Useful PhoneGap Things " 335
62. There is another useful option for a list this long, and that is the
ability to search. To search, you
need a text box for the search term, a button to search with, and
another service call for searching:
<input id=”txtSearch” type=”search” placeholder=”Search”
class=”searchbar”>
<button id=”btnSubmit” type=”button” class=”gobtn”
label=”Go” >GO</button>
Wire up the button click event in the onDeviceReady function.
This click function gets the
searchCriteria from the search text box and passes that to the
searchLeagues function:
jQuery(“#btnSubmit”).click(function(){
var searchCriteria = jQuery(“#txtSearch”).val();
skipCount = 50;
searchLeagues(searchCriteria);
});
The searchLeagues function creates a new instance of the
DerbyService and calls the
searchLeagues function in the service with a callback to
displayAllLeagueDataOnScreen. This is
63. the same function that you called when you displayed the unfi
ltered list.
function searchLeagues(searchCriteria){
var service = new DerbyService();
service.searchLeagues(searchCriteria, function(){
displayAllLeagueDataOnScreen(this.responseText,
searchCriteria, “scroller”);
});
}
The searchLeagues function in the service calls the OData
object with a fi lter that looks for a sub-
string of the searchString that is passed in the LeagueName
property:
this.searchLeagues = function (searchString,
successFunction) {
var serviceString = this.BaseServiceUrl +
“Leagues?$top=50&$filter=
substringof(‘” + searchString +
“’,LeagueName)”;
this.odataService.getData(serviceString,
64. successFunction);
};
With the search in place, Figure 11-30 shows the completed UI
for the
Leagues screen in the Derby App.
With the Derby App completed, now you can take a look at
some of the
other useful functions in PhoneGap.
OTHER USEFUL PHONEGAP THINGS
Thus far, the examples in this chapter have provided the basics
for creating
a PhoneGap application. This application will go out to a web
service and
render the data on the screen. This does not cover every
possible situation
you will encounter as a PhoneGap mobile developer, so we will
fi nish this
FIGURE 11!30: Derby
App with league
search added
65. c11.indd 335c11.indd 335 28/07/12 6:08 PM28/07/12 6:08
PM
336 " CHAPTER 11 GETTING STARTED WITH PHONEGAP
chapter by providing a few short examples of other common
tasks you may need to accomplish
when working with PhoneGap.
Pickers
Pickers in PhoneGap come in two fl avors. The fi rst type of
picker is a date-style picker. These
pickers rely on plug-ins to function, because there isn’t a
uniform date picker available to the
different platforms yet. iOS 5 does support the HTML date
input type. You can get the code
for the date picker from https://github.com/phonegap/phonegap-
plugins/tree/master/
iPhone/DatePicker. This will have the .js, .h, and .m fi les. The
.h and .m fi les go into your
Plugins directory. The DatePicker.js fi le belongs in your www
directory. You also need to add a
DatePicker key and value to the plugins section of your
66. phonegap.plist fi le. You need to create a
callback and a function that will be called during the onclick of
a link.
var callbackFunction = function(date) {
console.log(date.toString());
document.getElementById(“date”).innerHTML =
date.toString();
}
var showDatePicker = function(mode) {
plugins.datePicker.show({
date: new Date(),
mode: mode, //date or time or blank for
both
allowOldDates: false
}, callbackFunction);
}
The other way to create a picker, which is our recommended
way, is to create a page that lists the
items you want to pick from as links back to your selector. In
your HTML you could have a link to
a pickList page:
67. <a href=’pickList.html’>Choose Your Favorite Color</a>
On the pickList page you can set up the list as a series of links
back to the index with the choices
differentiated by the query string parameter that is passed back:
<html>
<ul>
<li><a href=’index.html?color=blue’>Blue</a>
<li><a href=’index.html?color=green’>Green</a>
<li><a href=’index.html?color=red’>Red</a>
</ul>
</html>
Once back on the index page you can read the query string and
take action based on what it con-
tains. You can use regular expressions in JavaScript to decode
the query string and return the value
of the query string parameter. You could add another
JavaScript library to handle this, but it is
quicker and easier to just write the function yourself:
function getParameterByName( name ){
name = name.replace(/[[]/,”[“).replace(/[]]/,”]”);
68. c11.indd 336c11.indd 336 28/07/12 6:08 PM28/07/12 6:08
PM
Other Useful PhoneGap Things " 337
var regexS = “[?&]”+name+”=([^&#]*)”;
var regex = new RegExp( regexS );
var results = regex.exec( window.location.href );
if( results == null )
return “”;
else
return decodeURIComponent(results[1].replace(/+/g, “
“));
}
Once you make the call to getParameterByName you can use the
information that you have in the
query string:
var color = getParameterByName(‘color’);
if (color != ‘’)
69. {
alert(‘You Chose: ‘ + color);
}
Figure 11-31 is an example of the color picker view.
O" ine Storage
Sometimes you will need to store data on the device. This could
be
because the business rules for your app require offl ine usage,
or it could
be just a matter of saving a few settings such as username and
password.
This section shows you the different techniques you can use to
store data
offl ine so that it can be retrieved when the user is not
connected to the
web. Offl ine storage also allows you to store settings on the
device for
your user.
Web SQL
If you have a lot of data that needs to be stored, one of the
better ways to
store that data is in a database. PhoneGap provides a mechanism
70. to
create, maintain, and retrieve records from an internal database.
The
fi rst thing you need to do to use the database is to open it. You
must do this after PhoneGap’s
deviceready event has been fi red. The following code creates or
opens a database named
PlayerDemo with a version of 1.0 and a display name of Player
Demo. The 10000 is the size of the
database in bytes.
function onDeviceReady() {
var db = window.openDatabase(“PlayerDemo”, “1.0”,
“Player Demo”, 10000);
}
Now that you have a database you can run transactions against
it. You do that by calling the
transaction function on the database, and passing in a callback
function, an error callback, and a
success callback. The callback function gets called with a
transaction object. The fi rst thing you do
is populate the database:
db.transaction(populateDB, onDBError, onDBSuccess);
71. FIGURE 11!31: Color picker
view
c11.indd 337c11.indd 337 28/07/12 6:08 PM28/07/12 6:08
PM
338 " CHAPTER 11 GETTING STARTED WITH PHONEGAP
This calls the populateDB function and passes the function its
transaction. This means that if any
of the commands in the transaction fail, the entire transaction
will be rolled back. The following
function creates a players table:
function populateDB(tx){
tx.executeSql(‘DROP TABLE IF EXISTS PLAYERS’);
tx.executeSql(‘CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS PLAYERS
(id unique, number, name)’);
tx.executeSql(‘INSERT INTO PLAYERS (id, number, name)
VALUES (1, 6, “Adam”)’);
tx.executeSql(‘INSERT INTO PLAYERS (id, number, name)
VALUES (2, 1, “Jeff”)’);
72. tx.executeSql(‘INSERT INTO PLAYERS (id, number, name)
VALUES (3, 4, “Scott”)’);
tx.executeSql(‘INSERT INTO PLAYERS (id, number, name)
VALUES (4, 2, “Amelia”)’);
tx.executeSql(‘INSERT INTO PLAYERS (id, number, name)
VALUES (5, 5, “Dave”)’);
tx.executeSql(‘INSERT INTO PLAYERS (id, number, name)
VALUES (6, 3, “Lauren”)’);
tx.executeSql(‘INSERT INTO PLAYERS (id, number, name)
VALUES (7, 7, “Ashley”)’);
tx.executeSql(‘INSERT INTO PLAYERS (id, number, name)
VALUES (8, 9, “Nathan”)’);
tx.executeSql(‘INSERT INTO PLAYERS (id, number, name)
VALUES (9, 8, “Heather”)’);
}
Now that you have the database populated you can create
another transaction that you can use to
retrieve the data from the players table that you just created. To
get the data back from a query, you
call executeSQL and pass it the query, arguments, the success
callback, and the error callback:
tx.executeSql(‘SELECT * FROM PLAYERS ORDER BY name’,
[], onQuerySuccess, onDBError);
73. You can use the onQuerySuccess callback to iterate through the
results and display them to the
screen, as shown in Figure 11-32:
FIGURE 11!32: SQL
returned to screen
c11.indd 338c11.indd 338 28/07/12 6:08 PM28/07/12 6:08
PM
Other Useful PhoneGap Things " 339
function onQuerySuccess(tx, results){
try{
var playerInfo = ‘<ul>’;
var len = results.rows.length;
for (var i=0; i<len; i++){
playerInfo += ‘<li><b>’ + results.rows.item(i).name +
‘</b>(‘ + results.rows.item(i).number
+ ‘)</li>’;
74. }
playerInfo += ‘</ul>’;
jQuery(‘#divPlayers’).html(playerInfo);
}
catch(err){
alert(err);
}
}
Filesystem Storage
Local storage is also available. The local storage is available as
key-value
pairs. To store Lansing as a favorite, you would call setItem,
passing in
the key (favorite) and the value (Lansing):
window.localStorage.setItem(“favorite”, “Lansing”);
This storage is persistent and will be available the next time the
applica-
tion is run. To retrieve the data you call getItem with the key
that you
are looking for. The following code retrieves the favorite item
and then
75. alerts that item, as shown in Figure 11-33:
var fav = window.localStorage.getItem(“favorite”);
alert(fav);
GPS
You access the GPS through PhoneGap by calling the
geolocation function with a callback:
function onDeviceReady() {
navigator.geolocation.getCurrentPosition(gpsSuccess,
gpsFailure);
}
As with all of the PhoneGap functions, the GPS functions
cannot be called until the deviceready
event has been fi red. The success callback returns a position
object, which has a coordinates
object that contains properties for latitude, longitude, altitude,
accuracy, heading, and speed:
function gpsSuccess(location){
var gpsinfo = ‘<ul><li>Latitude: ‘ + location.coords.latitude
+ ‘</li>’;
gpsinfo += ‘<li>longitude: ‘ + location.coords.longitude +
76. ‘</li>’;
FIGURE 11!33: Local
storage alert
c11.indd 339c11.indd 339 28/07/12 6:08 PM28/07/12 6:08
PM
340 " CHAPTER 11 GETTING STARTED WITH PHONEGAP
gpsinfo += ‘<li>Altitude: ‘ + location.coords.altitude +
‘</li>’;
gpsinfo += ‘<li>Accuracy: ‘ + location.coords.accuracy +
‘</li>’;
gpsinfo += ‘<li>Speed: ‘ + location.coords.speed +
‘</li></ul>’;
jQuery(‘#GPSInfo’).html(gpsinfo);
}
There is also a failure callback that returns a positionError
object. The positionError object has
a code and a message property:
77. function gpsFailure(PositionError){
alert(PositionError.code);
alert(PositionError.message);
}
Accelerometer
You can access the accelerometer using the accelerometer’s
watchAcceleration function with a
callback for the success and for errors. watchAcceleration is set
to a variable and fi res on the
frequency that is set in the options. The iPhone simulator does
not transmit accelerometer data;
however, the Android simulator does, so if you are testing
without a device, the accelerometer needs
to be tested on Android.
var options = { frequency: 3000 };
watch =
navigator.accelerometer.watchAcceleration(successFunction,
errorFunction, options);
//The success function takes an acceleration object.
//This object has the x, y and z change,
//as well as the timestamp from when the acceleration was
gathered.
79. Summary " 341
CONNECTING PHONEGAP TO THE MARKETS
If you have been following through the book chapter by chapter,
you have seen how to connect to
the different markets. Because PhoneGap applications are
compiled with their native frameworks,
they are released to the markets in the same manner as their true
native counterparts are released.
Refer to the corresponding section of Chapters 6–9 for more
information on connecting to the vari-
ous markets.
SUMMARY
PhoneGap is an easy-to-learn framework for creating cross-
platform mobile applications. Everything
in PhoneGap derives from the onDeviceReady listener. Once
onDeviceReady fi res, you have access
to the device’s native components, like the GPS, camera, or
accelerometer. Leveraging your current
HTML, CSS, and JavaScript knowledge also enables you to
create these applications with a lower
80. learning curve.
Because PhoneGap is cross platform, you don’t need to learn
four different languages to be able to
deploy your application across iPhone, Android, BlackBerry,
and Windows Phone 7. Having the
same codebase for all platforms can also give you a sense of
parity through the different device
platforms.
Now that you have created mobile applications with PhoneGap,
the next chapter will show how to
create Android and iPhone applications using .NET and the
Mono framework.
c11.indd 341c11.indd 341 28/07/12 6:08 PM28/07/12 6:08
PM
Getting Started with MonoTouch
and Mono for Android
Developing in the mobile space can be a daunting task for
81. developers. You have to fi gure
out which platforms you should support for your app, purchase
the hardware, and join the
developer programs for each platform, so the last thing you may
want to do is to learn a new
programming language.
In 2009 Miguel de Icaza, with a team of other developers,
released version 1.0 of the
MonoTouch framework. MonoTouch enabled .NET developers
to create iOS applications in
C# and then deploy to iOS hardware. After the initial launch of
the MonoTouch framework,
Apple modifi ed the iTunes terms of service to allow only apps
that were created using
Objective-C into the market, a decision that was quickly
reversed.
Although short lived, this edict from Apple is a fact that many
developers keep in the back of
their mind, knowing that Apple can change the terms of service
again at any time. The bright
side of this policy was that it was only for apps being deployed
to the iOS store; if you created
an app for internal company use that was deployed using an ad-
82. hoc method, you were still free
to use whatever non-Objective-C framework you liked.
THE MONO FRAMEWORK
MonoTouch and Mono for Android rely on the Mono
Framework to function. Mono is a
cross-platform open source implementation of the .NET
Framework. The Mono project is led
by Miguel de Icaza, with the sponsorship of his company
Xamarin. The Mono project was
started in 2001, with version 1.0 released in 2004. Throughout
the years of development, a
team of open source developers worked to keep parity with the
C# and libraries within the
.NET Framework. One of the most impressive development
projects I have seen was when
the Mono project released Moonlight, the Mono implementation
of Silverlight, within 24 hours
of Microsoft releasing Silverlight to the developer community
at the Mix conference in 2007.
12
c12.indd 343c12.indd 343 28/07/12 6:09 PM28/07/12 6:09
PM
83. 344 ! CHAPTER 12 GETTING STARTED WITH
MONOTOUCH AND MONO FOR ANDROID
The Mono project focuses on providing:
" An open source Common Language Infrastructure (CLI)
implementation: ECMA-335 is the
open standard developed by Microsoft that describes the core of
the .NET Framework. The
Mono CLI provides a runtime environment for code that has
been compiled to Common
Intermediate Language (CIL).
" A C# compiler: ECMA-334 defi nes the open standard of the
C# language. The Mono C#
compiler is responsible for compiling C# code in the Common
Intermediate Language that
the CLI run time executes.
" An open development stack: The Mono project strives to
provide tools that are both useful
and easy for developers to use. At the forefront is the
84. MonoDevelop IDE along with various
other tools for linking, and other core libraries specifi c to
UNIX environments such as the
GTK# library used for GUIs.
The current Mono C# compiler provides a complete feature set
for C# 1, 2, and 3, with partial
support for C# 4.
MonoTouch
MonoTouch is a set of tools that enables a developer to build
iOS applications using their existing
knowledge of the .NET Framework. The MonoTouch tools
provide a combination of the core .NET
Framework features along with APIs provided in the iOS SDK.
The MonoTouch team has spent
a great deal of time trying to provide an interface with names
that match the corresponding iOS
feature, in an effort to make the MonoTouch API very similar to
the iOS SDK without sacrifi cing
conventions that .NET developers are accustomed to.
Although MonoTouch is based on the open source Mono
project, MonoTouch is a commercial
product, which is licensed on a developer basis. For up-to-date
85. licensing info, visit the Xamarin
store website at https://store.xamarin.com/.
The Microsoft .NET Framework languages (Visual Basic, C#,
F#) are interpreted languages that
compile to Common Intermediate Language (CIL), and then are
just-in-time (JIT) compiled,
meaning in the normal uses of the .NET Framework, your code
isn’t truly compiled until run time.
Interpreted code/JIT compilation is not supported within iOS
and is blocked via the terms of service
as well as functionality within the iOS kernel. This means that a
different solution is needed for the
Mono framework to work within iOS.
MonoTouch is delivered as a static compiler that turns .NET
code into static byte code. MonoTouch
apps are compiled using ahead-of-time (AOT) compilation
(static compilation), which allows
all code that is normally JITed to be generated from CIL to a
single native binary that can then
be signed, just like a C compiler would generate static byte
code. This method loses some of the
dynamic functionality of .NET, but features such as generics are
86. still supported.
Linking
Because libraries cannot be reused in iOS, every time your app
is installed on a device, the Mono
Framework is bundled inside your app as well. When your
MonoTouch app is compiled, a process
runs that analyzes which portions of the Mono framework you
are actually using, and creates a
c12.indd 344c12.indd 344 28/07/12 6:09 PM28/07/12 6:09
PM
The Mono Framework ! 345
custom version of the Mono Framework ARM CPU architecture,
with only the functionality your
app is using, and then links this version into your app. What
this means is that if you have fi ve
different MonoTouch apps installed on your iOS device, each
app will have its own version of the
Mono Framework. The fact that the Mono Framework needs to
be installed increases the size of the
87. app over a natively created app, but this is fully dependent on
how much of the Mono Framework is
being utilized. In most cases, the size increase of the app is
trivial.
The linker is integrated into MonoTouch and the MonoDevelop
IDE, so you do not need to worry
about doing anything extra.
Performance
Both Objective-C and the Mono Framework’s AOT compiler use
the same low-level virtual
machine (LLVM) for generating and optimizing the binary code,
so there should be no performance
difference using MonoTouch as opposed to Objective-C.
Because portions of the Mono Framework
are compiled into the fi nal assembly, the apps may be larger.
Mono for Android
Mono for Android is the sibling product of MonoTouch. Mono
for Android allows .NET developers
to create apps for the Android operating system using a set of
tools they are familiar with.
With Mono for Android, developers can create Android
applications within Visual Studio or the
88. MonoDevelop IDE.
Mono for Android 1.0 was released in April 2011, and is much
younger then the MonoTouch
framework but is a viable alternative to native Android
development.
The Android operating system is a Linux-based system where
Android apps run on top of a virtual
machine named Dalvik. Mono for Android apps do not run
within Dalvik, but within Mono, which
runs side-by-side with Dalvik. Mono for Android developers
access features in the Android operating
system by calling .NET APIs through Mono, or by classes
exposed in the Android namespace
provided for Mono for Android. This provides a bridge into the
Java APIs that are exposed by Dalvik.
Both Mono and Dalvik run on top of the Linux kernel and
expose API functionality to developers
to access the operating system. Figure 12-1 shows the various
components of a Mono for Android
app and their interaction with the Mono framework and Dalvik.
FIGURE 12!1: Mono for Android architecture
89. c12.indd 345c12.indd 345 28/07/12 6:09 PM28/07/12 6:09
PM
346 ! CHAPTER 12 GETTING STARTED WITH
MONOTOUCH AND MONO FOR ANDROID
Performance
When it comes to performance, research suggests that Mono’s
JIT compiling is faster than Dalvik’s
(http://www.koushikdutta.com/2009/01/dalvik-vs-mono.html).
In our experience with Mono
for Android, both native and Mono for Android apps performed
similarly. But to be fair, the apps
we have created are not complex, and usually just display data
retrieved from a web service.
Assemblies
Just as with Silverlight, MonoTouch and Mono for Android are
subsets of assemblies included
in the desktop .NET Framework, basically hybrids of .NET 4.0
and the Silverlight 2 API profi le.
MonoTouch/Mono for Android are extended subsets of
90. Silverlight and the desktop .NET assemblies
to aid in your iOS development. It’s important to note that
MonoTouch/Mono for Android are not
Linking
Very similar to how the linker in MonoTouch works, Mono for
Android creates a custom static
version of the Mono Framework that is distributed with your
Mono for Android app. It’s important
to note that the default debug releases of your Mono for
Android app will not use the linker and a
shared runtime package will be installed. Although this makes
repeated deploying much quicker,
it’s not a true test of your app, because turning on linking may
have some unintended side effects.
Figure 12-2 shows the build settings for a Mono for Android
project in MonoDevelop. Notice the
Linker Behavior setting for the Debug confi guration. To enable
linking, simply uncheck the Use
Shared Mono Runtime setting and select Link All Assemblies.
FIGURE 12!2: Linker settings
c12.indd 346c12.indd 346 28/07/12 6:09 PM28/07/12 6:09
PM
91. The Mono Framework ! 347
ABI compatible with assemblies compiled for a different profi
le, such as Silverlight or the desktop
.NET Framework. Assemblies you want you use in your
MonoTouch/Mono for Android app must
be recompiled with the MonoTouch/Mono for Android profi le,
just as if you were using these
assemblies in a Silverlight app.
Why MonoTouch/Mono for Android?
The true power of these frameworks comes with the ability to
share code. As we have stressed in
previous chapters of this book, UI is very important to the
mobile app experience, and you should
not try to plan on a single solution that works on both iOS and
Android. However, a great deal of
business logic can be abstracted and shared very easily between
both your iOS implementation and
your Android implementation.
As you become more experienced with a programming language,
92. it becomes easier to follow
patterns that have been identifi ed as “good” programming
practice. I know from fi rsthand experience
that the fi rst time I develop a project in a new language, it does
not meet the quality I hold to other
code bases with languages I have more experience with. With
that being said, using MonoTouch and
Mono for Android enable you to use a language where you
already know the best practices, and let
you focus on developing a great app.
Do not re-create the wheel and keep business logic outside of
the UI. There is a set of rules that we
as developers should follow, but if you are unfamiliar with a
framework or programming language,
following these rules is easier said than done. With MonoTouch
and Mono for Android the
expectation is that you are already familiar with .NET and C#,
so you are able to take your existing
knowledge and start developing platform-specifi c apps without
leaning a new framework.
Downsides
As you may have noticed when it comes to mobile development,
nothing is black and white. You can
93. perform the exact same task in multiple ways, but many of them
come with a downside. Developing
with MonoTouch and Mono for Android is no different.
Waiting for Improvements
When Apple or Google have a press conference to promote the
latest and greatest features contained
in their respective mobile operating systems, in most situations,
it is at that time you can update the
SDKs and start working with the new great features if you are
working with a native app. When you
have selected MonoTouch or Mono for Android as your
development platform, you must wait until
Xamarin includes these new features in the MonoTouch/Mono
for Android SDK.
Xamarin has a fraction of the developers on staff that Apple or
Google have to perform
development and testing of new features. Although Xamarian
strives to keep feature parity
complete, sometimes this process takes a bit longer than we as
users of the framework would like.
Because of the close interaction with xCode for the user
interface development, when changes to
xCode happen, it tends to take Xamarin a while to develop a
94. product that works correctly. The
release of xCode 4 left MonoTouch developers using an older
version of the IDE for almost a year
until a solution was delivered.
c12.indd 347c12.indd 347 28/07/12 6:09 PM28/07/12 6:09
PM
348 ! CHAPTER 12 GETTING STARTED WITH
MONOTOUCH AND MONO FOR ANDROID
Apple Confusion
With developer certifi cates and provisioning profi les, the
hoops a developer has to jump through
just to get an app installed on a device may make you start to
lose your hair. Although the process
of provisioning profi les and certifi cates can be a pain in the
neck, xCode and other Apple tools have
been created to help make this chore a bit easier—whereas the
tools contained within MonoDevelop
will make you lose even more hair. It’s not that they don’t
function within MonoDevelop, but they
are not very user-friendly, and to a new developer on the iOS
95. platform it can be overwhelming.
Xamarin Mobile
With sharing code being one of the most appealing reasons to
use MonoTouch and Mono for
Android, the Xamarin team has taken the platform one step
forward with the Xamarin Mobile
library. This library provides tools to write device-specifi c
functionality once. For example,
MonoTouch requires a different set of APIs for getting a contact
than Mono for Android does,
because they both try to adhere to the native API naming
conventions as much as possible. Xamaran
Mobile provides a single API that allows you to return the
contacts for either iOS or Android. The
following code examples show how Xamarin Mobile can be
useful.
To get a list of contacts in MonoTouch, you need to use the
ABAddress object:
ABAddressBook addressBook = new ABAddressBook();
ABPerson[] contacts = iPhoneAddressBook.GetPeople();
Licensing
96. Both MonoTouch and Mono for Android are commercial
products and currently require developers
to purchase a license for each. The evaluation version of both
MonoTouch and Mono for Android
enable developers to create apps and deploy to the
simulator/emulator only; a fully licensed version
is required to deploy to a device.
When a license is purchased, the key is entered within the IDE,
and activation occurs over the
Internet. The downside occurs if Xamarian goes out of business.
What is the “escape” plan if you
have to reinstall your machine, and activate the framework
when the activation server no longer
exists? You are putting the fate of a great deal of development
resources in the hands of an external
resource. Sure, you can argue the same fact about PhoneGap or
Titanium, but because they are
open source the projects can persist after corporation backing
loses interest.
As a developer you may not initially think that this could be an
issue. Before
Xamarian obtained the rights for MonoTouch, the MonoTouch
project was
97. in this exact state of limbo, and we were burned on a project.
With a newly
installed machine, and no way to activate the MonoTouch
license we had paid
for, there was no way to make changes to an app that had been
in the fi eld for
about a year. Luckily the app was small, and we were able to
rewrite it natively
for iOS. The client received their updates, but we lost time
rewriting the app.
c12.indd 348c12.indd 348 28/07/12 6:09 PM28/07/12 6:09
PM
The Mono Framework ! 349
With a fundamental understanding of how the Mono framework,
MonoTouch, Mono for Android,
and Xamarin Mobile interact with one another, you can move on
to setting up a development
environment.
foreach (ABPerson item in contacts) {
98. // do something with the contact
}
In Mono for Android, you need to use the ManagedQuery
object to get the contacts:
var contacts =
ManagedQuery(ContactsContract.Contacts.ContentUri,
null, null, null, null);
foreach (Contact contact in contacts)
{
// do something with the contact
}
Xamarin Mobile uses a new AddressBook object that returns the
contacts for either iOS or
Android:
var book = new AddressBook ();
foreach (Contact contact in book)
{
// do something with the contact
}
99. Xamarin Mobile is currently very early in development and is
focusing only on the areas shown in
Figure 12-3.
FIGURE 12!3: Xamarian Mobile features
c12.indd 349c12.indd 349 28/07/12 6:09 PM28/07/12 6:09
PM
350 ! CHAPTER 12 GETTING STARTED WITH
MONOTOUCH AND MONO FOR ANDROID
GETTING THE TOOLS YOU NEED
The leadership for the Mono project is all open source
advocates, and as such many of the tools
required for creating mobile apps based on Mono are open
source. Some companies, usually larger
companies, may have strict policies about not allowing open
source projects into production code.
Often these polices stem from the licenses that some open
source projects use, or management not
willing to trust that a community-funded project will be able to
100. succeed because if the company has
issues with the product, oftentimes there is no one call to ask
for support.
This chapter shows examples created within Mac OS X, and
makes mention of when a particular
tool can be installed within Windows as well
Mono Framework
Installing the Mono Framework is a relatively simple process.
The Mono Framework is required for
the remaining tools in this chapter to be installed. To fi nd the
latest version of Mono, navigate to
http://www.go-mono.com/mono-downloads/download.html and
install the latest stable version
for your platform. The examples in this chapter are for Mac OS
X because MonoTouch is supported
only on Mac OS X, but if you are working on a Windows
machine, you will be able to work with
Mono for Android. After the Mono Framework is installed, you
can check the version by executing
Mono --version in a terminal session. The output of this
command lists version information as
shown in Figure 12-4.
101. MonoDevelop
MonoDevelop is an open source IDE
supported under the Mono project. In 2003
developers forked another open source IDE
named Sharp Develop into the MonoDevelop
IDE. MonoDevelop has a large open source
community following, with updates being
published frequently.
MonoDevelop is supported on multiple
platforms, with Mac OS X and Windows
included. To get started with MonoDevelop,
simply download the version for your
platform from the download page
(http://monodevelop.com/Download) and
follow the install instructions. MonoDevelop
is dependent on the Mono Framework, and if you have not
already installed the Mono Framework,
you will be prompted to do so.
After MonoDevelop has been installed, you should be able to
start the product and have a screen
that looks similar to Figure 12-5.
FIGURE 12!4: Mono Framework version from terminal
102. c12.indd 350c12.indd 350 28/07/12 6:09 PM28/07/12 6:09
PM
Getting the Tools You Need ! 351
Mono/MonoDevelop follow many of the same conventions that
.NET and Visual Studio follow.
Class fi les belong to project fi les and project fi les belong to
solutions. If you have worked with Visual
Studio in the past, you should feel right at home with this
product.
The MonoDevelop IDE is used to create solutions written in
various languages that can be run on
the CLR. This means there is support for a great number of
languages/frameworks ranging from
ASP.NET MVC to Silverlight (Moonlight on Mono).
MonoDevelop is the IDE that you use to create
both Android and iOS applications with Mono for this chapter.
MonoTouch
The MonoTouch toolset has a very close relationship to xCode
103. and the iOS SDK. Because of
this close-knit relationship, MonoTouch can be run only on a
Mac and cannot be installed on a
Windows machine. This means that before you start to install
MonoTouch, you should ensure that
you have the iOS SDK and xCode installed. This was discussed
in depth in Chapter 7.
MonoTouch is a commercial product offered through Xamarin
and currently is licensed to
developers, meaning that if you have a team of fi ve developers
working on a MonoTouch app, you
will need to purchase fi ve licenses from Xamarin. A full
version of MonoTouch enables developers
to deploy, build, and run MonoTouch apps on physical iOS
devices. An unlicensed version enables
developers to build and run MonoTouch apps on the iOS
Simulator.
FIGURE 12!5: MonoDevelop start screen
c12.indd 351c12.indd 351 28/07/12 6:09 PM28/07/12 6:09
PM
104. 352 ! CHAPTER 12 GETTING STARTED WITH
MONOTOUCH AND MONO FOR ANDROID
Mono for Android
Mono for Android has a few options in regards to platforms and
IDEs. Mono for Android
can be run on either Mac OS X or Windows. If you decide on
the Windows option you can use
either MonoDevelop or Visual Studio to create Android apps.
Whether you decide on Mac OS X
or Windows, you can download Mono for Android from
http://xamarin.com/trial. The
prerequisites are similar to MonoTouch (Mono Framework,
GTK+, MonoDevelop) with the
addition of the Android SDK. Both the Mac OS X and Windows
versions of Mono for Android
check for the prerequisites and assist you with installing them if
they are missing. After you have
installed Mono for Android and started MonoDevelop, you
should be able to create one of the
various Mono for Android project types as shown in Figure 12-
7.
To get started with MonoTouch, you must install the
105. MonoDevelop IDE. After MonoDevelop has
been installed, you can download MonoTouch from
http://xamarin.com/trial and install it
using the installer. The installer is straightforward — it’s
simply a matter of clicking the Next button
a few times. If for some reason a prerequisite for the install is
missing, the MonoTouch installer
will prompt you to install the missing prerequisite. After the
install is complete and you restart
MonoDevelop, you should be able to create one of the various
MonoTouch project types from the
New